时空与效率视角下汾河流域农业灰水足迹分析
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摘要
基于《山西省统计年鉴》的相关数据,运用灰水足迹理论对2010年前后(2000～2016年)汾河流域农业灰水足迹及效率进行定性、定量分析.结果表明:汾河流域农业灰水足迹总体呈先上升后下降再缓慢上升的趋势,最高值出现在2004年,为1.30×10~(10)m~3,最小值出现在2012年,为9.20×10~9m~3;农业灰水足迹中以畜牧业灰水足迹为主,但比例在降低;2010年后,汾河流域年均农业灰水足迹同比降低15%,说明汾河水污染得到了明显的改善,但仍应制定相关政策减少污染物的排放;种植业灰水足迹同比增加8%,说明化肥施用量在增加,应支持使用有机肥,减少化肥的使用;文水县农业灰水足迹变化最大,其中畜牧业灰水足迹则同比增加52%,应重点对文水县畜禽粪便进行治理或资源化利用;农业灰水足迹效率呈现先平稳后下降然后极速上升再下降的趋势,2012年最高,为1.32元/m~3.较2010年前,2010年后流域年均灰水足迹效率明显提高,农业落后区减少了6个.
Based on the data of statistical yearbook of Shanxi Province, the gray-water footprint theory was applied to analyzing the agricultural grey water footprint and efficiency of Fenhe River basin around 2010(2000～2016). The results showed that the agricultural grey water footprint of Fenhe River basin generally increased, and then decreased, finally slowly increased. The maximum value was 1.30×10~(10) m~3 in 2004. The minimum value was 9.20×10~9 m~3 in 2012. The agricultural grey water footprint was mainly composed of livestock raising grey water footprint; However, the percentage reduced after 2010. After 2010, the annual average of agricultural grey water footprint reduced 15%, which indicated that the water quality of Fenhe River had been significantly improved. However, relevant policies should be formulated to reduce the emission of pollutants. The crop planting grey water footprint increased 8%, which indicated that the utilization rate of fertilizers was increasing. The government should support the use of organic fertilizers and reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. Among these 34 counties, Wenshui showed obvious change with an increasing of 43%, among which livestock grey water footprint increased by 52% year-on-year. Therefore, the government should focus on the treatment and resource utilization of livestock excrements in Wenshui country. The efficiency of agricultural grey water footprint kept stable at first, and then rapid increased, finally decreased; The maximum value was 1.32 yuan/m~3, appeared at 2012. The annual average of agricultural grey water footprint efficiency obviously enhanced after 2010. The number of backward agriculture areas was decreased by 6.
Based on the data of statistical yearbook of Shanxi Province, the gray-water footprint theory was applied to analyzing the agricultural grey water footprint and efficiency of Fenhe River basin around 2010(2000～2016). The results showed that the agricultural grey water footprint of Fenhe River basin generally increased, and then decreased, finally slowly increased. The maximum value was 1.30×10~(10) m~3 in 2004. The minimum value was 9.20×10~9 m~3 in 2012. The agricultural grey water footprint was mainly composed of livestock raising grey water footprint; However, the percentage reduced after 2010. After 2010, the annual average of agricultural grey water footprint reduced 15%, which indicated that the water quality of Fenhe River had been significantly improved. However, relevant policies should be formulated to reduce the emission of pollutants. The crop planting grey water footprint increased 8%, which indicated that the utilization rate of fertilizers was increasing. The government should support the use of organic fertilizers and reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. Among these 34 counties, Wenshui showed obvious change with an increasing of 43%, among which livestock grey water footprint increased by 52% year-on-year. Therefore, the government should focus on the treatment and resource utilization of livestock excrements in Wenshui country. The efficiency of agricultural grey water footprint kept stable at first, and then rapid increased, finally decreased; The maximum value was 1.32 yuan/m~3, appeared at 2012. The annual average of agricultural grey water footprint efficiency obviously enhanced after 2010. The number of backward agriculture areas was decreased by 6.
引文
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[13]Hoekstra A Y.水足迹评价手册[M].北京:科学出版社,2012:17-33.Hoekstra A Y.The water footprint assessment manual[M].Beijing:Science Press,2012:17-33.
[14]徐丽丽,刘先国,刘丹青,等.基于水足迹的生态畜禽养殖基地生产用水分析[J].安全与环境工程,2014,21(6):18-22.Xu L L,Liu X G,Liu D Q,et al.Analysis on the production water supply of ecological livestock and poultry breeding base based on water footprint[J].Safety and Environmental Engineering,2014,21(6):18-22.
[15]杜玲,徐长春,吴尧,等.河北省种植业水污染足迹初报[J].农业环境科学学报,2018,37(2):286-293.Du L,Xu C C,Wu Y,et al.Water degradation footprint of crop production in Hebei Province[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2018,37(2):286-293.
[16]胡彬,刘俊国,赵丹丹,等.基于水足迹理念的水资源短缺评价-以2022年冬奥会雪上项目举办地为例[J].灌溉排水学报,2017,36(7):108-116.Hu B,Liu J G,Zhao D D,et al.Using the theory of water footprint to assess water scarcity:A case study[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2017,36(7):108-116.
[17]陈利顶,傅伯杰.农田生态系统管理与非点源污染控制[J].环境科学,2000,1(2):98-100.Chen L D,Fu B J.Farm ecosystem management and control of nonpoint source pollution[J].Environmental Science,2000,1(2):98-100.
[18]王丹阳,李景保,叶亚亚,等.一种改进的灰水足迹计算方法[J].自然资源学报,2015,(12):2120-2130.Wang D Y,Li J B,Ye Y Y,et al.An improved calculation method of grey water footprint[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2015,(12):2120-2130.
[19]Olness A.Water quality:prevention,identification,and management of diffuse pollution[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,1994,24(2):383.
[20]孙才志,韩琴,郑德凤.中国省际灰水足迹测度及荷载系数的空间关联分析[J].生态学报,2016,36(1):86-97.Sun C Z,Han Q,Zheng D F.The spatial correlation of the provincial grey water footprint and its loading coefficient in China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(1):86-97.
[21]Mekonnen M M,Hoekstra A Y.A Global Assessment of the Water Footprint of Farm Animal Products[J].Ecosystems,2012,15(3):401-415.
[22]Ercin A E,Aldaya M M,Hoekstra A Y.The water footprint of soy milk and soy burger and equivalent animal products[J].Ecological Indicators,2012,18:392-402.
[23]张鑫,李磊,于斐,等.基于虚拟水理论的功能农业示范区玉米种植水足迹研究--以山西太谷为例[J].山西农业科学,2018,46(8):1349-1353.Zhang X,Li L,Yu F,et al.Study on the water footprint of maize planting in the functional agriculture demonstration area based on virtual water theory-a case study[J].Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences,2018,46(8):1349-1353.
[24]山西省统计局.山西省统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2000~2016.Bureau of satistics of Shanxi Province.Shanxi Statistical Yearbook[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press,2000-2016.
[25]GB 3838-2002地表水环境质量标准[S].GB3838-2002 Environmental quality standards for surface water[S].
[26]国家环境保护总局自然生态保护司.全国规模化畜禽养殖业污染情况调查及防治对策[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002:29-35.General administration of environmental protection of the People's Republic of China.Investigation and control measures on pollution of large-scale livestock and poultry breeding industry in China[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2002:29-35.
[27]Chapagain A K,Hoekstra A Y,Savenije H H G,et al.The water footprint of cotton consumption:An assessment of the impact of worldwide consumption of cotton products on the water resources in the cotton producing countries[J].Ecological Economics,2007,60(1):186-203.
[2]张杨,吴仁人,杨戈,等.西江流域地表水微生物污染定量源解析[J].中国环境科学,2018,38(10):3889-3896.Zhang Y,Wu R R,Yang G,et al.Quantitative source analysis of microorganism pollution in the surface water in Xijiang River Basin[J].China Environmental Science,2018,38(10):3889-3896.
[3]孟志龙,杨永刚,秦作栋,等.汾河下游流域水体硝酸盐污染过程同位素示踪[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(3):1066-1072.Meng Z L,Yang Y G,Qin Z D,et al.Isotopic tracing for nitrate pollution process of water body in the lower reaches of Fenhe River[J].China Environmental Science,2017,37(3):1066-1072.
[4]杨凡.山东省地市灰水足迹测度与空间格局分析[J].节水灌溉,2017,(2):69-75.Yang F.The measure and spatial pattern analysis of the municipal grey water footprint in Shandong Province[J].Water Saving Irrigation,2017,(2):69-75.
[5]Hoekstra A Y,Chapagain A K.Globalization of water:Sharing the planet’s freshwater resources[J].Water Encyclopedia,2008,43(2):147.
[6]Allocca V,Marzano E,Tramontano M,et al.Environmental impact of cattle grazing on a karst aquifer in the southern Apennines(Italy):Quantification through the grey water footprint[J].Ecological Indicators,2018,93:830-837.
[7]Wickramasinghe W M S,Navaratne C M,Dias S V.Building resilience on water quality management through grey water footprint approach:a case study from Sri Lanka[J].Procedia Engineering,2018,212:752-759.
[8]付永虎,刘黎明,起晓星,等.基于灰水足迹的洞庭湖区粮食生产环境效应评价[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(10):152-160.Fu Y H,Liu L M,Qi X X,et al.Environmental effects evaluation for grain production based on grey water footprint in Dongting Lake area[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2015,31(10):152-160.
[9]蔡建辉,颜七笙.“一带一路”倡议下甘肃省灰水足迹测度及GM(1,1)模型预测研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2018,37(3):115-121.Cau J H,Yan Q S.Measurement and GM(1,1)prediction of grey water footprint in Gansu Province under“the belt and road”initiative[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2018,37(3):115-121.
[10]姚懿真,杨贵羽,汪林,等.基于IPAT模型的河北省灰水足迹分析及预测[J].水利水电技术,2017,48(11):36-42.Yao Y Z,Yang G Y,Wang L,et al.IPAT model-based prediction and analysis on grey water footprint of Hebei Province[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,2017,48(11):36-42.
[11]曾昭,刘俊国.北京市灰水足迹评价[J].自然资源学报,2013,(7):1169-1178.Zeng Z,Liu J G.Historical trend of grey water footprint of Beijing,China[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2013,(7):1169-1178.
[12]孙才志,白天骄,韩琴.基于基尼系数的中国灰水足迹区域与结构均衡性分析[J].自然资源学报,2016,31(12):2047-2059.Sun C Z,Bai T J,Han Q.The regional and structural equilibrium analysis of grey water footprint in China based on gini coefficient[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2016,31(12):2047-2059.
[13]Hoekstra A Y.水足迹评价手册[M].北京:科学出版社,2012:17-33.Hoekstra A Y.The water footprint assessment manual[M].Beijing:Science Press,2012:17-33.
[14]徐丽丽,刘先国,刘丹青,等.基于水足迹的生态畜禽养殖基地生产用水分析[J].安全与环境工程,2014,21(6):18-22.Xu L L,Liu X G,Liu D Q,et al.Analysis on the production water supply of ecological livestock and poultry breeding base based on water footprint[J].Safety and Environmental Engineering,2014,21(6):18-22.
[15]杜玲,徐长春,吴尧,等.河北省种植业水污染足迹初报[J].农业环境科学学报,2018,37(2):286-293.Du L,Xu C C,Wu Y,et al.Water degradation footprint of crop production in Hebei Province[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2018,37(2):286-293.
[16]胡彬,刘俊国,赵丹丹,等.基于水足迹理念的水资源短缺评价-以2022年冬奥会雪上项目举办地为例[J].灌溉排水学报,2017,36(7):108-116.Hu B,Liu J G,Zhao D D,et al.Using the theory of water footprint to assess water scarcity:A case study[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2017,36(7):108-116.
[17]陈利顶,傅伯杰.农田生态系统管理与非点源污染控制[J].环境科学,2000,1(2):98-100.Chen L D,Fu B J.Farm ecosystem management and control of nonpoint source pollution[J].Environmental Science,2000,1(2):98-100.
[18]王丹阳,李景保,叶亚亚,等.一种改进的灰水足迹计算方法[J].自然资源学报,2015,(12):2120-2130.Wang D Y,Li J B,Ye Y Y,et al.An improved calculation method of grey water footprint[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2015,(12):2120-2130.
[19]Olness A.Water quality:prevention,identification,and management of diffuse pollution[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,1994,24(2):383.
[20]孙才志,韩琴,郑德凤.中国省际灰水足迹测度及荷载系数的空间关联分析[J].生态学报,2016,36(1):86-97.Sun C Z,Han Q,Zheng D F.The spatial correlation of the provincial grey water footprint and its loading coefficient in China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(1):86-97.
[21]Mekonnen M M,Hoekstra A Y.A Global Assessment of the Water Footprint of Farm Animal Products[J].Ecosystems,2012,15(3):401-415.
[22]Ercin A E,Aldaya M M,Hoekstra A Y.The water footprint of soy milk and soy burger and equivalent animal products[J].Ecological Indicators,2012,18:392-402.
[23]张鑫,李磊,于斐,等.基于虚拟水理论的功能农业示范区玉米种植水足迹研究--以山西太谷为例[J].山西农业科学,2018,46(8):1349-1353.Zhang X,Li L,Yu F,et al.Study on the water footprint of maize planting in the functional agriculture demonstration area based on virtual water theory-a case study[J].Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences,2018,46(8):1349-1353.
[24]山西省统计局.山西省统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2000~2016.Bureau of satistics of Shanxi Province.Shanxi Statistical Yearbook[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press,2000-2016.
[25]GB 3838-2002地表水环境质量标准[S].GB3838-2002 Environmental quality standards for surface water[S].
[26]国家环境保护总局自然生态保护司.全国规模化畜禽养殖业污染情况调查及防治对策[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002:29-35.General administration of environmental protection of the People's Republic of China.Investigation and control measures on pollution of large-scale livestock and poultry breeding industry in China[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2002:29-35.
[27]Chapagain A K,Hoekstra A Y,Savenije H H G,et al.The water footprint of cotton consumption:An assessment of the impact of worldwide consumption of cotton products on the water resources in the cotton producing countries[J].Ecological Economics,2007,60(1):186-203.