基于GIS和分形理论的土地利用空间格局分析——以闽侯县为例
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摘要
以闽侯县1994年、2004年和2015年三期遥感影像为数据源,在RS、GIS和统计分析工具的支持下,运用分形理论研究时间序列上土地利用类型形态的复杂度与结构的稳定度,分析土地利用空间格局的变化,从而阐述不同土地利用类型的空间分布规律。结果表明:(1)研究期间内闽侯县的土地利用类型形态有了很大的变化,林地、耕地和未利用地面积大幅度减少,建设用地面积持续增加,水域面积变化不大;(2)整体分形维数保持下降趋势,从1994年的1.3504降到2015年的1.3333,说明空间格局总体向简单化、稳定化方向发展;(3)闽侯县各主要地类的分形维数和稳定性指数变化特点存在较大差异,耕地、林地和未利用地的分形维数持续下降,土地利用类型形态趋向规则;水域的分形维数先减后增,结构趋向稳定;建设用地的分形维数先增后减,空间结构整体趋于稳定,布局趋向合理化。土地利用的复杂性和稳定性受到人为因素的影响强烈,通过对土地利用空间格局演变的研究,可以为政府协调水土开发、区域土地合理利用以及优化土地利用结构提供支持。
Background, aim, and scope Fractal theory can well reveal the complexity and stability of land use pattern evolution, but so far, no one has published land use change research in Minhou County based on fractal theory. Therefore, this paper takes Minhou County of Fujian Province as the research area, basing on remote sensing and GIS technology, analyzes the land use structure and fractal dynamics in 1994, 2004 and 2015, so as to provide a basis for the reasonable land use planning of Minhou County in the future. Materials and methods In this study, three Landsat series of remote sensing images in Minhou County in 1994, 2004 and 2015 were used as data sources. The ENVI 5.1 software was used to interpret the land use types in the study area. ArcGIS 10.1 software was then used to calculate the circumference and area. Finally, the fractal formula is used to calculate the fractal dimension and stability index of land use types. Results The results showed that:(1) the land use types in Minhou County changed greatly during the study period, the area of forest land, cultivated land and unutilized land decreased greatly, the area of construction land continued to increase, and the area of water area changed little.(2) The overall fractal dimension keeps decreasing from 1.3504 in 1994 to 1.3333 in 2015, which shows that the spatial pattern is generally simplified and stabilized.(3) The variation characteristics of fractal dimension and stability index of the main landforms in Minhou County are quite different. The fractal dimension of cultivated land, forest land and unutilized land continued to decline, and the shape of land use tended to be regular. The fractal dimension of water area decreased first and then increased, and the structure tended to be stable. The fractal dimension of construction land increased first and then decreased, the overall spatial structure tends to be stable, the layout tends to rationalize. Discussion The complexity and stability of the spatial distribution of land use in different places in Minhou are influenced and interfered by human activities to a great extent. Through the study of the spatial pattern of land use change, it is feasible for the government to coordinate water and soil development, optimize land use structure to provide support. Conclusions The application of fractal theory in the study of urban land use spatial pattern change can well make up for the deficiency of quantitative argumentation in the past urban spatial pattern research and has high practical value. Recommendations and perspectives The fractal theory can quantitatively analyze the change of the spatial pattern of the soil utilization and provide a good reference for the dynamic assessment of land use in the extended urban periphery.
Background, aim, and scope Fractal theory can well reveal the complexity and stability of land use pattern evolution, but so far, no one has published land use change research in Minhou County based on fractal theory. Therefore, this paper takes Minhou County of Fujian Province as the research area, basing on remote sensing and GIS technology, analyzes the land use structure and fractal dynamics in 1994, 2004 and 2015, so as to provide a basis for the reasonable land use planning of Minhou County in the future. Materials and methods In this study, three Landsat series of remote sensing images in Minhou County in 1994, 2004 and 2015 were used as data sources. The ENVI 5.1 software was used to interpret the land use types in the study area. ArcGIS 10.1 software was then used to calculate the circumference and area. Finally, the fractal formula is used to calculate the fractal dimension and stability index of land use types. Results The results showed that:(1) the land use types in Minhou County changed greatly during the study period, the area of forest land, cultivated land and unutilized land decreased greatly, the area of construction land continued to increase, and the area of water area changed little.(2) The overall fractal dimension keeps decreasing from 1.3504 in 1994 to 1.3333 in 2015, which shows that the spatial pattern is generally simplified and stabilized.(3) The variation characteristics of fractal dimension and stability index of the main landforms in Minhou County are quite different. The fractal dimension of cultivated land, forest land and unutilized land continued to decline, and the shape of land use tended to be regular. The fractal dimension of water area decreased first and then increased, and the structure tended to be stable. The fractal dimension of construction land increased first and then decreased, the overall spatial structure tends to be stable, the layout tends to rationalize. Discussion The complexity and stability of the spatial distribution of land use in different places in Minhou are influenced and interfered by human activities to a great extent. Through the study of the spatial pattern of land use change, it is feasible for the government to coordinate water and soil development, optimize land use structure to provide support. Conclusions The application of fractal theory in the study of urban land use spatial pattern change can well make up for the deficiency of quantitative argumentation in the past urban spatial pattern research and has high practical value. Recommendations and perspectives The fractal theory can quantitatively analyze the change of the spatial pattern of the soil utilization and provide a good reference for the dynamic assessment of land use in the extended urban periphery.
引文
傅建春,李钢,赵华.2015.基于分形理论的徐州市城镇体系规模结构及空间分布研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,29(10):25-30.[Fu J C,Li G,Zhao H.2015.Scale structure and spatial distribution of urban systems based on fractal theory in Xuzhou[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,29(10):25-30.]
胡浩,王士君,南颖,等.2012.基于生态敏感性分析的环境友好型土地利用空间结构探析[J].东北师大学报(自然科学版),44(3):142-148.[Hu H,Wang S J,Nan Y,et al.2012.Environment-friendly land-use spatial structure based on ecological sensitivity analysis[J].Journal of Northeast Normal University(Natural Science Edition),44(3):142-148.]
黎励,毛蒋兴,陆汝成.2014.边境地区土地利用时空格局的分形动态研究——以广西崇左市为例[J].水土保持研究,21(5):204-209.[Li L,Mao J X,Lu R C.2014.Fractal dynamic research on spatiotemporal pattern of land use in border area-a case study of Chongzuo City,Guangxi[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,21(5):204-209.]
李秀彬.1996.全球环境变化研究的核心领域——土地利用/土地覆被变化的国际研究动向[J].地理学报,51(6):553-558.[Li X B.1996.A review of the international researches on land use/land cover change[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,51(6):553-558.]
李义玲,乔木,杨小林,等.2008.干旱区典型流域近30年土地利用/土地覆被变化的分形特征分析——以玛纳斯河流域为例[J].干旱区地理,31(1):75-81.[Li Y L,Qiao M,Yang X L,et al.2008.Fractal characteristics of land use and land cover change in a watershed of arid zone in last 30 years:a case of the Manas River watershed[J].Arid Land Geography,31(1):75-81.]
刘新卫,陈百明,史学正.2004.国内LUCC研究进展综述[J].土壤,36(2):132-135.[Liu X W,Chen B M,Shi X Z.2004.A review of the research on land use and land cover change in China[J].Soils,36(2):132-135.]
卢德彬,禹真,毛婉柳,等.2016.基于GIS和分形理论的山区土地利用空间结构研究[J].水土保持研究,23(2):220-223.[Lu D B,Yu Z,Mao W L,et al.2016.Research on the spatial structure of the mountainous land use based on GIS and fractal theory[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,23(2):220-223.]
欧照铿.2014.Markov约束下ANN-CA模型构建与闽侯县土地利用模拟研究[D].福州:福建农林大学.[Ou Z K.2014.Study on modeling and simulating of land use based on ANN-CA model under the constraints of Markov in Minhou County[D].Fuzhou:Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University.]
彭文君,舒英格.2018.喀斯特山区县域耕地景观生态安全及演变过程[J].生态学报,38(3):852-865.[Peng W J,Shu Y G.2018.Analysis of landscape ecological security and cultivated land evolution in the karst mountain area[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,38(3):852-865.]
郄瑞卿,刘富民.2013.基于分形理论的土地利用景观格局变化研究——以镇赉县镇赉镇为例[J].水土保持研究,20(2):217-222.[Qie R Q,Liu F M.2013.Study on changes in landscape pattern of landuse based on fractal theory-a case study of Zhenlai Town of Zhenlai County[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,20(2):217-222.]
宋戈,王盼盼.2017.松嫩高平原县域土地利用空间格局地形梯度特征分析——以巴彦县为例[J].地理科学,37(8):1218-1225.[Song G,Wang P P.2017.Spatial pattern of land use along the terrain gradient of county in Songnen High Plain:a case study of Bayan County[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,37(8):1218-1225.]
瓦哈甫·哈力克,杨玲,布佐热,等.2011.基于分形理论的车尔臣河流域中下游土地利用动态变化[J].干旱区资源与环境,25(9):6-12.[Wahap·Halik,Yang L,Buzore,et al.2011.The land use change of the middle and lower reaches of Qerchen River based on fractal theory[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,25(9):6-12.]
徐建华,艾南山,金炯,等.2001.西北干旱区景观要素镶嵌结构的分形研究——以黑河流域为例[J].干旱区研究,18(1):35-39.[Xu J H,Ai N S,Jin J,et al.2001.A fractal study on the mosaic structure of the landscape of northwest China-taking the drainage area of Heihe River as an example[J].Arid Zone Research,18(1):35-39.]
杨凤海,程光大,王盼盼,等.2016.基于分形的宁安市土地利用变化及驱动力研究[J].水土保持研究,23(2):280-286.[Yang F H,Cheng G D,Wang P P,et al.2016.Study on land use change and its driving forces in Ning’an City based on fractal theory[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,23(2):280-286.]
张晶,濮励杰,朱明,等.2013.矢量和栅格数据土地利用结构分维值比较——以苏州为例[J].地理科学进展,32(6):932-939.[Zhang J,Pu L J,Zhu M,et al.2013.Comparison of land-use structure fractal dimension based on vector and raster data:a case study of Suzhou City[J].Progress in Geography,32(6):932-939.]
张丽,杨庆媛,冯应斌.2008.基于分形理论的区域土地利用类型探讨——以重庆市沙坪坝区为例[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),30(8):137-141.[Zhang L,Yang Q Y,Feng Y B.2008.Discussion of regional land use types based on fractal theory-a case study of Shapingba District in Chongqing City[J].Journal of Southwest University(Natural Science Edition),30(8):137-141.]
朱晓华,李加林,杨秀春,等.2007.土地空间分形结构的尺度转换特征[J].地理科学,27(1):58-62.[Zhu X H,Li J L,Yang X C,et al.2007.Scaling character of spatial structure of land use[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,27(1):58-62.]
Feder J.1988.Fractals[M].New York and London:Plenum Press:11-20.
Goodchild M F.1980.Fractals and the accuracy of geographical measures[J].Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology,12(2):85-98.
Mandelbrot B B.1982.The fractal geometry of nature[M].New York:W H Freeman.
Quan B,Chen J F,Qiu H L,et al.2006.Spatial-temporal pattern and driving forces of land use changes in Xiamen[J].Pedosphere,16(4):477-488.
胡浩,王士君,南颖,等.2012.基于生态敏感性分析的环境友好型土地利用空间结构探析[J].东北师大学报(自然科学版),44(3):142-148.[Hu H,Wang S J,Nan Y,et al.2012.Environment-friendly land-use spatial structure based on ecological sensitivity analysis[J].Journal of Northeast Normal University(Natural Science Edition),44(3):142-148.]
黎励,毛蒋兴,陆汝成.2014.边境地区土地利用时空格局的分形动态研究——以广西崇左市为例[J].水土保持研究,21(5):204-209.[Li L,Mao J X,Lu R C.2014.Fractal dynamic research on spatiotemporal pattern of land use in border area-a case study of Chongzuo City,Guangxi[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,21(5):204-209.]
李秀彬.1996.全球环境变化研究的核心领域——土地利用/土地覆被变化的国际研究动向[J].地理学报,51(6):553-558.[Li X B.1996.A review of the international researches on land use/land cover change[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,51(6):553-558.]
李义玲,乔木,杨小林,等.2008.干旱区典型流域近30年土地利用/土地覆被变化的分形特征分析——以玛纳斯河流域为例[J].干旱区地理,31(1):75-81.[Li Y L,Qiao M,Yang X L,et al.2008.Fractal characteristics of land use and land cover change in a watershed of arid zone in last 30 years:a case of the Manas River watershed[J].Arid Land Geography,31(1):75-81.]
刘新卫,陈百明,史学正.2004.国内LUCC研究进展综述[J].土壤,36(2):132-135.[Liu X W,Chen B M,Shi X Z.2004.A review of the research on land use and land cover change in China[J].Soils,36(2):132-135.]
卢德彬,禹真,毛婉柳,等.2016.基于GIS和分形理论的山区土地利用空间结构研究[J].水土保持研究,23(2):220-223.[Lu D B,Yu Z,Mao W L,et al.2016.Research on the spatial structure of the mountainous land use based on GIS and fractal theory[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,23(2):220-223.]
欧照铿.2014.Markov约束下ANN-CA模型构建与闽侯县土地利用模拟研究[D].福州:福建农林大学.[Ou Z K.2014.Study on modeling and simulating of land use based on ANN-CA model under the constraints of Markov in Minhou County[D].Fuzhou:Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University.]
彭文君,舒英格.2018.喀斯特山区县域耕地景观生态安全及演变过程[J].生态学报,38(3):852-865.[Peng W J,Shu Y G.2018.Analysis of landscape ecological security and cultivated land evolution in the karst mountain area[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,38(3):852-865.]
郄瑞卿,刘富民.2013.基于分形理论的土地利用景观格局变化研究——以镇赉县镇赉镇为例[J].水土保持研究,20(2):217-222.[Qie R Q,Liu F M.2013.Study on changes in landscape pattern of landuse based on fractal theory-a case study of Zhenlai Town of Zhenlai County[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,20(2):217-222.]
宋戈,王盼盼.2017.松嫩高平原县域土地利用空间格局地形梯度特征分析——以巴彦县为例[J].地理科学,37(8):1218-1225.[Song G,Wang P P.2017.Spatial pattern of land use along the terrain gradient of county in Songnen High Plain:a case study of Bayan County[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,37(8):1218-1225.]
瓦哈甫·哈力克,杨玲,布佐热,等.2011.基于分形理论的车尔臣河流域中下游土地利用动态变化[J].干旱区资源与环境,25(9):6-12.[Wahap·Halik,Yang L,Buzore,et al.2011.The land use change of the middle and lower reaches of Qerchen River based on fractal theory[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,25(9):6-12.]
徐建华,艾南山,金炯,等.2001.西北干旱区景观要素镶嵌结构的分形研究——以黑河流域为例[J].干旱区研究,18(1):35-39.[Xu J H,Ai N S,Jin J,et al.2001.A fractal study on the mosaic structure of the landscape of northwest China-taking the drainage area of Heihe River as an example[J].Arid Zone Research,18(1):35-39.]
杨凤海,程光大,王盼盼,等.2016.基于分形的宁安市土地利用变化及驱动力研究[J].水土保持研究,23(2):280-286.[Yang F H,Cheng G D,Wang P P,et al.2016.Study on land use change and its driving forces in Ning’an City based on fractal theory[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,23(2):280-286.]
张晶,濮励杰,朱明,等.2013.矢量和栅格数据土地利用结构分维值比较——以苏州为例[J].地理科学进展,32(6):932-939.[Zhang J,Pu L J,Zhu M,et al.2013.Comparison of land-use structure fractal dimension based on vector and raster data:a case study of Suzhou City[J].Progress in Geography,32(6):932-939.]
张丽,杨庆媛,冯应斌.2008.基于分形理论的区域土地利用类型探讨——以重庆市沙坪坝区为例[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),30(8):137-141.[Zhang L,Yang Q Y,Feng Y B.2008.Discussion of regional land use types based on fractal theory-a case study of Shapingba District in Chongqing City[J].Journal of Southwest University(Natural Science Edition),30(8):137-141.]
朱晓华,李加林,杨秀春,等.2007.土地空间分形结构的尺度转换特征[J].地理科学,27(1):58-62.[Zhu X H,Li J L,Yang X C,et al.2007.Scaling character of spatial structure of land use[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,27(1):58-62.]
Feder J.1988.Fractals[M].New York and London:Plenum Press:11-20.
Goodchild M F.1980.Fractals and the accuracy of geographical measures[J].Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology,12(2):85-98.
Mandelbrot B B.1982.The fractal geometry of nature[M].New York:W H Freeman.
Quan B,Chen J F,Qiu H L,et al.2006.Spatial-temporal pattern and driving forces of land use changes in Xiamen[J].Pedosphere,16(4):477-488.
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