摘要
<正>在社会科学史上,最具开创性的理论观点之一是卡尔·马克思在《路易波拿巴的雾月十八》中提出的:"人们自己创造自己的历史,但是他们并不是随心所欲地创造,并不是在他们自己选定的条件下创造,而是在直接碰到的、既定的、从过去承继下来的条件下创造。"(马克思,1964)。马克思断言,没有任何事情是超人的、形而上学的、自动的、不可避免的。这种观点与黑格尔哲学背道而驰,是对决定论、宿命论、终结论的公然驳斥。但有的学者却错误地假定马克思是"历
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