城市雨洪模拟与年径流总量控制目标评估——以北京市未来科技城为例
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摘要
伴随城市化进程加快,硬化地表面积的增加,城市降雨径流过程已发生明显变化,导致洪涝问题突出。城市雨洪模拟是当前城市水文学研究热点和难点之一,也是城市洪涝防治、海绵城市建设评估的关键技术手段。本文选取北京市未来科技城为研究区,利用SWMM模型构建城市雨洪模型,模拟不同降雨条件下地表和管网径流过程;依据不同场次雨型设计年径流总量控制目标对应的降雨过程,并驱动已构建的雨洪模型,评估现状地块下年径流总量控制目标实现情况;据此,提出不同海绵措施的空间布局以实现年径流总量控制目标。结果表明:城市雨洪模型模拟精度较高,洪峰流量误差在8～26%之间,而峰现时间误差为-8%,-1%和0。现状地块条件未达到北京市年径流总量控制目标(80%);采用在道路、建筑和绿地分别增设透水铺装、绿色屋顶和下沉式绿地,并分别按20%,40%和40%的方案比例分配时研究区90%的地块均可达到年径流总量控制目标,还增加1.79万m~3可利用水量。本文既可为海绵城市年径流总量控制目标的评估提供参考借鉴,也可为城市海绵措施布局优化等提供决策依据。
Along with the acceleration of urbanization process, urban impervious surfaces have increased, and the urban rainfall and runoff processes have undergone significant changes, resulting in outstanding flooding problems. Urban stormwater simulation is one of the hotspots and challenges in current urban hydrology research. It is also a key technical means for urban flood control and total annual runoff control rate evaluation of"sponge cities."In this study, the Future Science and Technology Park in Beijing was selected as the research area. We constructed an urban stormwater model using the stormwater management model(SWMM) to simulate surface and pipe network runoff processes under different rainfall conditions. We designed the precipitation processes corresponding to the control rate of total annual runoff according to the characteristics of different field rainfalls. Moreover, we drove the constructed urban stormwater model to assess the achievement of current land blocks with regard to the control rate of total annual runoff. On this basis, the spatial layout of different"sponge city"measures was proposed to achieve the control rate of total annual runoff. The results demonstrate that the model simulation accuracy was high.The peak errors of the three rainfall and runoff processes were between 8%～26%, and the peak time errors were-8%,-1%, and 0, respectively. Under the current land use conditions, the control rate of total annual runoff of the city of Beijing(80%) has not been reached. With the addition of permeable pavements, green roofs, and sunken green spaces of 20%, 40%, and 40%, respectively on roads, buildings, and green spaces, 90% of the land blocks would reach the control rate of total annual runoff, and the maximum amount of available water would reach 17870 m~3. This study can provide a reference for the assessment of the control rate of total annual runoff and specific decision-making basis for the optimization of the spatial layout of urban"sponge city"measures.
Along with the acceleration of urbanization process, urban impervious surfaces have increased, and the urban rainfall and runoff processes have undergone significant changes, resulting in outstanding flooding problems. Urban stormwater simulation is one of the hotspots and challenges in current urban hydrology research. It is also a key technical means for urban flood control and total annual runoff control rate evaluation of"sponge cities."In this study, the Future Science and Technology Park in Beijing was selected as the research area. We constructed an urban stormwater model using the stormwater management model(SWMM) to simulate surface and pipe network runoff processes under different rainfall conditions. We designed the precipitation processes corresponding to the control rate of total annual runoff according to the characteristics of different field rainfalls. Moreover, we drove the constructed urban stormwater model to assess the achievement of current land blocks with regard to the control rate of total annual runoff. On this basis, the spatial layout of different"sponge city"measures was proposed to achieve the control rate of total annual runoff. The results demonstrate that the model simulation accuracy was high.The peak errors of the three rainfall and runoff processes were between 8%～26%, and the peak time errors were-8%,-1%, and 0, respectively. Under the current land use conditions, the control rate of total annual runoff of the city of Beijing(80%) has not been reached. With the addition of permeable pavements, green roofs, and sunken green spaces of 20%, 40%, and 40%, respectively on roads, buildings, and green spaces, 90% of the land blocks would reach the control rate of total annual runoff, and the maximum amount of available water would reach 17870 m~3. This study can provide a reference for the assessment of the control rate of total annual runoff and specific decision-making basis for the optimization of the spatial layout of urban"sponge city"measures.
引文
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[3]张建云,宋晓猛,王国庆,等.变化环境下城市水文学的发展与挑战:I.城市水文效应[J].水科学进展,2014,25(4):594-605.[Zhang J Y,Song X M,Wang G Q,et al.Development and challenges of urban hydrology in a changing environment:I.Hydrological response to urbanization[J].Advances in Water Science,2014,25(4):594-605.]
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[7]中共中央国务院.关于深入推进新型城镇化建设的若干意见(国发[2016]8号)[EB/OL].(2016-02-02)[2018-11-05].https://baike.baidu.com/item/关于深入推进新型城镇化建设的若干意见/19392681?fr=Aladdin.[Central Committee and the State Council.Several Opinions on Deepening the Construction of New Urbanization(Guo Fa No.8[2016])[EB/OL].(2016-02-02)[2018-11-05].https://baike.baidu.com/item/关于深入推进新型城镇化建设的若干意见/19392681?fr=Aladdin.]
[8]中华人民共和国住房城乡建设部.海绵城市建设技术指南:低影响开发雨水系统构建(试行)[EB/OL].(2014-10-15)[2018-11-05].https://wenku.baidu.com/view/c06dabd1be1e650e53ea9904.html.[Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China.Technique Guideline of Sponge City Construction:Building Rainfall Water Management System of Low Impact Development(Trail Version)[EB/OL].(2014-10-15)[2018-11-05].https://wenku.baidu.com/view/c06dabd1be1e650e53ea9904.html.]
[9]宋晓猛,张建云,王国庆,等.变化环境下城市水文学的发展与挑战:II.城市雨洪模拟与管理[J].水科学进展,2014,25(5):752-764.[Song X M,Zhang J Y,Wang G Q,et al.Development and challenges of urban hydrology in a changing environment:II.Urban stormwater modeling and management[J].Advances in Water Science,2014,25(5):752-764.]
[10]Zoppou C.Review of urban storm water models[J].Environmental Modelling&Software,2001,16(3):195-231.
[11]Rossman L A.Storm Water Management Model User’s Manual Version 5.0[R].Cincinnati:National Risk Management Research Laboratory,U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,2008.
[12]Danish Hydraulic Institute(DHI).MIKE 21 Flow Model,Hydrodynamic Module User Guide[R].Danish:DHI,2007.
[13]Cryer S A,Fouch M A,Peacock A L,et al.Characterizing agrochemical patterns and effective BMPs for surface waters using mechanistic modeling and GIS[J].Environmental Modeling&Assessment,2001,6(3):195-208.
[14]韦峰,黄任,陈海,等.建筑小区年径流总量控制率和年SS总量去除率的计算分析[J].给水排水,2018,44(3):79-81.[Wei F,Huang R,Chen H,et al.Calculation and analysis of annual runoff total control rate and annual SS total removal rate in building communities[J].Water&Wastewater Engineering,2018,44(3):79-81.]
[15]马萌华,李家科,邓陈宁.基于SWMM模型的城市内涝与面源污染的模拟分析[J].水力发电学报,2017,36(11):62-72.[Ma MH,Li J K,Deng C N.Analysis of urban waterlogging and pollution load based on SWMM model[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2017,36(11):62-72.]
[16]王晓昌,王永坤,任心欣,等.深圳市某体育中心低影响开发系统应用与模拟评估[J].给水排水,2016,42(5):91-96.[Wang XC,Wang Y K,Ren X X,et al.Application and simulation-based evaluation of a low impact development system in a sports center in Shenzhen[J].Water&Wastewater Engineering,2016,42(5):91-96.]
[17]Hu M,Sayama T,Zhang X,et al.Evaluation of low impact development approach for mitigating flood inundation at a watershed scale in China[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2017,193:430-438.
[18]Li J,Deng C,Li Y,et al.Comprehensive benefit evaluation system for low-impact development of urban stormwater management measures[J].Water Resources Management,2017,31(15):4745-4758.
[19]肖鹏,康文,刘峰.北京未来科技城海绵城市实施与监测评价探索[J].建设科技,2017,(1):27-29.[Xiao P,Kang W,Liu F.Exploration on implementation,monitoring and evaluation of Sponge City in Beijing Future Science and Technology Park[J].Construction Science and Technology,2017,(1):27-29.]
[20]丛翔宇,倪广恒,惠士博,等.基于SWMM的北京市典型城区暴雨洪水模拟分析[J].水利水电技术,2006,37(4):64-67.[Cong X Y,Ni G H,Hui S B,et al.Simulative analysis on storm flood in typical urban region of Beijing based on SWMM[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,2006,37(4):64-67.]
[21]刘昌明,张永勇,王中根,等.维护良性水循环的城镇化LID模式:海绵城市规划方法与技术初步探讨[J].自然资源学报,2016,31(5):719-731.[Liu C M,Zhang Y Y,Wang Z G,et al.The LID pattern for maintaining virtuous water cycle in urbanized area:A preliminary study of planning and techniques for Sponge City[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2016,31(5):719-731.]
[22]常晓栋,徐宗学,赵刚,等.基于SWMM模型的城市雨洪模拟与LID效果评价:以北京市清河流域为例[J].水力发电学报,2016,35(11):84-93.[Chang X D,Xu Z X,Zhao G,et al.Urban rainfall-runoff simulations and assessment of low impact development facilities using SWMM model:A case study of Qinghe catchment in Beijing[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2016,35(11):84-93.]
[23]赵树旗,晋存田,李小亮,等.SWMM模型在北京市某区域的应用[J].给水排水,2009,35(S1):448-451.[Zhao S Q,Jin C T,Li XL,et al.Application of SWMM model in a certain area of Beijing[J].Water&Wastewater Engineering,2009,35(S1):448-451.]
[24]赵刚,庞博,徐宗学,等.基于SWMM模型的北京大红门排水片区雨洪模拟研究[J].北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),2014,(5):452-455.[Zhao G,Pang B,Xu Z X,et al.Simulation of urban storm at Dahongmen drainage area by SWMM[J].Journal of Beijing Normal University(Natural Science),2014,(5):452-455.]
[25]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.水文情报预报规范.(GB/T 22482-2008).[State Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China,China National Standardization Administration.Standard for hydrological information and hydrological forecasting.(GB/T 22482-2008).]
[2]刘慧娟,卫伟,王金满,等.城市典型下垫面产流过程模拟实验[J].资源科学,2015,37(11):2219-2227.[Liu H J,Wei W,Wang J M,et al.Experimental study on typical city underlyings runoff process[J].Resources Science,2015,37(11):2219-2227.]
[3]张建云,宋晓猛,王国庆,等.变化环境下城市水文学的发展与挑战:I.城市水文效应[J].水科学进展,2014,25(4):594-605.[Zhang J Y,Song X M,Wang G Q,et al.Development and challenges of urban hydrology in a changing environment:I.Hydrological response to urbanization[J].Advances in Water Science,2014,25(4):594-605.]
[4]张建云,王银堂,贺瑞敏,等.中国城市洪涝问题及成因分析[J].水科学进展,2016,27(4):485-491.[Zhang J Y,Wang Y T,He RM,et al.Discussion on the urban flood and waterlogging and causes analysis in China[J].Advances in Water Science,2016,27(4):485-491.]
[5]杨卫忠,张葆蔚,符日明.2016年洪涝灾情综述[J].中国防汛抗旱,2017,27(1):26-29.[Yang W Z,Zhang B W,Fu R M.Summary of flood disasters in 2016[J].China Flood&Drought Management,2017,27(1):26-29.]
[6]中共中央国务院.关于进一步加强城市规划建设管理工作的若干意见(中发[2016]6号)[EB/OL].(2016-02-06)[2018-11-05].https://baike.baidu.com/item/中共中央国务院关于进一步加强城市规划建设管理工作的若干意见/19406715?fromtitle=关于进一步加强城市规划建设管理工作的若干意见&fromid=19406823&fr=Aladdin.[Central Committee and the State Council.Several Opinions on Further Strengthening the Management of Urban Planning and Construction(Zhong Fa No.6[2016])[EB/OL].(2016-02-06)[2018-11-05].https://baike.baidu.com/item/中共中央国务院关于进一步加强城市规划建设管理工作的若干意见/19406715?fromtitle=关于进一步加强城市规划建设管理工作的若干意见&fromid=19406823&fr=Aladdin.]
[7]中共中央国务院.关于深入推进新型城镇化建设的若干意见(国发[2016]8号)[EB/OL].(2016-02-02)[2018-11-05].https://baike.baidu.com/item/关于深入推进新型城镇化建设的若干意见/19392681?fr=Aladdin.[Central Committee and the State Council.Several Opinions on Deepening the Construction of New Urbanization(Guo Fa No.8[2016])[EB/OL].(2016-02-02)[2018-11-05].https://baike.baidu.com/item/关于深入推进新型城镇化建设的若干意见/19392681?fr=Aladdin.]
[8]中华人民共和国住房城乡建设部.海绵城市建设技术指南:低影响开发雨水系统构建(试行)[EB/OL].(2014-10-15)[2018-11-05].https://wenku.baidu.com/view/c06dabd1be1e650e53ea9904.html.[Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China.Technique Guideline of Sponge City Construction:Building Rainfall Water Management System of Low Impact Development(Trail Version)[EB/OL].(2014-10-15)[2018-11-05].https://wenku.baidu.com/view/c06dabd1be1e650e53ea9904.html.]
[9]宋晓猛,张建云,王国庆,等.变化环境下城市水文学的发展与挑战:II.城市雨洪模拟与管理[J].水科学进展,2014,25(5):752-764.[Song X M,Zhang J Y,Wang G Q,et al.Development and challenges of urban hydrology in a changing environment:II.Urban stormwater modeling and management[J].Advances in Water Science,2014,25(5):752-764.]
[10]Zoppou C.Review of urban storm water models[J].Environmental Modelling&Software,2001,16(3):195-231.
[11]Rossman L A.Storm Water Management Model User’s Manual Version 5.0[R].Cincinnati:National Risk Management Research Laboratory,U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,2008.
[12]Danish Hydraulic Institute(DHI).MIKE 21 Flow Model,Hydrodynamic Module User Guide[R].Danish:DHI,2007.
[13]Cryer S A,Fouch M A,Peacock A L,et al.Characterizing agrochemical patterns and effective BMPs for surface waters using mechanistic modeling and GIS[J].Environmental Modeling&Assessment,2001,6(3):195-208.
[14]韦峰,黄任,陈海,等.建筑小区年径流总量控制率和年SS总量去除率的计算分析[J].给水排水,2018,44(3):79-81.[Wei F,Huang R,Chen H,et al.Calculation and analysis of annual runoff total control rate and annual SS total removal rate in building communities[J].Water&Wastewater Engineering,2018,44(3):79-81.]
[15]马萌华,李家科,邓陈宁.基于SWMM模型的城市内涝与面源污染的模拟分析[J].水力发电学报,2017,36(11):62-72.[Ma MH,Li J K,Deng C N.Analysis of urban waterlogging and pollution load based on SWMM model[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2017,36(11):62-72.]
[16]王晓昌,王永坤,任心欣,等.深圳市某体育中心低影响开发系统应用与模拟评估[J].给水排水,2016,42(5):91-96.[Wang XC,Wang Y K,Ren X X,et al.Application and simulation-based evaluation of a low impact development system in a sports center in Shenzhen[J].Water&Wastewater Engineering,2016,42(5):91-96.]
[17]Hu M,Sayama T,Zhang X,et al.Evaluation of low impact development approach for mitigating flood inundation at a watershed scale in China[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2017,193:430-438.
[18]Li J,Deng C,Li Y,et al.Comprehensive benefit evaluation system for low-impact development of urban stormwater management measures[J].Water Resources Management,2017,31(15):4745-4758.
[19]肖鹏,康文,刘峰.北京未来科技城海绵城市实施与监测评价探索[J].建设科技,2017,(1):27-29.[Xiao P,Kang W,Liu F.Exploration on implementation,monitoring and evaluation of Sponge City in Beijing Future Science and Technology Park[J].Construction Science and Technology,2017,(1):27-29.]
[20]丛翔宇,倪广恒,惠士博,等.基于SWMM的北京市典型城区暴雨洪水模拟分析[J].水利水电技术,2006,37(4):64-67.[Cong X Y,Ni G H,Hui S B,et al.Simulative analysis on storm flood in typical urban region of Beijing based on SWMM[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,2006,37(4):64-67.]
[21]刘昌明,张永勇,王中根,等.维护良性水循环的城镇化LID模式:海绵城市规划方法与技术初步探讨[J].自然资源学报,2016,31(5):719-731.[Liu C M,Zhang Y Y,Wang Z G,et al.The LID pattern for maintaining virtuous water cycle in urbanized area:A preliminary study of planning and techniques for Sponge City[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2016,31(5):719-731.]
[22]常晓栋,徐宗学,赵刚,等.基于SWMM模型的城市雨洪模拟与LID效果评价:以北京市清河流域为例[J].水力发电学报,2016,35(11):84-93.[Chang X D,Xu Z X,Zhao G,et al.Urban rainfall-runoff simulations and assessment of low impact development facilities using SWMM model:A case study of Qinghe catchment in Beijing[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2016,35(11):84-93.]
[23]赵树旗,晋存田,李小亮,等.SWMM模型在北京市某区域的应用[J].给水排水,2009,35(S1):448-451.[Zhao S Q,Jin C T,Li XL,et al.Application of SWMM model in a certain area of Beijing[J].Water&Wastewater Engineering,2009,35(S1):448-451.]
[24]赵刚,庞博,徐宗学,等.基于SWMM模型的北京大红门排水片区雨洪模拟研究[J].北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),2014,(5):452-455.[Zhao G,Pang B,Xu Z X,et al.Simulation of urban storm at Dahongmen drainage area by SWMM[J].Journal of Beijing Normal University(Natural Science),2014,(5):452-455.]
[25]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.水文情报预报规范.(GB/T 22482-2008).[State Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China,China National Standardization Administration.Standard for hydrological information and hydrological forecasting.(GB/T 22482-2008).]
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