城市空地的内涵解释与研究方向
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摘要
研究目的:明确城市空地的概念,总结城市空地的类型、分布及价值,结合中国转型期集约精明的国家新型城镇化建设的迫切需求,提出城市空地研究的迫切方向。研究方法:文献调研法、归纳与演绎法。研究结果:(1)城市空地的概念尚存争论,主要是对"空"认知存在争议;(2)当前普遍采用列举法从土地覆被、土地用途、土地属性及综合角度划分城市空地类型,但分类结果过于细碎,对此,基于失业理论构建统一的分类框架;(3)城市空地的格局与成因具有地块、城市内部区域、城市三个尺度的共性特征,但亟待细化研究;(4)城市空地价值认知经历了从"灰色"区域到潜在资源甚至改造利用的转变。研究结论:城市空地研究是中国转型期集约精明的国家新型城镇化建设的重大课题,迫切需要围绕城市空地的初次形成及转化机理、城市空地演变规律以及城市空地转型机会成本等方向加强研究。
The purpose of this paper is to present theoretical explanation and research fields of urban vacant land(UVL). The research method includes literature review, induction, and deduction analysis. The results show that there's academic controversy on the concept of the UVL, which could be categorized into several types from the perspectives of land cover, land use and land attributes by using the enumeration method. The results of the above classification,however, are fragmented. The unified topology framework based on the unemployment theory were established.Typology,distribution pattern, formation mechanism and values of urban vacant land are hitherto rather rudimentary and subjective issues. Although the UVL has exerted negative impacts on urban social, economic, and ecological spaces, it's also a potential resources for improving urban sustainability. In conclusion, strengthening the UVL research is an urgent and realistic requirement of the new urbanization development in China. In this regard, three urgent research directions were presented. The first is to explore the underlying mechanisms of the primary formation of the UVL and the conversion between the UVL. The second one is to study the evolution law of the UVL in the process of urbanization. The last one is on how to quantify and to reduce the opportunity costs for the UVL transition.
The purpose of this paper is to present theoretical explanation and research fields of urban vacant land(UVL). The research method includes literature review, induction, and deduction analysis. The results show that there's academic controversy on the concept of the UVL, which could be categorized into several types from the perspectives of land cover, land use and land attributes by using the enumeration method. The results of the above classification,however, are fragmented. The unified topology framework based on the unemployment theory were established.Typology,distribution pattern, formation mechanism and values of urban vacant land are hitherto rather rudimentary and subjective issues. Although the UVL has exerted negative impacts on urban social, economic, and ecological spaces, it's also a potential resources for improving urban sustainability. In conclusion, strengthening the UVL research is an urgent and realistic requirement of the new urbanization development in China. In this regard, three urgent research directions were presented. The first is to explore the underlying mechanisms of the primary formation of the UVL and the conversion between the UVL. The second one is to study the evolution law of the UVL in the process of urbanization. The last one is on how to quantify and to reduce the opportunity costs for the UVL transition.
引文
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[15]KOBAYASHI T, IKARUGA S. Occurrence factors of large vacant lots in central districts and their utilization by local governments in Japan[J]. Frontiers of Architectural Research,2016, 5(4):393-402.
[16]NEWMAN G, PARK Y, BOWMAN A O, et al. Vacant urban areas:causes and interconnected factors[J]. Cities, 2018,72:421-429.
[17]OSWALT P. Shrinking Cities:Volume 1:International Research[M]. Ostfildern-Ruit, Germany:Hatje Cantz Verlag, 2005:1-80.
[18]COLES R, COSTA S. Food growing in the city:Exploring the productive urban landscape as a new paradigm for inclusive approaches to the design and planning of future urban open spaces[J]. Landscape&Urban Planning, 2018, 170:1-5.
[19]THOMPSON C W. Urban open space in the 21st century[J].Landscape&Urban Planning, 2002, 60(2):59-72.
[20]JORGENSEN A, KEENAN R. Urban Wildscapes[M].London:Routledge, 2012:1-20.
[21]BERGER A. Drosscape:Wasting Land in Urban America[M]. New York:Princeton Architectural Press, 2006:1-10.
[22]MATHEY J, RINK D. Urban Wastelands—A Chance for Biodiversity in Cities?[M]. Oxford:Blackwell, 2010:406-424.
[23]CONTESSE M, VLIET B J M V, LENHART J. Is urban agriculture urban green space? A comparison of policy arrangements for urban green space and urban agriculture in Santiago de Chile[J]. Land Use Policy, 2018, 71:566-577.
[24]DUNNETT N, SWANWICK C, WOOLLEY H. Improving Urban Parks, Play Areas and Green Spaces[M]. London:Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, 2002:1-60.
[25]LOUKAITOU-SIDERIS A. Cracks in the city:addressing the constraints and potentials of urban design[J]. Journal of Urban Design, 1996, 1(1):91-103.
[26]TRANCIK R. Finding Lost Space:Theories of Urban Design[M]. New York:John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 1986:1-100.
[27]NIEDERCORN J H, HEARLE E F R. Recent land-use trends in forty-eight large american cities[J]. Land Economics,1964, 40(1):105-110.
[28]NORTHAM R M. Vacant urban land in the american city[J].Land Economics, 1971, 47(4):345-355.
[29]BAUDRY J. Ecological Consequences of Grazing Extensification and Land Abandonment:Role of Interactions between Environment, Society and Techniques[M]//BAUDRY J, BUNCE R G H. Land Abandonment and Its Role in Conservation. Zaragoza:CIHEAM, 1991:13-19.
[30]ACCORDINO J, JOHNSON G T. Addressing the vacant and abandoned property problem[J]. Journal of Urban Affairs,2000, 22(3):301-315.
[31]PAGANO M A, BOWMAN A O. Vacant Land in Cities:An Urban Resource[R]. Brookings Institution, Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy, 2000:1-9.
[32]NLUD(National Land Use Database). Land Use and Land Cover Classification(Version 4. 4)[R]. HMSO London:Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, 2006:7-63.
[33]DAVIDSON M, DOLNICK F. A Planner Dictionary. Planning Advisory Service Report Number 521/522[M]. Chicago:American Planning Association, 2004:1-8.
[34]NYC Department of City Planning. MapPlutor[EB/OL].[2019-03-10]. http://www1.nyc.gov/site/planning/index.page.
[35]KIM G, MILLER P A, NOWAK D J. Assessing urban vacant land ecosystem services:Urban vacant land as green infrastructure in the City of Roanoke, Virginia[J]. Urban Forestry&Urban Greening, 2015, 14(3):519-526.
[36]中华人民共和国国土资源部.闲置土地处置办法[Z].2012-06-01.
[37]中国国家标准化管理委员会.土地利用现状分类(GB/T2010—2017)[S].
[38]City of Ottawa. Land surveys and research reports[EB/OL].[2019-03-10]. http://ottawa.ca/en/city-hall.
[39]KIM G, MILLER P A, NOWAK D J. Urban vacant land typology:a tool for managing urban vacant land[J].Sustainable Cities&Society, 2018, 36:144-156.
[40]SCHUKOSKE J E. Community development through gardening:state and local policies transforming urban open space[J].Legislation and Public Policy, 2000, 3(2):351-392.
[41]World Population Review. US cities[EB/OL].[2019-03-10]. http://worldpopulationreview.com/.
[42]ATACANGROUP. Philadelphias vacant land[EB/OL].[2019-03-10]. https://www.centercityrealestate.com/philadelphia-real-estate-blog/philadelphias-vacant-landissues/.
[43]City of Chicago. ChicagoVL[EB/OL].[2019-03-10].https://www.cityofchicago. org/city/en.html.
[44]NEWMAN G D, BOWMAN A O, LEE R J, et al. A current inventory of vacant urban land in America[J]. Journal of Urban Design, 2016, 21(3):302-319.
[45]KREMER P, HAMSTEAD Z A, MCPHEARSON T. A socialecological assessment of vacant lots in New York City[J].Landscape&Urban Planning, 2013, 120(4):218-233.
[46]GREENSTEIN R, SUNGU-ERYILMAZ Y. Recycling urban vacant land inch by inch, row by row:neighbors reclaim neighborhoods[J]. Communities&Banking, 2006:18-20.
[47]SCHILLING J, LOGAN J. Greening the rust belt:a green infrastructure model for right sizing America’s shrinking cities[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association,2008, 74:451-466.
[48]FOO K, MARTIN D, WOOL C, et al. Reprint of “The production of urban vacant land:relational placemaking in Boston, MA neighborhoods”[J]. Cities, 2014, 40(4):175-182.
[49]NEWMAN G, GU D, KIM J H, et al. Elasticity and urban vacancy:a longitudinal comparison of U. S. cities[J]. Cities,2016, 58:143-151.
[50]CARLINO G, CHATTERJEE S. Employment deconcentration:a new perspective on America’s postwar urban evolution[J].Journal of Regional Science, 2002, 42(3):445-475.
[51]POPPER D, POPPER F. Smart Decline in Post-carbon Cities:The Buffalo Commons Meets Buffalo, New York[M]//R HEINBERG, D LERCH. The Post Carbon Reader:Managing The 21st Century’s Sustainability Crises. Santa Rosa, CA:Watershed Media, 2010:314-321.
[52]GOLDSTEIN J, JENSEN M, REISKIN E. Urban Vacant Land Redevelopment:Challenges and Progress[R].Lincoln Institute of Land Policy Working Paper, 2001:1-37.
[53]BRANAS C C, CHENEY R A, MACDONALD J M, et al.A difference-in-differences analysis of health, safety,and greening vacant urban space[J]. American Journal of Epidemiology, 2011, 174:1296-1306.
[54]EconsultCorporation.VacantLandManagementin Philadelphia:The Costs of the Current System and the Benefits of Reform[R]. Philadelphia PA, 2010:1-34.
[55]ANDERSON E C, MINOR E S. Vacant lots:an underexplored resource for ecological and social benefits in cities[J]. Urban Forestry&Urban Greening, 2017, 21:146-152.
[56]BURKHOLDER S. The new ecology of vacancy:rethinking land use in shrinking cities[J]. Sustainability, 2012, 4(6):1154-1172.
[57]KIM G. The public value of urban vacant land:social responses and ecological value[J]. Sustainability, 2016, 8(5):1-19.
[58]MCPHEARSON T, KREMER P, HAMSTEAD Z A. Mapping ecosystem services in New York City:applying a socialecological approach in urban vacant land[J]. Ecosystem Services, 2013, 5:11-26.
[59]ROBINSON S L. Ecosystem services provided by urban spontaneous vegetation[J]. Urban Ecosystems, 2012, 15(3):545-557.
[60]SHUSTER W D, BARKASI A, CLARK P, et al. Vacant lots:potential for serious ecosystem services[J]. Soil Survey Horizons, 2011, 52(1):1-30.
[61]YADAV P, DUCKWORTH K, GREWAL P S. Habitat structure influences below ground biocontrol services:a comparison between urban gardens and vacant lots[J].Landscape&Urban Planning, 2012, 104(2):238-244.
[62]YUN, M. Alternative uses for vacant land in Detroit,Michigan[D]. Ann Arbor, Michigan:University of Michigan,2008:7-58.
[63]CARLET F, SCHILLING J, HECKERT M. Greening U. S.legacy cities:urban agriculture as a strategy for reclaiming vacant land[J]. Agroecology&Sustainable Food Systems,2017, 3:1-20.
[64]CROWE P R, FOLEY K. Exploring urban resilience in practice:a century of vacant sites mapping in Dublin,Edinburgh and Philadelphia[J]. Journal of Urban Design,2017, 22(2):208-228.
[65]BONHAM, J B, SPILKA G, RASTORFER D. Old Cities/Green Cities:Planning Advisory Service Report Number506/507[R]. American Planning Association:Chicago, IL,USA, 2002:1-120.
[66]HECKERT M, MENNIS J. The economic impact of greening urban vacant land:a spatial difference-in-differences analysis[J]. Environment and Planning A, 2012, 44(12):3010-3027.
[67]Sustainable Development Planning, Design Section Industrial Planning Unit. Vacant Industrial Land Supply[R]. Edmonton,2015:3-25.
[2]SETO K C, MICHAIL F, BURAK G, et al. A meta-analysis of global urban land expansion[J]. Plos One, 2011, 6(8):e23777.
[3]BOWMAN A O’M, PAGANO M A. Terra Incognita:Vacant LandandUrbanStrategies[M].Washington,DC:Georgetown University Press, 2004:96-101.
[4]IGE J O, ATANDA T A. Urban vacant land and spatial chaos in ogbomoso north local government, oyo state,nigeria[J]. Global Journal of Human-Social Science(B):Geography, Geo-Sciences Environmental Science&Disaster Management, 2013, 13(2):29-36.
[5]N METH J, LANGHORST J. Rethinking urban transformation:temporary uses for vacant land[J]. Cities, 2014, 40(40):143-150.
[6]安杰尔·什洛莫.城市星球[M].贺灿飞,陈天鸣,等译.北京:科学出版社,2015:139-152.
[7]MARTINEZ-FERNANDEZ C, AUDIRAC I, FOL S, et al.Shrinking cities:urban challenges of globalization[J].International Journal of Urban&Regional Research, 2012,36(2):213-225.
[8]LONG Y, WU K. Shrinking cities in a rapidly urbanizing China[J]. Environment&Planning A, 2016, 48(2):220-222.
[9]杜志威,李郇.珠三角快速城镇化地区发展的增长与收缩新现象[J].地理学报,2017,72(10):1800-1811.
[10]高舒琦,龙瀛.东北地区收缩城市的识别分析及规划应对[J].规划师,2017,33(1):26-32.
[11]李郇,杜志威,李先峰.珠江三角洲城镇收缩的空间分布与机制[J].现代城市研究,2015,9:36-43.
[12]李郇,吴康,龙瀛,等.局部收缩:后增长时代下的城市可持续发展争鸣[J].地理研究,2017,36(10):1997-2016.
[13]宋小青,麻战洪,赵国松,等.城市空地:城市化热潮的冷思考[J].地理学报,2018,73(6):1033-1048.
[14]DUBEAUX S, SABOT E C. Maximizing the potential of vacant spaces within shrinking cities, a German approach[J].Cities, 2018, 75:6-11.
[15]KOBAYASHI T, IKARUGA S. Occurrence factors of large vacant lots in central districts and their utilization by local governments in Japan[J]. Frontiers of Architectural Research,2016, 5(4):393-402.
[16]NEWMAN G, PARK Y, BOWMAN A O, et al. Vacant urban areas:causes and interconnected factors[J]. Cities, 2018,72:421-429.
[17]OSWALT P. Shrinking Cities:Volume 1:International Research[M]. Ostfildern-Ruit, Germany:Hatje Cantz Verlag, 2005:1-80.
[18]COLES R, COSTA S. Food growing in the city:Exploring the productive urban landscape as a new paradigm for inclusive approaches to the design and planning of future urban open spaces[J]. Landscape&Urban Planning, 2018, 170:1-5.
[19]THOMPSON C W. Urban open space in the 21st century[J].Landscape&Urban Planning, 2002, 60(2):59-72.
[20]JORGENSEN A, KEENAN R. Urban Wildscapes[M].London:Routledge, 2012:1-20.
[21]BERGER A. Drosscape:Wasting Land in Urban America[M]. New York:Princeton Architectural Press, 2006:1-10.
[22]MATHEY J, RINK D. Urban Wastelands—A Chance for Biodiversity in Cities?[M]. Oxford:Blackwell, 2010:406-424.
[23]CONTESSE M, VLIET B J M V, LENHART J. Is urban agriculture urban green space? A comparison of policy arrangements for urban green space and urban agriculture in Santiago de Chile[J]. Land Use Policy, 2018, 71:566-577.
[24]DUNNETT N, SWANWICK C, WOOLLEY H. Improving Urban Parks, Play Areas and Green Spaces[M]. London:Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, 2002:1-60.
[25]LOUKAITOU-SIDERIS A. Cracks in the city:addressing the constraints and potentials of urban design[J]. Journal of Urban Design, 1996, 1(1):91-103.
[26]TRANCIK R. Finding Lost Space:Theories of Urban Design[M]. New York:John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 1986:1-100.
[27]NIEDERCORN J H, HEARLE E F R. Recent land-use trends in forty-eight large american cities[J]. Land Economics,1964, 40(1):105-110.
[28]NORTHAM R M. Vacant urban land in the american city[J].Land Economics, 1971, 47(4):345-355.
[29]BAUDRY J. Ecological Consequences of Grazing Extensification and Land Abandonment:Role of Interactions between Environment, Society and Techniques[M]//BAUDRY J, BUNCE R G H. Land Abandonment and Its Role in Conservation. Zaragoza:CIHEAM, 1991:13-19.
[30]ACCORDINO J, JOHNSON G T. Addressing the vacant and abandoned property problem[J]. Journal of Urban Affairs,2000, 22(3):301-315.
[31]PAGANO M A, BOWMAN A O. Vacant Land in Cities:An Urban Resource[R]. Brookings Institution, Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy, 2000:1-9.
[32]NLUD(National Land Use Database). Land Use and Land Cover Classification(Version 4. 4)[R]. HMSO London:Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, 2006:7-63.
[33]DAVIDSON M, DOLNICK F. A Planner Dictionary. Planning Advisory Service Report Number 521/522[M]. Chicago:American Planning Association, 2004:1-8.
[34]NYC Department of City Planning. MapPlutor[EB/OL].[2019-03-10]. http://www1.nyc.gov/site/planning/index.page.
[35]KIM G, MILLER P A, NOWAK D J. Assessing urban vacant land ecosystem services:Urban vacant land as green infrastructure in the City of Roanoke, Virginia[J]. Urban Forestry&Urban Greening, 2015, 14(3):519-526.
[36]中华人民共和国国土资源部.闲置土地处置办法[Z].2012-06-01.
[37]中国国家标准化管理委员会.土地利用现状分类(GB/T2010—2017)[S].
[38]City of Ottawa. Land surveys and research reports[EB/OL].[2019-03-10]. http://ottawa.ca/en/city-hall.
[39]KIM G, MILLER P A, NOWAK D J. Urban vacant land typology:a tool for managing urban vacant land[J].Sustainable Cities&Society, 2018, 36:144-156.
[40]SCHUKOSKE J E. Community development through gardening:state and local policies transforming urban open space[J].Legislation and Public Policy, 2000, 3(2):351-392.
[41]World Population Review. US cities[EB/OL].[2019-03-10]. http://worldpopulationreview.com/.
[42]ATACANGROUP. Philadelphias vacant land[EB/OL].[2019-03-10]. https://www.centercityrealestate.com/philadelphia-real-estate-blog/philadelphias-vacant-landissues/.
[43]City of Chicago. ChicagoVL[EB/OL].[2019-03-10].https://www.cityofchicago. org/city/en.html.
[44]NEWMAN G D, BOWMAN A O, LEE R J, et al. A current inventory of vacant urban land in America[J]. Journal of Urban Design, 2016, 21(3):302-319.
[45]KREMER P, HAMSTEAD Z A, MCPHEARSON T. A socialecological assessment of vacant lots in New York City[J].Landscape&Urban Planning, 2013, 120(4):218-233.
[46]GREENSTEIN R, SUNGU-ERYILMAZ Y. Recycling urban vacant land inch by inch, row by row:neighbors reclaim neighborhoods[J]. Communities&Banking, 2006:18-20.
[47]SCHILLING J, LOGAN J. Greening the rust belt:a green infrastructure model for right sizing America’s shrinking cities[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association,2008, 74:451-466.
[48]FOO K, MARTIN D, WOOL C, et al. Reprint of “The production of urban vacant land:relational placemaking in Boston, MA neighborhoods”[J]. Cities, 2014, 40(4):175-182.
[49]NEWMAN G, GU D, KIM J H, et al. Elasticity and urban vacancy:a longitudinal comparison of U. S. cities[J]. Cities,2016, 58:143-151.
[50]CARLINO G, CHATTERJEE S. Employment deconcentration:a new perspective on America’s postwar urban evolution[J].Journal of Regional Science, 2002, 42(3):445-475.
[51]POPPER D, POPPER F. Smart Decline in Post-carbon Cities:The Buffalo Commons Meets Buffalo, New York[M]//R HEINBERG, D LERCH. The Post Carbon Reader:Managing The 21st Century’s Sustainability Crises. Santa Rosa, CA:Watershed Media, 2010:314-321.
[52]GOLDSTEIN J, JENSEN M, REISKIN E. Urban Vacant Land Redevelopment:Challenges and Progress[R].Lincoln Institute of Land Policy Working Paper, 2001:1-37.
[53]BRANAS C C, CHENEY R A, MACDONALD J M, et al.A difference-in-differences analysis of health, safety,and greening vacant urban space[J]. American Journal of Epidemiology, 2011, 174:1296-1306.
[54]EconsultCorporation.VacantLandManagementin Philadelphia:The Costs of the Current System and the Benefits of Reform[R]. Philadelphia PA, 2010:1-34.
[55]ANDERSON E C, MINOR E S. Vacant lots:an underexplored resource for ecological and social benefits in cities[J]. Urban Forestry&Urban Greening, 2017, 21:146-152.
[56]BURKHOLDER S. The new ecology of vacancy:rethinking land use in shrinking cities[J]. Sustainability, 2012, 4(6):1154-1172.
[57]KIM G. The public value of urban vacant land:social responses and ecological value[J]. Sustainability, 2016, 8(5):1-19.
[58]MCPHEARSON T, KREMER P, HAMSTEAD Z A. Mapping ecosystem services in New York City:applying a socialecological approach in urban vacant land[J]. Ecosystem Services, 2013, 5:11-26.
[59]ROBINSON S L. Ecosystem services provided by urban spontaneous vegetation[J]. Urban Ecosystems, 2012, 15(3):545-557.
[60]SHUSTER W D, BARKASI A, CLARK P, et al. Vacant lots:potential for serious ecosystem services[J]. Soil Survey Horizons, 2011, 52(1):1-30.
[61]YADAV P, DUCKWORTH K, GREWAL P S. Habitat structure influences below ground biocontrol services:a comparison between urban gardens and vacant lots[J].Landscape&Urban Planning, 2012, 104(2):238-244.
[62]YUN, M. Alternative uses for vacant land in Detroit,Michigan[D]. Ann Arbor, Michigan:University of Michigan,2008:7-58.
[63]CARLET F, SCHILLING J, HECKERT M. Greening U. S.legacy cities:urban agriculture as a strategy for reclaiming vacant land[J]. Agroecology&Sustainable Food Systems,2017, 3:1-20.
[64]CROWE P R, FOLEY K. Exploring urban resilience in practice:a century of vacant sites mapping in Dublin,Edinburgh and Philadelphia[J]. Journal of Urban Design,2017, 22(2):208-228.
[65]BONHAM, J B, SPILKA G, RASTORFER D. Old Cities/Green Cities:Planning Advisory Service Report Number506/507[R]. American Planning Association:Chicago, IL,USA, 2002:1-120.
[66]HECKERT M, MENNIS J. The economic impact of greening urban vacant land:a spatial difference-in-differences analysis[J]. Environment and Planning A, 2012, 44(12):3010-3027.
[67]Sustainable Development Planning, Design Section Industrial Planning Unit. Vacant Industrial Land Supply[R]. Edmonton,2015:3-25.
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