我国畜禽饲料资源中微量元素铜含量分布的调查
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摘要
【目的】研究我国不同地区间各种饲料原料中铜含量分布情况,以及我国畜禽基础饲粮中铜水平,从而为饲粮中合理添补铜提供依据。【方法】对采自全国31个省、直辖市和自治区的7大类(谷物籽实、谷物籽实加工副产品、植物性蛋白饲料、动物性蛋白饲料、牧草类、秸秆类和矿物质饲料)37种饲料原料共3 903个饲料样品,经预处理后用MARS6高通量密闭微波消解系统进行微波消解,然后用IRIS Intrepid II等离子体发射光谱仪测定其铜含量。用国家标准物质猪肝粉或黄豆粉作为参照标准,以保证测定结果的可靠性。【结果】饲料原料中铜含量测定结果表明:谷物籽实(包括玉米、小麦、稻谷和大麦)平均铜含量为3.95 mg·kg~(-1)(范围为2.50—5.34 mg·kg~(-1));谷物籽实加工副产品(包括玉米蛋白粉、玉米DDGS、玉米胚芽粕、次粉、小麦麸、小麦DDGS、碎米和米糠)平均铜含量为7.16 mg·kg~(-1)(范围为1.62—12.13 mg·kg~(-1));植物性蛋白饲料(包括膨化大豆、大豆粕、菜籽粕、棉籽粕、花生粕、亚麻粕和葵花粕)平均铜含量为16.37 mg·kg~(-1)(范围为6.45—30.40 mg·kg~(-1));动物性蛋白饲料(包括鱼粉、肉粉、水解羽毛粉、肠膜蛋白粉、血浆蛋白粉和血球蛋白粉)平均铜含量为11.14mg·kg~(-1)(范围为1.90—20.04 mg·kg~(-1));牧草类(包括羊草、黑麦草、苜蓿和青贮玉米)平均铜含量为7.85 mg·kg~(-1)(范围为4.31—9.92 mg·kg~(-1));秸秆类(包括玉米秸秆、小麦秸秆、稻秸和甘薯藤)平均铜含量为7.50 mg·kg~(-1)(范围为3.38—13.89 mg·kg~(-1));矿物质饲料(包括石粉、磷酸氢钙、骨粉和贝壳粉)平均铜含量为6.79 mg·kg~(-1)(范围为3.39—11.45 mg·kg~(-1))。这37种饲料原料的平均铜含量范围为1.62—30.40 mg·kg~(-1),而各类饲料原料铜含量分布规律是:植物性蛋白饲料(16.37 mg·kg~(-1))>动物性蛋白饲料(11.14 mg·kg~(-1))>牧草类饲料(7.85mg·kg~(-1))>秸秆类饲料(7.50 mg·kg~(-1))>谷物籽实加工副产品(7.16 mg·kg~(-1))>矿物质饲料(6.79 mg·kg~(-1))>谷物籽实(3.95 mg·kg~(-1))。以省(区)为单位比较,发现不同地区间的玉米、小麦和大豆粕的铜含量差异显著(P<0.05)。四川省玉米和大豆粕铜含量最高(分别为2.97和15.74 mg·kg~(-1)),内蒙古自治区最低(分别为1.66和11.72 mg·kg~(-1));甘肃省小麦铜含量最高(5.61 mg·kg~(-1)),河北省最低(4.02 mg·kg~(-1))。根据全国各地猪、鸡常用的152个饲料配方计算出基础饲粮中可提供的铜含量为5.07—6.54 mg·kg~(-1),如根据我国及美国NRC猪、鸡饲养标准中铜营养需要量的要求,基础饲粮中的铜含量基本可提供猪的铜营养需要,可提供鸡大部分铜的营养需要,但上述估算尚未考虑不同饲料原料中铜的利用率。【结论】我国不同种类和不同地区饲料原料中铜含量差异较大,全国猪、鸡常用基础饲粮配方中铜含量可提供猪、鸡大部分的铜营养需要量。因此,建议在配制饲粮时,应充分考虑不同地区基础饲粮中的铜含量及其利用率,精准配制饲粮,以满足畜禽高效生产需要,同时减少铜的添加和排放对环境的污染。
【Objective】The purpose of this survey was to study the distribution of copper(Cu)contents in various feed ingredients from different regions,as well as the Cu content in the basal diets of livestock and poultry in China,so as to provide a basis for the reasonable addition of Cu to diets.【Method】A total of 3 903 feed samples from 37 feed ingredients which fallen into seven types(cereal feeds,cereal by-products,plant protein feeds,animal protein feeds,pasture feeds,straw feeds and mineral feeds)from 31 regions(provinces,municipalities and autonomous regions).After pretreatment of those samples,microwave digestion was performed with MARS6 high-throughput closed microwave digestion system,and then the Cu contents of feed samples were determined by IRIS IntrepidⅡ.The pig liver or soybean powder were used as a reference material to ensure the reliability of the measurement results.【Result】The determination of Cu contents in feedstuffs showed that the average Cu content of cereal feeds(including corn,wheat,rice and barley)was 3.95 mg·kg~(-1)(ranged from 2.50 to 5.34 mg·kg~(-1));the average Cu content of cereal by-products(including corn gluten meal,corn DDGS,corn germ meal,wheat middling,wheat bran,wheat DDGS,broken rice and rice bran)was 7.16 mg·kg~(-1)(ranged from 1.62 to 12.13 mg·kg~(-1));the average Cu content of plant protein feeds(including extruded soybean,soybean meal,rapeseed meal,cottonseed meal,peanut meal,linseed meal and sunflower meal)was 16.37 mg·kg~(-1)(ranged from 6.45 to 30.40 mg·kg~(-1));the average Cu content of animal protein feeds(including fish meal,meat meal,hydrolyzed feather meal,dried porcine soluble,plasma protein powder and blood cells protein powder)was 11.14 mg·kg~(-1)(ranged from 1.90 to 20.04mg·kg~(-1));the average Cu content of pasture feeds(including Leymus chinensis,ryegrass,alfalfa and corn silage)was 7.85 mg·kg~(-1)(ranged from 4.31 to 9.92 mg·kg~(-1);the average Cu content of straw feeds(including corn straw,wheat straw,rice straw and sweet potato vine)was 7.50 mg·kg~(-1)(ranged from 3.38 to 13.89 mg·kg~(-1));the average Cu content of mineral feeds(including limestone,dicalcium phosphate,bone meal and oyster shell meal)was 6.79 mg·kg~(-1)(ranged from 3.39 to 11.45 mg·kg~(-1)).Results showed that the average Cu contents of these 37 kinds of feeds ranged from 1.62 to 30.40 mg·kg~(-1 )and the Cu contents distribution of different species feeds were as follows:plant protein feeds(16.37 mg·kg~(-1))>animal protein feeds(11.14 mg·kg~(-1))>pasture feeds(7.85mg·kg~(-1))>straw feeds(7.50 mg·kg~(-1))>cereal by-products(7.16 mg·kg~(-1))>mineral feeds(6.79 mg·kg~(-1))>cereal feeds(3.95mg·kg~(-1)).It was found that the Cu contents in corn,wheat or soybean meal from some provinces(regions)were significantly different(P<0.05).The highest and lowest Cu contents of corn and soybean meal were observed in Sichuan(2.97 and 15.74mg·kg~(-1))and Inner Mongolia(1.66 and 11.72 mg·kg~(-1)),respectively;the highest and lowest Cu contents of wheat were observed in Gansu(5.61 mg·kg~(-1))and Hebei(4.02 mg·kg~(-1))provinces,respectively.Calculated Cu contents from 152 feed formulas commonly used in pigs and chickens all over the country ranged from 5.07 to 6.54 mg·kg~(-1).According to Cu requirements of pigs and chickens from feeding standards of China and NRC of the United States,the Cu contents in the basal diets could provide the Cu nutrition requirements of pigs basically and provide most of the Cu nutrition requirements of chickens.However,the utilization rate of Cu in different feed ingredients had not been considered.【Conclusion】The above results showed that the Cu contents in feed ingredients varied greatly in different kinds and regions,and the Cu contents in the basal diets from common formulations of pigs and chickens in our country could provide most of the nutritional requirements for pigs and chickens.Therefore,it was suggested that the Cu contents and its utilization rate of the basal diets from different regions should be considered to formulate the diets accurately,so as to meet the need of efficient production of livestock and poultry and reduce the environmental pollution caused by Cu addition and emission.
【Objective】The purpose of this survey was to study the distribution of copper(Cu)contents in various feed ingredients from different regions,as well as the Cu content in the basal diets of livestock and poultry in China,so as to provide a basis for the reasonable addition of Cu to diets.【Method】A total of 3 903 feed samples from 37 feed ingredients which fallen into seven types(cereal feeds,cereal by-products,plant protein feeds,animal protein feeds,pasture feeds,straw feeds and mineral feeds)from 31 regions(provinces,municipalities and autonomous regions).After pretreatment of those samples,microwave digestion was performed with MARS6 high-throughput closed microwave digestion system,and then the Cu contents of feed samples were determined by IRIS IntrepidⅡ.The pig liver or soybean powder were used as a reference material to ensure the reliability of the measurement results.【Result】The determination of Cu contents in feedstuffs showed that the average Cu content of cereal feeds(including corn,wheat,rice and barley)was 3.95 mg·kg~(-1)(ranged from 2.50 to 5.34 mg·kg~(-1));the average Cu content of cereal by-products(including corn gluten meal,corn DDGS,corn germ meal,wheat middling,wheat bran,wheat DDGS,broken rice and rice bran)was 7.16 mg·kg~(-1)(ranged from 1.62 to 12.13 mg·kg~(-1));the average Cu content of plant protein feeds(including extruded soybean,soybean meal,rapeseed meal,cottonseed meal,peanut meal,linseed meal and sunflower meal)was 16.37 mg·kg~(-1)(ranged from 6.45 to 30.40 mg·kg~(-1));the average Cu content of animal protein feeds(including fish meal,meat meal,hydrolyzed feather meal,dried porcine soluble,plasma protein powder and blood cells protein powder)was 11.14 mg·kg~(-1)(ranged from 1.90 to 20.04mg·kg~(-1));the average Cu content of pasture feeds(including Leymus chinensis,ryegrass,alfalfa and corn silage)was 7.85 mg·kg~(-1)(ranged from 4.31 to 9.92 mg·kg~(-1);the average Cu content of straw feeds(including corn straw,wheat straw,rice straw and sweet potato vine)was 7.50 mg·kg~(-1)(ranged from 3.38 to 13.89 mg·kg~(-1));the average Cu content of mineral feeds(including limestone,dicalcium phosphate,bone meal and oyster shell meal)was 6.79 mg·kg~(-1)(ranged from 3.39 to 11.45 mg·kg~(-1)).Results showed that the average Cu contents of these 37 kinds of feeds ranged from 1.62 to 30.40 mg·kg~(-1 )and the Cu contents distribution of different species feeds were as follows:plant protein feeds(16.37 mg·kg~(-1))>animal protein feeds(11.14 mg·kg~(-1))>pasture feeds(7.85mg·kg~(-1))>straw feeds(7.50 mg·kg~(-1))>cereal by-products(7.16 mg·kg~(-1))>mineral feeds(6.79 mg·kg~(-1))>cereal feeds(3.95mg·kg~(-1)).It was found that the Cu contents in corn,wheat or soybean meal from some provinces(regions)were significantly different(P<0.05).The highest and lowest Cu contents of corn and soybean meal were observed in Sichuan(2.97 and 15.74mg·kg~(-1))and Inner Mongolia(1.66 and 11.72 mg·kg~(-1)),respectively;the highest and lowest Cu contents of wheat were observed in Gansu(5.61 mg·kg~(-1))and Hebei(4.02 mg·kg~(-1))provinces,respectively.Calculated Cu contents from 152 feed formulas commonly used in pigs and chickens all over the country ranged from 5.07 to 6.54 mg·kg~(-1).According to Cu requirements of pigs and chickens from feeding standards of China and NRC of the United States,the Cu contents in the basal diets could provide the Cu nutrition requirements of pigs basically and provide most of the Cu nutrition requirements of chickens.However,the utilization rate of Cu in different feed ingredients had not been considered.【Conclusion】The above results showed that the Cu contents in feed ingredients varied greatly in different kinds and regions,and the Cu contents in the basal diets from common formulations of pigs and chickens in our country could provide most of the nutritional requirements for pigs and chickens.Therefore,it was suggested that the Cu contents and its utilization rate of the basal diets from different regions should be considered to formulate the diets accurately,so as to meet the need of efficient production of livestock and poultry and reduce the environmental pollution caused by Cu addition and emission.
引文
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