青藏高原东部地区雷暴及其地闪活动特征分析
|
摘要
为进一步了解青藏高原地区雷暴及其地闪特征,对2013～2017夏季(6～8月)青藏高原东部地区典型强雷暴过程的地闪和雷达资料进行了综合分析,重点研究了24次以负极性闪电为主的强雷暴过程,分析表明:所有雷暴最大回波顶高均超过7 km,第一次地闪为正地闪的雷暴其组合反射率和回波顶高明显高于第一次地闪为负地闪的雷暴过程。以地闪极性和频数差异将雷暴分为负地闪雷暴、正地闪雷暴、多地闪雷暴三种类型。负地闪雷暴过程中闪电数量较少且大多发生在雷暴成熟阶段;正地闪雷暴过程中闪电数量在几十次左右,主要发生在成熟阶段后期和消散阶段;多地闪雷暴在初始阶段、成熟阶段和消散阶段都有闪电发生,但主要集中在成熟阶段和消散阶段。三类雷暴强反射率中心移动距离和移动速度也有不同,地闪数量多的雷暴比地闪数量少的雷暴有更长的移动距离,负地闪雷暴较正地闪雷暴有更快的移动速度。
In order to understand the thunderstorm and its cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning characteristics in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,based on the CG lightning data in the National Lightning Monitoring and positioning system and radar data,typical strong thunderstorms in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the summer (June-August) of2013-2017 was comprehensively analyzed in this study. 24 cases of thunderstorm with mainly negative lightning were analyzed,the results show that the maximum radar echo top of all 24 thunderstorms reached or exceeded 7 km.Thunderstorm whose first CG lightning was positive,CG lightning had greater composite reflectivity and radar echo top than whose first CG lightning was negative. Thunderstorms were divided into three types: negative CG lightning thunderstorm,positive CG lightning thunderstorms and multiple CG lightning thunderstorm. The number of lightning and the period when lightning occurs in the three types of thunderstorms were different. The number of lightning that occured during negative CG lightning thunderstorms was less,mostly occurred during the mature period.The number of lightning that occured during positive CG lightning thunderstorms was about dozens of times,mostly occurred during the mature period and dissipation period. For multiple CG lightning thunderstorms,lightning occured in the development,maturation and dissipation periods,but mainly in the maturation and dissipation periods.The moving distances and moving speeds of strong reflectance center for three types of thunderstorms ere also different. A thunderstorm with a large number of lightnings had a longer moving distance than a thunderstorm with a small number of lightnings,and negative CG lightning thunderstorm had a faster moving speed than positive CG lightning thunderstorm.
In order to understand the thunderstorm and its cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning characteristics in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,based on the CG lightning data in the National Lightning Monitoring and positioning system and radar data,typical strong thunderstorms in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the summer (June-August) of2013-2017 was comprehensively analyzed in this study. 24 cases of thunderstorm with mainly negative lightning were analyzed,the results show that the maximum radar echo top of all 24 thunderstorms reached or exceeded 7 km.Thunderstorm whose first CG lightning was positive,CG lightning had greater composite reflectivity and radar echo top than whose first CG lightning was negative. Thunderstorms were divided into three types: negative CG lightning thunderstorm,positive CG lightning thunderstorms and multiple CG lightning thunderstorm. The number of lightning and the period when lightning occurs in the three types of thunderstorms were different. The number of lightning that occured during negative CG lightning thunderstorms was less,mostly occurred during the mature period.The number of lightning that occured during positive CG lightning thunderstorms was about dozens of times,mostly occurred during the mature period and dissipation period. For multiple CG lightning thunderstorms,lightning occured in the development,maturation and dissipation periods,but mainly in the maturation and dissipation periods.The moving distances and moving speeds of strong reflectance center for three types of thunderstorms ere also different. A thunderstorm with a large number of lightnings had a longer moving distance than a thunderstorm with a small number of lightnings,and negative CG lightning thunderstorm had a faster moving speed than positive CG lightning thunderstorm.
引文
1郄秀书,周筠珺,袁铁.卫星观测到的全球闪电活动及其地域差异[J].地球物理学报,2003,46(6):743-750Qie Xiushu,Zhou Junjun,Yuan Tie.Global lightning activities and their regional differences observed from the satellite[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2003,46(6):743-750
2 Kurosaki Y,Kimura F.Relationship topography and daytimecloude activity around Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan,2002,80(6):1339-1355
3张廷龙,郄秀书,言穆弘,等.中国内陆高原不同海拔地区雷暴电学特征成因的初步分析[J].高原气象,2009,28(5):1006-1017Zhang Tinglong,Qie Xiushu,Yan Muhong,et al.Preliminary analysis on formation of electrical characteristics of thunderstorm in different altitude in Chinese inland plateau[J].Plateau Meteorology,2009,28(5):1006-1017
4郭凤霞,王曼霏,黄兆楚,等.青藏高原雷暴电荷结构特征及成因的数值模拟研究[J].高原气象,2018,37(4):911-922Guo Fengxia,Wang Manfei,Huang Zhaochu,et al.The model analysis of lightning charge structure characters and attributions over Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Plateau Meteorology,2018,37(4):911-922
5 Kong X Z,Qie X S,Zhao Y,et al.An analysis of discharge process of one cloud-to-ground lightning flash on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2006,49(4):878-885
6郄秀书,Ralf Toumi.卫星观测到的青藏高原雷电活动特征[J].高原气象,2003,22(3):288-294Qie Xiushu,Ralf Toumi.Lightning activities on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau as observed satellite-based lightning imaging sensor[J].Plateau Meteorology,2003,22(3):288-294
7张廷龙,郄秀书,言穆弘.青藏高原雷暴的闪电特征及其成因探讨[J].高原气象,2007,26(4):774-782Zhang Tinglong,Qie Xiushu,Yan Muhong.The lightning characteristics of thunderstorm over Tibetan Plateau and its origin discussion[J].Plateau Meteorology,2007,26(4):774-782
8杜赛,谭涌波,汪然,等.中国不同地区闪电活动和气溶胶的相关性[J].科学技术与工程,2018,18(6):22-30Du Sai,Tan Yongbo,Wang Ran,et al.Lightning and aerosol correlation in different regions of China[J].Science Technology and Engineering,2018,18(6):22-30
9张义军,葛正谟,陈成品,等.青藏高原东部地区的大气电特征[J].高原气象,1998,17(2):135-141Zhang Yijun,Ge Zhengmo,Chen Chengpin,et al.Electrical characteristics of atmosphere in east area of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Plateau Meteorology,1998,17(2):135-141
10赵阳,张义军,董万胜,等.青藏高原那曲地区雷电特征初步分析[J].地球物理学报,2004,47(3):405-410Zhao Yang,Zhang Yijun,Dong Wansheng,et al.Preliminary analysis of characteristics lightning in Nagqu Area of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2004,47(3):405-410
11 Deierling W,Petersen W A.Total lightning activity as an indicator of updraft characteristics[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2008,113:D16210
12郭凤霞,李雅雯,鲍敏,等.雷暴单体的对流强度对电荷结构的影响[J].科学技术与工程,2017,17(25):7-16Guo Fengxia,Li Yawen,Bao Min.et al.Effects of convection strength on the charge structure in a thunderstorm cell[J].Science Technology and Engineering,2017,17(25):7-16
13郭凤霞,刘祖培,鲍敏,等.华东地区一次飑线过程的地闪演变特征[J].科学技术与工程,2017,17(25):17-24Guo Fengxia,Liu Zupei,Bao Min,et al.Evolution of the cloud-toground flash characteristics during a squal line in East China[J].Science Technology and Engineering,2017,17(25):17-24
14 Yoshida S,Adachi T,Kusunoki K,et al.Relationship between thunderstorm electrification and storm kinetics revealed by phased array weather radar[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2017,122(7):3821-3836
15 Kouketsu T,Uyeda H,Ohigashi T,et al.Relationship between cloud-to-ground lightning polarity and the space-time distribution of solid hydrometeors in isolated summer thunderclouds observed by X-band polarimetric radar[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2017,122:8781-8800
16 Mattos E V,Machado L A T,Williams E R,et al.Polarimetric radar characteristics of storms with and without lightning activity[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2016,121(23):14201-14220
17张琴,张晓,苟阿宁,等.山东两次强对流天气中尺度对流系统的闪电特征分析[J].科学技术与工程,2018,18(28):6-14Zhang Qin,Zhang Xiao,Gou Aning,et al.Analysis of lightning characteristics of mesoscale convective system in two strong convective weather in Shandong Province[J].Science Technology and Engineering,2018,18(28):6-14
18石玉恒,张义军,郑栋,等.北京地区雷暴的雷达回波特征与闪电活动的相关关系[J].气象,2012,38(1):66-71Shi Yuheng,Zhang Yijun,Zheng Dong,et al.The relationship between lightning activity and radar echo characteristics of thunderstorm in beijing area[J].Meteorological Monthly,2012,38(1):66-71
19 Mosier R M,Schumacher C,Orville R D,et al.Radar nowcasting of cloud-to-ground lightning over Houston,Texas[J].Weather and Forecating,2010,26(2):199-212
20韩文宇,杨丽丽,杨毅.一次强对流过程的多普勒雷达反演及预警分析[J].干旱气象,2014,32(5):810-818Han Wenyu,Yang Lili,Yang Yi.Retrieval of doppler radar data and warning analysis during a severe convection process[J].Journal of Arid Meteorology,2014,32(5):810-818
21 Metzger E,Nuss W A.The relationship between total cloud lightning behavior and radar-derived thunderstorm structure[J].Weather and Forecating,2010,28(1):237-253
22 Liu C,Cecil D J,Zipser E J,et al.Relationships between lightning flash rates and radar reflectivity vertical structures in thunderstorms over the tropics and subtropics[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2012,117:D06212
23孙自胜,冯民学,谭涌波.雷达、闪电资料在典型雷暴单体中的应用[J].气象科学,2014,34(5):573-580Sun Zisheng,Feng Minxue,Tan Yongbo.Application of lightning and radar data in a typical thunderstorm[J].Meteorological Science,2014,34(5):573-580
24郄秀书,余晔,王怀斌,等.中国内陆高原地闪特征的统计分析[J].高原气象,2001,20(4):395-401Qie Xiushu,Yu Ye,Wang Huaibin,et al.Analyese on some features of ground flashes in Chinese inland plateau[J].Plateau Meteorology,2001,20(4):395-401
25张荣,张广庶,王彦辉,等.青藏高原东北部地区闪电特征初步分析[J].高原气象,2013,32(3):673-681Zhang Rong,Zhang Guangshu,Wang Yanhui,et al.Preliminary analysis on some characteristics of flashes in northeast Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Plateau Meteorology,2013,32(3):673-681
26陶世银,蔡忠周,王敏,等.青海高原2008-2016年云地闪特征分析[J].冰川冻土,2018,40(2):288-297Tao Shiyin,Cai Zhongzhou,Wang Min,et al.Characteristics analysis of the cloud-to-ground lightning in Qinghai Province during2008-2016[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2018,40(2):288-297
27 Yang Y H,King P.Investing the potential of using radar echo reflectivity to nowcast cloud-to-ground lightning initiation over southern Ontario[J].Weather and Forecating,2009,25(4):1235-1248
28 Pawar S D,Kamra A K.Evolution of lightning and the possible initiation/triggering of lightning discharges by the lower positive charge center in an isolated thundercloud in the tropics[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2004,109:D02205
29 Qie X S,Zhang T L,Chen C P,et al.The lower positive charge center and its effect on lightning discharges on the Tibetan Plateau[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2005,32(5):215-236
30 Mansell E R,Mae Gorman D R,Ziegler C L,et al.Charge structure and lightning sensitivity in a simulated multicell thunderstorm[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2005,110:D12101
2 Kurosaki Y,Kimura F.Relationship topography and daytimecloude activity around Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan,2002,80(6):1339-1355
3张廷龙,郄秀书,言穆弘,等.中国内陆高原不同海拔地区雷暴电学特征成因的初步分析[J].高原气象,2009,28(5):1006-1017Zhang Tinglong,Qie Xiushu,Yan Muhong,et al.Preliminary analysis on formation of electrical characteristics of thunderstorm in different altitude in Chinese inland plateau[J].Plateau Meteorology,2009,28(5):1006-1017
4郭凤霞,王曼霏,黄兆楚,等.青藏高原雷暴电荷结构特征及成因的数值模拟研究[J].高原气象,2018,37(4):911-922Guo Fengxia,Wang Manfei,Huang Zhaochu,et al.The model analysis of lightning charge structure characters and attributions over Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Plateau Meteorology,2018,37(4):911-922
5 Kong X Z,Qie X S,Zhao Y,et al.An analysis of discharge process of one cloud-to-ground lightning flash on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2006,49(4):878-885
6郄秀书,Ralf Toumi.卫星观测到的青藏高原雷电活动特征[J].高原气象,2003,22(3):288-294Qie Xiushu,Ralf Toumi.Lightning activities on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau as observed satellite-based lightning imaging sensor[J].Plateau Meteorology,2003,22(3):288-294
7张廷龙,郄秀书,言穆弘.青藏高原雷暴的闪电特征及其成因探讨[J].高原气象,2007,26(4):774-782Zhang Tinglong,Qie Xiushu,Yan Muhong.The lightning characteristics of thunderstorm over Tibetan Plateau and its origin discussion[J].Plateau Meteorology,2007,26(4):774-782
8杜赛,谭涌波,汪然,等.中国不同地区闪电活动和气溶胶的相关性[J].科学技术与工程,2018,18(6):22-30Du Sai,Tan Yongbo,Wang Ran,et al.Lightning and aerosol correlation in different regions of China[J].Science Technology and Engineering,2018,18(6):22-30
9张义军,葛正谟,陈成品,等.青藏高原东部地区的大气电特征[J].高原气象,1998,17(2):135-141Zhang Yijun,Ge Zhengmo,Chen Chengpin,et al.Electrical characteristics of atmosphere in east area of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Plateau Meteorology,1998,17(2):135-141
10赵阳,张义军,董万胜,等.青藏高原那曲地区雷电特征初步分析[J].地球物理学报,2004,47(3):405-410Zhao Yang,Zhang Yijun,Dong Wansheng,et al.Preliminary analysis of characteristics lightning in Nagqu Area of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2004,47(3):405-410
11 Deierling W,Petersen W A.Total lightning activity as an indicator of updraft characteristics[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2008,113:D16210
12郭凤霞,李雅雯,鲍敏,等.雷暴单体的对流强度对电荷结构的影响[J].科学技术与工程,2017,17(25):7-16Guo Fengxia,Li Yawen,Bao Min.et al.Effects of convection strength on the charge structure in a thunderstorm cell[J].Science Technology and Engineering,2017,17(25):7-16
13郭凤霞,刘祖培,鲍敏,等.华东地区一次飑线过程的地闪演变特征[J].科学技术与工程,2017,17(25):17-24Guo Fengxia,Liu Zupei,Bao Min,et al.Evolution of the cloud-toground flash characteristics during a squal line in East China[J].Science Technology and Engineering,2017,17(25):17-24
14 Yoshida S,Adachi T,Kusunoki K,et al.Relationship between thunderstorm electrification and storm kinetics revealed by phased array weather radar[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2017,122(7):3821-3836
15 Kouketsu T,Uyeda H,Ohigashi T,et al.Relationship between cloud-to-ground lightning polarity and the space-time distribution of solid hydrometeors in isolated summer thunderclouds observed by X-band polarimetric radar[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2017,122:8781-8800
16 Mattos E V,Machado L A T,Williams E R,et al.Polarimetric radar characteristics of storms with and without lightning activity[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2016,121(23):14201-14220
17张琴,张晓,苟阿宁,等.山东两次强对流天气中尺度对流系统的闪电特征分析[J].科学技术与工程,2018,18(28):6-14Zhang Qin,Zhang Xiao,Gou Aning,et al.Analysis of lightning characteristics of mesoscale convective system in two strong convective weather in Shandong Province[J].Science Technology and Engineering,2018,18(28):6-14
18石玉恒,张义军,郑栋,等.北京地区雷暴的雷达回波特征与闪电活动的相关关系[J].气象,2012,38(1):66-71Shi Yuheng,Zhang Yijun,Zheng Dong,et al.The relationship between lightning activity and radar echo characteristics of thunderstorm in beijing area[J].Meteorological Monthly,2012,38(1):66-71
19 Mosier R M,Schumacher C,Orville R D,et al.Radar nowcasting of cloud-to-ground lightning over Houston,Texas[J].Weather and Forecating,2010,26(2):199-212
20韩文宇,杨丽丽,杨毅.一次强对流过程的多普勒雷达反演及预警分析[J].干旱气象,2014,32(5):810-818Han Wenyu,Yang Lili,Yang Yi.Retrieval of doppler radar data and warning analysis during a severe convection process[J].Journal of Arid Meteorology,2014,32(5):810-818
21 Metzger E,Nuss W A.The relationship between total cloud lightning behavior and radar-derived thunderstorm structure[J].Weather and Forecating,2010,28(1):237-253
22 Liu C,Cecil D J,Zipser E J,et al.Relationships between lightning flash rates and radar reflectivity vertical structures in thunderstorms over the tropics and subtropics[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2012,117:D06212
23孙自胜,冯民学,谭涌波.雷达、闪电资料在典型雷暴单体中的应用[J].气象科学,2014,34(5):573-580Sun Zisheng,Feng Minxue,Tan Yongbo.Application of lightning and radar data in a typical thunderstorm[J].Meteorological Science,2014,34(5):573-580
24郄秀书,余晔,王怀斌,等.中国内陆高原地闪特征的统计分析[J].高原气象,2001,20(4):395-401Qie Xiushu,Yu Ye,Wang Huaibin,et al.Analyese on some features of ground flashes in Chinese inland plateau[J].Plateau Meteorology,2001,20(4):395-401
25张荣,张广庶,王彦辉,等.青藏高原东北部地区闪电特征初步分析[J].高原气象,2013,32(3):673-681Zhang Rong,Zhang Guangshu,Wang Yanhui,et al.Preliminary analysis on some characteristics of flashes in northeast Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Plateau Meteorology,2013,32(3):673-681
26陶世银,蔡忠周,王敏,等.青海高原2008-2016年云地闪特征分析[J].冰川冻土,2018,40(2):288-297Tao Shiyin,Cai Zhongzhou,Wang Min,et al.Characteristics analysis of the cloud-to-ground lightning in Qinghai Province during2008-2016[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2018,40(2):288-297
27 Yang Y H,King P.Investing the potential of using radar echo reflectivity to nowcast cloud-to-ground lightning initiation over southern Ontario[J].Weather and Forecating,2009,25(4):1235-1248
28 Pawar S D,Kamra A K.Evolution of lightning and the possible initiation/triggering of lightning discharges by the lower positive charge center in an isolated thundercloud in the tropics[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2004,109:D02205
29 Qie X S,Zhang T L,Chen C P,et al.The lower positive charge center and its effect on lightning discharges on the Tibetan Plateau[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2005,32(5):215-236
30 Mansell E R,Mae Gorman D R,Ziegler C L,et al.Charge structure and lightning sensitivity in a simulated multicell thunderstorm[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2005,110:D12101
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |