摘要
德光律师编撰的《律经》是一部用印度传统的经体形式总括根本说一切有部律文献的作品,这种文体异常简练并有其精巧的、不共的阐释体系。读者只有在熟悉这种行文方式的前提下,借助注释才能正确解读经文。这是长期以来《律经》研究停滞不前的重要原因。本文以《律经》第一章《出家事》中具体的经文为例,对这种文体加以介绍。
The Vinayasūtra by Gunaprabha is a compendium of the Vinaya literature of the Mūlasarvāstivādins.It is written in sūtra style,which requires the upmost conciseness.To obtain this goal,a sophisticated system of composition and interpretation had been gradually developed.The readers of the Vinayasūtra is presupposed to have the knowledge of the special style.This article aims to briefly introduce the explanatory devices of the Vinayasūtra by providing concrete examples selected from this work.
引文
(1)经文编号与BGVSS和大正大学综合佛教研究所网上录入的霞鲁寺写本的经文编号不一致,因为笔者根据藏内注释对经文断句作了相应的调整。文中引用BGVSS或研究1-3时,为了便于查对,仍然保留了它们原来的编号。
(1)sutra,虽然它与通常所说的经律论三藏中的经同名,并且也有共通的旨趣:归纳义理,但两者的内涵和外延却并不一样,后者是佛教特有的术语,《声明要领二卷》对它有明确的解释:sutra zhes bya ba arthasucanad sutra zhes bya ste/sangs rgyas kyis bshad pa'ang rung sangs rgyas kyis gnang ste nyan thos kyis bshad pa yang rung/don mdo tsam du ston zhing smos pas na mdo'i sde zhes bya\(《声明要领二卷》No.126)“开显义理是为经,或是佛说或承佛开许由声闻说,摄义陈辞故名经藏。”前者则指一种为各学派所共许的文学形式,类似口诀(金克木先生语),不用韵,因为这会影响简洁,而佛经则着眼于便于持诵与演说,因而是偈文和散体并行,并不刻意追求简练。流传下来的佛教文学作品中使用这种文体的似乎只此一部,但丹珠尔中另有一部题名为srama nerasiks apadasutra(D.No,4130;P.No,5632)属于律部的短篇作品,可能也是采用了这种文体。
(2)经体文学的起源与语法著作有密切的联系,现存最早的经体作品是波你尼的《八章书》,也即是通常所说的《波你尼经》,也有认为起源于婆罗门教srauta祭祀文书的。金克木先生在《梵语语法〈波你尼经>概述》一文中说:一般认为公元前4世纪是出现许多口诀形式的“经”书的时期。这些“经”主要是关于祭祀、礼仪等等,如同我国的“三礼”(《周礼》《仪礼》《礼记》),而概括梵语语法的《波你尼经》也在其内。类似的书,如法典和概括哲学理论及修行要道的“经”,就现存的说,则成书较晚,约在公元初期,但其来源必在此以前(金克木:《梵佛探》,石家庄:河北教育出版,1996年,第3-4页)。另见Verhagen,Pieter C,A History of Sanskrit Grammatical Literature in Tibet,VolumeⅡ,Assimilation into Indigenous Scholarship,Brill,2001年,第223-224页;Shripad Krishna Belvalkar,Systems of Sanskrit Gramma,1915年,Poona,第12-13页。
(3)Kashinath Vasudev Abhyankar:A Dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar,(The first Edition)Oriental Institute Baroda,1961年,第401页。
(4)英译见Verhagen,Pieter C,A History of Sanskrit Grammatical Literature in Tibet,VolumeⅡ,Assimilation into Indigenous Scholarship,Brill,2001年,第224页。
(5)英译见Verhagen,Pieter C,A History of Sanskrit Grammatical Literature in Tibet,VolumeⅡ,Assimilation into Indigenous Scholarship,Brill,2001年,第224页。
(1)BGVSS,p.xliv.
(2)关于领句的介绍和在语法著作中的例子,请参看金克木先生《梵语语法<波你尼经>概述》(金克木:《梵佛探》,石家庄:河北教育出版,1996年,第18~24页)。A Dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar中给出的定义是:Governing rule consisting of a word or words which follows or taken as understood in every following rule up to a particular limit,Abhyankar,1961年,第14页。
(3)tatredamddisutram(1)atha niryan avrttam\\athetisabdo'dhikarartham\dsutrasam darbhaparisamdpter niryanavrttam adhikr tarn veditavyam\(BGVSS.p.3)de la mdo dang po ni'di yin te\de nas\nges par'byung ba'i tshul khrims kyi dbang du byas te zhes bya ba smos te\de la de nas zhes bya ba'i sgra ni dbang du byed pa'i don to\\mdo brtsams pa nas yongs su rdzogs pa'i bar gyis nges par'byung ba'i tshul khrims kyi dbang du byas par rig par bya'o\\(Bvss.D.1b—3)
(4)(127)krt prdkpranihitdt\\"na abhyupagato nimittaviparyayam pran ihitam"ity atah prak ydvan nirdeiah sarvatra kr d iti adhikr tam veditavyam\sarve te kr tsambamdhinah\\(BGVSS.p.21)bkol ba chad pa yan chad do zhes bya ba ni rgyu las bzlog pa'i chad pa khas mi len pa dag la zhes bya ba'di yan las ci tsam bstan pa thams cad du bkol ba zhes bya ba'i dbang du byas nas rig par bya ste\de rnams thams cad bkol ba dang'brel pa rnams so\\(Bvss.D.21b—1-21b—2)
(5)(128)nasty asya prarohanadharmatd iti ca\\yo atra pratis idhyate nirmitadih tasya'ca'iabdah prak pran ihitad iti sanbamdharthah\\(BGVSS.p.21)'di la skye ba'i chos nyid med par yang'dra'o zhe bya ba ni'dir gang zhig sbrul pa la sogs pa'gag par'gyur ba de la yang gi sgra ni yan chad pa zhes bya ba las'brel ba'i don duo\\(Bvss.D.21b—2—21b—3)
(6)(129)nasanam evamvidhasya linginah\\evamvidhasya iti aprarohanadharminah\lingi[na]iti pravrajitasya upasampannasya va\grhasthabhutasya tu bhiksumadhye vasato yatrika—prayojanavasat nasanam na va\\(BGVSS.pp.21-22)de lta bu'i rtags can ni bsnyil bar bya'o zhes bya ba la\de lta bu'i zhes bya ba ni skye ba'i chos dang mi ldan pa la'o\\rtags can zhes bya ba ni rab tu byung ngam bsnyen par rdzogs pa la'o\\khyim na gnas par gyur pa la dge slong mams kyis dbus su gnas pa la'gro ba pa'i dgongs pa'i dbang gis bsnyil pa yang ni ma yin no\\(Bvss.D.21b—3—21b—4)
(7)(446)atha nihsrita-pratipat\\atha—sabdo'dhikdrarthah nanantaryarthah\ita urdhvas niirita-pratipat adhikr td veditavya\\(BGVSS.pp.43-44)gnas pas sgrub pa'i dbang du byas te de nas kyi sgra ni dbang du bya ba'i don te rjes kyi don ma yin no\\'di'i'og tu gnas pas bsgrub pa dbang du byas par rig par bya'o\\(Bvss.D.41a-6-41a—7)
(1)"An authoritative statement of dictum,helping(1)the correct interpretation of the rules(sutras)of grammar,or(2)the removal of conflict between two rules which occur simultaneously in the process of the formation of words,(padasiddhi),or(3)the formation of correct words."(Abhyankar,1961,p.223)
(2)na[nu]nisannasya utkutukikayavrddhante prag rhitanjalitvam ityetat sanghadhine karmani paribhasayam sarvakarmadhikarikam sutritam\tata eva ihapi karmatvat asya tritayasya praptau[Plate I 2 b]satyam kimiti punarvacanam—vartamanakalpadhikarikatvat pragrhitanjali'm ityddeh paribha sato nasty asyeha purakalpe siddhir iti vacanam\\(BGVSS.p.4)'o na rgan rims la tsog tsog bo nyid kyis'dug la\thai mo sbyar ba nyid ces bya ba'dis ni dge'dun la rag las ba'i las la nges pa yin te\las thams cad la dbang du byed pa'i mdor byas pa ste\de nyid kyi phyir'dir yang las nyid kyi phyir gsum po dis thob par gyur pa la ci'i phyir slar tshig(\)da ltar byung ba'i cho ga dbang du byed pa nyid kyis thai mo sbyar zhes ba la sogs pa nges pa las\'dir'di la bsgrubs bar gyur pa lta bu ni sngon gyi cho ga zhes bya ba'i tshig yod pa ma yin no\\(Bvss.D.4a—3)
(3)bhiksum iti rahonu s dsakartha m bhiksugraha n am,na karmakarakartham\karmaparibha sdyam yah karmavidhir uktah tata eva tasya bhiksutvasiddheh\\(BGVSS.p.10)dge slong la zhes bya ba ni gsang ste ston pa'i don du dge slong gi tshig ste\las byed pa'i don du ni ma yin no\\las byed pa la ni gang zhig las kyi cho ga gsungs pa de nyid las de la dge slong nyid grub pa'i phyir ro\\(Bvss.D.10b-2)dge slong zhes smos pa ni\gsang ste ston pa'i khyad par du bya ba'i phyir te\las byed pa ni las yongs su brjod pas dge slong nyid yin par grub pa'i phyir ro\\(Bvst.D.14a—6)
(4)de skad brjod pa'i'og tu ci bya zhe na\spags nas las byed pas su zhes brjod nas\gsang ste ston pa mos par bya\dge'dun gyis'di gnang bar bya zhes pa yin te\bsnyen par rdzogs par'dod pa des\dge'dun'dus pa'i dkyil'khor las\mthong ba'i lam du sbags pa la sogs pa las kun smra pa las'byung ba bzhin du byas la\de nas las byed par bskos ba'i dge slong gis dge'dun gyi nang du bsnyen par rdzogs par'dod pa ming'di zhes bya ba'i mkhan po ming'di zhes bya bas gsang ste ston par bskos pa su zhes smras la\gang bskos pa de bdag lags zhes par khas len du gzhug\des khas blangs pa dang\mkhan po ming'di zhes bya ba las bsnyen par rdzogs par'dod pa ming'di zhes bya ba'i gsang ste ston par kyod mos sam zhes smras la\de na re bdag mos so zhes zer ba dang\gsol ba'i las kyis de gsang ste ston par dge'dun gyis gnang bar bya'o\\(Bvsk.D.8a-1-8a-4)
(1)paribhdsa在《翻译名义大集》中出现了两次:No 2644(paribhasa\spyo ba'am brgyang ba\责);No 7090(paribhasa\'thabs pa'am sbyo ba…\角口,或责),两处所给的义项都与这里的语境不合。
(2)a technical term;a short wording to convey ample sense;a term to know the general nature of things;convention;…Kashinath Vasudev Abhyankar:A Dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar,(The first Edition)Oriental Institute Baroda,1961年,第375页。
(3)Kashinath Vasudev Abhyankar:A Dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar,(The first Edition)Oriental Institute Baroda,1961年,第25页。
(4)(41)patran copadarsya monam adhikampa ndare(sic ram)veti samghe\\upadarsya iti sahghe ityanenasya sa mbandhah\\kim artham upadar s anam ity aha—monam adhikam pa nda[ram]veti etaddosapariharartham,evamvidhasya adhi[stha]nam anyayam\upadarsya samghe adhisthapayet ity anuvartate\\(BGVSS.p.11)lhung bzed kyang mi chung ngam mi che'am mi skya am zhes dge'dun la bstan nas so zhes bya ba ste\bstan nas zhes bya ba dge'dun la zhes bya ba'di dang'di la'brel to\\ci'i phyir bstan zhe na\mi chung ngam mi che'am mi skya'am zhes bya ba smos te\skyon'di yongs su spang ba'i don du mam pa'di lta bu la byin gyis brlabs pa rigs pa ma yin no\\dge dun la bstan nas so zhes bya ba ni lhag par gnas par bya'o zhes bya ba'i rjes su jug go\\(Bvss.D.10b—6-10b-7)
(5)Mvy,No,2576 pari natam\yongs su gyur ba\消融,变成。
(1)(103)ma'si tirthyahiti pravrajyartham upasamkrantam prcched.upasampadakas ca\\prcchet ity upadhyayah\prccheyuriti parin atasya upasam[padaka i]ty anena sambamdhah\upasampadakaireva sa prasnah yo rahonus asakena,tanniyuktatvattasya\\(BGVSS.p.19)rab tu'byung ba'i phyir nye bar'ongs pa la mu stegs can ma yin nam zhes dri bar bya zhing bsnyen par rdzogs par byed pa dag gis kyang bya'o zhes bya ba la\\dri bar bya zhing zhes bya bas ni mkhan pos so\\'dri par'gyur ro zhes bya ba yongs su gyur pa la bsnyen par rdzogs par byed pa rnams kyis zhes bya ba'di dang'brel pa'o\\bsnyen par rdzogs par byed pa rnams kho nas dri ba'di yin te gang zhig gsang ste ston pas de la de nges par sbyar ba'i phyir ro\\(Bvss.D.19a-1~19a-3)在《广注》的相关部分,相应的译语是rnam par dbye ba bsgyur.dri bar bya zhing zhes bya ba'di yang don gyi dbang gis rnam par dbye ba bsgyur te\ngag gis kyang dri bar bya'o zhes bya ba rung ngo\\(Bvs?.D.27b-5?-27b-5)《析注》对此也有所论及。
(2)(125)visesata upasam pddakah\\prcchedityasya parinatasya prcche[yu]rityanusangah\bhavanti khalu purusanam ete evam—rupah kdyekayikabadhah,tadyatha—kust ham ga nd am[ca]ityadi—visesayuktam\na etdvanmatrakam'ma'si gldna'iti\\(Svs.p.21)bsnyen par rdzogs par byed pa dag gi bye brag tu'o zhes bya ni dri bar bya'o zhes bya ba'di yongs su gyur pa la dri bar bya'o zhes bya ba dang rjes su'brel lo\\skyes pa rnams kyi lus la'di rnams'di lta bu'i ngo bo nyid lus kyi gnod pa'byung ba'di lta ste\mdze dang'bras dang zhes bya ba la sogs pa bye brag dang ldan pa ste\khyod ni'di tsam du nad pa ma yin nam zhes bya ba'o\\(Bvss.D.21a-6—21b—1)
(3)藏译义为显明,可能是rnam par bsal pa\的异体字或误刻。
(4)"setting aside of a rule or operation by means of another more powerful rule,or by means of a conventional dictum."(Abhyankar.1961.p.353a)
(5)[ajnaptyadi]karmatmakatvdd asya anupasannena api sanghe pravrajyapeksasya arocanam na virudhyata ity asya vikalpasya vyudasartham bhiksave iti vacanam\tatha ca granthah-tatah pascat bhiksur adhyesitavyah\\(BGVSS.p.7)gsol ba la sogs pa'i las kyi bdag nyid can ma yin pa nyid kyi phyir bsnyen par rdzogs pa ma byas pas kyang dge dun la rab tu'byung ba la ltos pa'di la zhu ba ni'gal ba ma yin te zhes bya ba'i rnam par rtog pa'di rnam par gsal ba'i don du dge slong la zhes bya ba'i tha tsig go\\de Itar yang gzhung las de'i'og tu dge slong la gsol ba gdab par bya'o\\(Bvss.D.6b-5)
(6)参见BGVSS(pp.ⅹⅹ-ⅹⅹⅰ,p.ⅹⅹⅷ)中的介绍。
(1)Mvy.,No 8663.
(2)srunu tvam ayusman,ayam te satyakalah ity adeh mantrasya smu tvam ity anena paden(padena?)ullinganam\(BGVSS p.11)tshe dang ldan pa khyod nyon cig\khyod kyis'di ni bden pa'i dus yin te zhes bya ba la sogs pa'i sngags la khyod nyon cig ces bya ba'i tshig'di dang'brel pa'o\\(Bvss.D.11a—7)此处《自注》的译文与梵本有出入。
(3)金克木先生在《梵语语法<波你尼经>概述》(《梵佛探》,第31页)中把pada译作“句”。
(4)kathanarn bhiksuny-antaritam antarayiko sydd va\\ity antardyikakathane samghamadhye kriyate-ekam kevalabhiksunisamghamadhye,brahmacaryopasthana-samvrtidananimittadvayam ubhayasamghamadhye\dvayasya api e sa vidhih pratipattavyah\lajjanimittam etad uktam-tasmat kamacaravijnandrtham ddau kriyapadaprayogah\\(BGVSS.p.51)bar chad dri ba dge slong ma bsgribs pa la bya'o zhes bya ba ni bar chad dri ba'i tshe dge'dun gyi dbus su bar chad dri ba la Ian gnyis bya dgos te\gcig ni tshangs par spyod pa la nye bar gnas pa'i sdom pa sbyin pa'i dus su dge slong ma'i dge'dun'ba'zhig gi dbus su'o\\gzhan ni gnyis ka'i dge'dun gyi dbus su'o\\de gnyis kar yang cho ga'di bzhin du rtogs par bya'o\\ngo tsha ba'i rgyu mtshan du'di brjod pa ste\res bya ba dang res mi bya ba shes pa'i don du dang po bya ba'i tshig sbyar ro\\(Bvss.D.48b-1-48b-2)
(1)bzhi pa gnyis\yan lag thun mong ba\thon mong ma yin pa'o\\dang po ni\'di man chad slob pa nyid yan chad lnga pa ma tshang ba la tshul ldan dang mang thos sbyar bar ma zad dge ba ma skyes pa bskyed\skyes pa'phel\mi dge ba ma skyes pa mi skyed\skyes pa spong ba'i brtson'grus brtsams pa nyid dang\mang du thos pa'i shes rab dang ldan pa nyid dang yang sbyar te\lnga pa tshang ba dang tshig tshogs bskyung ba'i dgos pa yod pa'i phyir ro\\(Rin phreng,p.41)
(2)gnyis pa tshig tshogs chung ba'i phyir ming dang ming can sbyar ba ni\bkol ba ming ngo\de'i ming can de ni mdo snga ma'i mu stegs can dang phyi ma'i shakya la sogs pa'i mjug gi mu stegs can zur du bkol ba ste bor ba'o\\des na'og nas bkol ba zhes pa'i sgra yod pa der\rab tu'byung ba'i phyir nye bar'ongs pa la che ge mo ma yin nam zhes dri bar bya zhing bsnyen par rdzogs par byed pa dag gis kyang ngo\\dris pa na yin zer na rab tu'byung ba dang bsnyen par rdzogs Dar mi bva'o zhes sbvar ba'i don vin no\\gang la sbvor ni'og nas ston no\\(Rin'phreng.pp.47-48)