43份荔枝种质资源的雌花受精与坐果评价
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摘要
【目的】了解不同荔枝种质资源的单穗雌花数量、受精和坐果特性,为种质资源利用和品种选育提供参考。【方法】以国家种质-广州荔枝圃的43份荔枝种质资源为试验材料,于2018年调查不同品种的单穗雌花数量、受精率和每周座果率等生物学性状差异。【结果】同一性状在不同荔枝种质资源中均存在明显差异,其中单穗雌花数量最大和最小的品种分别是妃子笑和翠香荔,为449.33、69朵/穗;受精率最高和最低品种分别是陈紫和妃子笑,为60.20%和11.63%;最终座果率最高和最低的品种分别是增埗早黑叶和紫娘喜,为26.06%和1.03%。聚类分析将参试材料分为3类:第Ⅰ类群有7份种质,均为高座果率资源;第Ⅱ类群有10份种质,属于低座果率类资源;第Ⅲ类群有26份种质,其座果率介于第Ⅰ类和第Ⅱ类之间。每个类群动态座果率变化与最终座果率保持一致。【结论】荔枝单穗雌花数量与受精率呈显著负相关性,花后1个月内的落果程度对最终坐果影响最大。以上品种的受精与坐果特性将为荔枝花果管理和杂交育种亲本选择提供可靠依据。
【Objective】The present study is to know the number of female flowers per panicle, fertilization and fruit setting characteristics of different litchi germplasm resources in order to provide references for utilization of Litchi germplasm resources and variety breeding.【Methods】43 litchi germplasm resources from the National Germplasm –Guangzhou Litchi Nursery were used to investigate the differences in their biological traits such as number of female flowers per panicle, fertilization rate and weekly fruit setting rate in 2018.【Results】There were differences in the same traits for different litchi germplasm. The number of female flowers per panicle varied from 449.33 in‘Feizixiao'to 69 in ‘Cuixiangli'.The highest and lowest fertilization rates were found in‘Chenzi'(60.20%) and ‘Feizixiao'(11.63%) respectively. The highest and lowest final fruit setting rates were found in ‘Zengbu Zaoheiye'(26.06%) and ‘Ziniangxi'(1.03%),respectively. All the materials under test were divided into three main groups through clustering analysis. There were seven germplasms in Group Ⅰ, with high fruit setting rate; There were ten germplasms in Group Ⅱ, with low fruit setting rate;and there were twenty-six germplasms in Group III, with the value of fruit setting rate was between that of Group Ⅰ and Group Ⅱ. The dynamic change on fruit setting rate of each group was consistent with the final fruit setting rate.【Conclusion】A significant negative correlation existed between the number of female flowers per panicle and the fertilization rate.The degree of fruit abscission within one month after flowering had the greatest impact on the final fruit setting. The fertilization and fruit setting characteristics of the above varieties will provide a reliable basis for the management of litchi flowers and the parental selection in cross breeding.
【Objective】The present study is to know the number of female flowers per panicle, fertilization and fruit setting characteristics of different litchi germplasm resources in order to provide references for utilization of Litchi germplasm resources and variety breeding.【Methods】43 litchi germplasm resources from the National Germplasm –Guangzhou Litchi Nursery were used to investigate the differences in their biological traits such as number of female flowers per panicle, fertilization rate and weekly fruit setting rate in 2018.【Results】There were differences in the same traits for different litchi germplasm. The number of female flowers per panicle varied from 449.33 in‘Feizixiao'to 69 in ‘Cuixiangli'.The highest and lowest fertilization rates were found in‘Chenzi'(60.20%) and ‘Feizixiao'(11.63%) respectively. The highest and lowest final fruit setting rates were found in ‘Zengbu Zaoheiye'(26.06%) and ‘Ziniangxi'(1.03%),respectively. All the materials under test were divided into three main groups through clustering analysis. There were seven germplasms in Group Ⅰ, with high fruit setting rate; There were ten germplasms in Group Ⅱ, with low fruit setting rate;and there were twenty-six germplasms in Group III, with the value of fruit setting rate was between that of Group Ⅰ and Group Ⅱ. The dynamic change on fruit setting rate of each group was consistent with the final fruit setting rate.【Conclusion】A significant negative correlation existed between the number of female flowers per panicle and the fertilization rate.The degree of fruit abscission within one month after flowering had the greatest impact on the final fruit setting. The fertilization and fruit setting characteristics of the above varieties will provide a reliable basis for the management of litchi flowers and the parental selection in cross breeding.
引文
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[2]李建国.荔枝学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2008.LI J G.The Litchi[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2008.
[3]吴洁芳,袁沛元,陈洁珍,刘岩,黄秉智.广东主要果树种质资源收集保存现状与展望[J].广东农业科学,2011,38(5):60-63.WU J F,YUAN P Y,CHEN J Z,LIU Y,HUANG B Z.Current situation and prospects of conservation research on the main fruit germplasm resources in Guangdong[J].Guangdong Agriculture Sciences,2011,38(5):60-63.
[4]陈厚彬.荔枝产业发展报告[J].现代农业装备,2018(4):22-24.CHEN H B.The report of litchi industry development[J].Modern Agricultural Equipment,2018(4):22-24.
[5]黄艳.2018年中国荔枝产量增长近50%[J].世界热带农业信息,2018(5):35.HUANG Y.Litchi production increased by nearly 50%in China in the2018[J].World Tropical Agriculture Information,2018(5):35.
[6]陈厚彬,苏钻贤,张荣,张红娜,丁峰.荔枝花芽分化研究进展[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(9):1774-1783.CHEN H B,SU Z X,ZHANG R,ZHANG H N,DING F.Progresses in research of litchi floral differentiation[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2014,47(9):1774-1783.
[7]魏永赞,董晨,王弋.荔枝花芽分化与花性别分化研究进展[J].广东农业科学,2017,44(7):34-40.WEI Y Z,DONG C,WANG Y.Advances in floral dud differentiation and floral sex determination in litchi[J].Guangdong Agricultural Sciences,2017,44(7):34-40.
[8]胡香英,胡福初,范鸿雁,王祥和,韩冰.5种植物生长调节剂对妃子笑荔枝开花坐果调控效应的比较[J].西南农业学报,2016,29(4):915-919.HU X Y,HU F C,FAN H Y,WANG X H,HAN B.Effects of five plant growth regulators on bloomingand fruit-setting of‘Feizixiao’Litchi[J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Science,2016,29(4):915-919.
[9]周昌敏,何兆桓,杨苞梅,李国良,姚丽贤.环剥对荔枝叶片营养及花果生长发育的影响[J].广东农业科学,2018,45(4):34-42.ZHOU C M,HE Z H,YANG B M,LI G L,YAO L X.Effect of girdling on litchi foliar nutrient and development of flower and fruit[J].Guangdong Agricultural Sciences,2018,45(4):34-42.
[10]胡福初,何舒,范鸿雁,王祥和.不同留花量对A4无核荔枝开花坐果的影响[J].中国热带农业,2014,61(6):54-58.HU F C,HE S,FAN H Y,WANG X H.The effection of flowering and fruit setting by different flower retention for A4 seedless lychee[J].China Tropical Agriculture,2014,61(6):54-58.
[11]MUTARD M J,LIU S,NELSON R O.Observation of floral biology and fruit setting in lychee varieties[J].Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society,1953,66:212-220.
[12]CHADHA K L,RAJPOOT M S.Studies on floral biology,fruit set and its retention and quality of some lychee varieties[J].Indian Journal of Horticulture,1969,26:124-129
[13]MENZEL C M,SIMPSON D R.Flowering and fruit set in lychee(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)in subtropical Queensland[J].Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture,1992,32:105-111.
[14]倪耀源,吴素芬.荔枝栽培[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1990.NI Y Y,WU S F.Litchi Cultivation[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1990.
[15]陈杰忠,罗孝政.荔枝花性调控研究进展[J].中国南方果树,1998,27(6):26-27.CHEN J Z,LUO X Z.Progress in research on flowering regulation of litchi[J].South China Fruits,1998,27(6):26-27.
[16]邱燕萍,张展薇.荔枝果实发育及其与落果的关系[J].广东农业科学,1993(1):17-19.QIU Y P,ZHANG Z W.The relationship of growth and abscission of Litchi fruit[J].Guangdong Agricultural Sciences,1993(1):17-19.
[17]STEM R A,ADATO I,GOREN M.Effects of autumnal water stress on Litchi flowering and yield in Israel[J].Scientia Horticuture,1993,54:295-302.
[18]范妍,尹金华,胡锐清.荔枝新品种岭丰糯的植物学和结果特性研究[J].中国果树,2015(1):57-58.FAN Y,YIN J H,HU R Q.Study on botany and fruit of Characteristics on Ling Feng Nuo of New Litchi Variety[J].China Fruits,2015(1):57-58.
[19]MITRA S K,PEREIRA L S,PATHAK P K.Fruit abscission pattern of lychee cultivar[J].Acta Horticulturae,2005,665:215-218.
[20]MATTHEW S,FINER M T.Morgan effects of natural rates of geitonogamy on fruit set in Asclepias speciosa(Apocynaceae):evidence favoring the plant's dilemma[J].American Journal of Botany,2003,90(12):1746-1750.
[21]蔡长河,陈洁珍,欧良喜,向旭,孙清明.荔枝花穗花朵开放习性的观察研究[J].广东农业科学,2011,38(21):20-24.CAI C H,CHEN J Z,OU L X,XIANG X,SUN Q M.Study on Litchi blooming habits[J].Guangdong Agricultural Sciences,2011,38(21):20-24.
[22]邱燕平,张展薇,丘荣熙.荔枝胚胎发育的研究[J].植物学通报,1994,11(3):45-47.QIU Y P,ZHANG Z W,QIU R X.Study on the development of litchi embryo[J].Chinese Bulletin of Botany,1994,11(3):45-47.
[23]叶秀粦,王伏雄,钱南芬.荔枝的胚胎学研究[J].云南植物研究.1992,14(1):59-65.YE X L,WANG F X,QIAN N F.Study on litchi embryo[J].Acta Botanica Yunnanica,1992,14(1):59-65.
[24]蔡小林,潘介春,周煜棉,刘红红.荔枝落果研究进展[J].江西农业学报,2017,29(1):26-31.CAI X L,PAN J C,ZHOU Y M,LIU H H.Research progress in fruit drop of litchi[J].Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi,2017,29(1):26-31.
[2]李建国.荔枝学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2008.LI J G.The Litchi[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2008.
[3]吴洁芳,袁沛元,陈洁珍,刘岩,黄秉智.广东主要果树种质资源收集保存现状与展望[J].广东农业科学,2011,38(5):60-63.WU J F,YUAN P Y,CHEN J Z,LIU Y,HUANG B Z.Current situation and prospects of conservation research on the main fruit germplasm resources in Guangdong[J].Guangdong Agriculture Sciences,2011,38(5):60-63.
[4]陈厚彬.荔枝产业发展报告[J].现代农业装备,2018(4):22-24.CHEN H B.The report of litchi industry development[J].Modern Agricultural Equipment,2018(4):22-24.
[5]黄艳.2018年中国荔枝产量增长近50%[J].世界热带农业信息,2018(5):35.HUANG Y.Litchi production increased by nearly 50%in China in the2018[J].World Tropical Agriculture Information,2018(5):35.
[6]陈厚彬,苏钻贤,张荣,张红娜,丁峰.荔枝花芽分化研究进展[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(9):1774-1783.CHEN H B,SU Z X,ZHANG R,ZHANG H N,DING F.Progresses in research of litchi floral differentiation[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2014,47(9):1774-1783.
[7]魏永赞,董晨,王弋.荔枝花芽分化与花性别分化研究进展[J].广东农业科学,2017,44(7):34-40.WEI Y Z,DONG C,WANG Y.Advances in floral dud differentiation and floral sex determination in litchi[J].Guangdong Agricultural Sciences,2017,44(7):34-40.
[8]胡香英,胡福初,范鸿雁,王祥和,韩冰.5种植物生长调节剂对妃子笑荔枝开花坐果调控效应的比较[J].西南农业学报,2016,29(4):915-919.HU X Y,HU F C,FAN H Y,WANG X H,HAN B.Effects of five plant growth regulators on bloomingand fruit-setting of‘Feizixiao’Litchi[J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Science,2016,29(4):915-919.
[9]周昌敏,何兆桓,杨苞梅,李国良,姚丽贤.环剥对荔枝叶片营养及花果生长发育的影响[J].广东农业科学,2018,45(4):34-42.ZHOU C M,HE Z H,YANG B M,LI G L,YAO L X.Effect of girdling on litchi foliar nutrient and development of flower and fruit[J].Guangdong Agricultural Sciences,2018,45(4):34-42.
[10]胡福初,何舒,范鸿雁,王祥和.不同留花量对A4无核荔枝开花坐果的影响[J].中国热带农业,2014,61(6):54-58.HU F C,HE S,FAN H Y,WANG X H.The effection of flowering and fruit setting by different flower retention for A4 seedless lychee[J].China Tropical Agriculture,2014,61(6):54-58.
[11]MUTARD M J,LIU S,NELSON R O.Observation of floral biology and fruit setting in lychee varieties[J].Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society,1953,66:212-220.
[12]CHADHA K L,RAJPOOT M S.Studies on floral biology,fruit set and its retention and quality of some lychee varieties[J].Indian Journal of Horticulture,1969,26:124-129
[13]MENZEL C M,SIMPSON D R.Flowering and fruit set in lychee(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)in subtropical Queensland[J].Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture,1992,32:105-111.
[14]倪耀源,吴素芬.荔枝栽培[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1990.NI Y Y,WU S F.Litchi Cultivation[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1990.
[15]陈杰忠,罗孝政.荔枝花性调控研究进展[J].中国南方果树,1998,27(6):26-27.CHEN J Z,LUO X Z.Progress in research on flowering regulation of litchi[J].South China Fruits,1998,27(6):26-27.
[16]邱燕萍,张展薇.荔枝果实发育及其与落果的关系[J].广东农业科学,1993(1):17-19.QIU Y P,ZHANG Z W.The relationship of growth and abscission of Litchi fruit[J].Guangdong Agricultural Sciences,1993(1):17-19.
[17]STEM R A,ADATO I,GOREN M.Effects of autumnal water stress on Litchi flowering and yield in Israel[J].Scientia Horticuture,1993,54:295-302.
[18]范妍,尹金华,胡锐清.荔枝新品种岭丰糯的植物学和结果特性研究[J].中国果树,2015(1):57-58.FAN Y,YIN J H,HU R Q.Study on botany and fruit of Characteristics on Ling Feng Nuo of New Litchi Variety[J].China Fruits,2015(1):57-58.
[19]MITRA S K,PEREIRA L S,PATHAK P K.Fruit abscission pattern of lychee cultivar[J].Acta Horticulturae,2005,665:215-218.
[20]MATTHEW S,FINER M T.Morgan effects of natural rates of geitonogamy on fruit set in Asclepias speciosa(Apocynaceae):evidence favoring the plant's dilemma[J].American Journal of Botany,2003,90(12):1746-1750.
[21]蔡长河,陈洁珍,欧良喜,向旭,孙清明.荔枝花穗花朵开放习性的观察研究[J].广东农业科学,2011,38(21):20-24.CAI C H,CHEN J Z,OU L X,XIANG X,SUN Q M.Study on Litchi blooming habits[J].Guangdong Agricultural Sciences,2011,38(21):20-24.
[22]邱燕平,张展薇,丘荣熙.荔枝胚胎发育的研究[J].植物学通报,1994,11(3):45-47.QIU Y P,ZHANG Z W,QIU R X.Study on the development of litchi embryo[J].Chinese Bulletin of Botany,1994,11(3):45-47.
[23]叶秀粦,王伏雄,钱南芬.荔枝的胚胎学研究[J].云南植物研究.1992,14(1):59-65.YE X L,WANG F X,QIAN N F.Study on litchi embryo[J].Acta Botanica Yunnanica,1992,14(1):59-65.
[24]蔡小林,潘介春,周煜棉,刘红红.荔枝落果研究进展[J].江西农业学报,2017,29(1):26-31.CAI X L,PAN J C,ZHOU Y M,LIU H H.Research progress in fruit drop of litchi[J].Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi,2017,29(1):26-31.
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