摘要
This essay seeks to ascertain the various meanings of the word barn po and is mainly a contribution to its lexicography.A study of several treatises in which it occurs suggests that it,and its subordinate unit the shlo ka(not belong to this translated literature but rather to the first indigenous,Tibetan works on Buddhism.As catalographic terms,barn po and shlo ka are used in the earliest catalogs of titles of translated scripture and indigenous Tibetan literary studies.There is some evidence that,by fixing the length of a text,they may have been used to prevent unwarranted editorial interventions.There is also some evidence that they played a role in the economy of text production.The barn po and the shlo ka were apparently used in connection with calculating the amount of payment translators and scribes should receive for their labors.
This essay seeks to ascertain the various meanings of the word bam po and is mainly a contribution to its lexicography.A study of several treatises in which it occurs suggests that it,and its subordinate unit the shlo ka(< Sanskrit sloka),were terms that were used to designate various lengths of the textual matter of the earliest translated Buddhist texts.As a unit of text,a bam po can consist of a varying number of shlo kas.Curiously,both terms also occur in several writings that do not belong to this translated literature but rather to the first indigenous,Tibetan works on Buddhism.As catalographic terms,bam po and shlo ka are used in the earliest catalogs of titles of translated scripture and indigenous Tibetan literary studies.There is some evidence that,by fixing the length of a text,they may have been used to prevent unwarranted editorial interventions.There is also some evidence that they played a role in the economy of text production.The bam po and the shlo ka were apparently used in connection with calculating the amount of payment translators and scribes should receive for their labors.
引文
(1)The first was first edited in M Lalou,"Les textes Bouddhiques au temps du roi Khri srong lde btsan,"Journal asiatique CCXLI(1953),313-353,but see now also A.Herrmann-Pfandt,Die LHan kar ma.Ein fr(u|¨)her Katalog der ins Tibetische(u|¨)bersetzten buddhistischen Texte.Kritische Neuausgabe mit Einleitung und Materialien(Wien:Verlag der.sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften,2008);for the second,see the Dkar chag phang thang ma/Sgra sbyor bam po gnyis pa,ed.Bod ljongs rten rdzas bshams mdzod khang(Beijing:Mi rigs dpe skrun khang,2003),1-67.Herrmann-Pfandt,Die lHan kar ma.Ein fr(u|¨)her Katalog der ins Tibetische(u|¨)bersetzten buddhistischen Texte.Kritische Neuausgabe mit Einleitung und Materialien,xviii-xxvi,dates these,respectively,to 812 and 806.Two glosses in the manuscript of the'Phang thang ma refer to the Lhan dkar ma which,as Herrmann-Pfandt rightly states,do of course not tell us anything about their relative dates.Recent work on the Lhan dkar ma also includes the notices in Khri Bsam gtan's detailed study of the history of translation in the Tibetan cultural area from the very beginning to the present day in his Skad gnyis smra ba'i rin chen bang mdzod(Lanzhou:Kan su'u mi rigs dpe skrun khang,2005),124-135,138-151
(2)An interlinear note in the manuscript refers to a reading found in another manuscript of the text,for which see the Dkar chag'phang thang ma/Sgra sbyor bam po gnyis pa,ed.Bod ljongs rten rdzas bshams mdzod khang,64.Furthermore,it is of interest that,on pp.19,7,the first under the rubric of translations from Chinese,the second not,it expressly states that one Tibetan version of the Suvarnaprabhasottamasutra from the Chinese in ten bam po is an"old translation"and that the other one is a"new translation,"Not marked as a gloss,this particular comment is absent from the Lhan dkar ma,as it is from the circa 1280 catalog of Dar ma rgyal mtshan(1227-1305),alias Bcom ldan{rig[s]pa'i}ral gri,for which see K.R.Schaeffer and L.W.J.van der Kuijp,An Early Tibetan Survey of Buddhist Literature:The Bstan pa rgyas pa rgyan gyi nyi'od of Bcom ldan ral gri.Harvard Oriental Series,vol.64(Cambridge:Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies,2009),159.Lalou,"Les textes Bouddhiques au temps du roi Khri srong lde btsan,"325[=Herrmann-Pfandt,Die lHan kar ma.Ein fr(u|¨)her Katalog der ins Tibetische(u|¨)bersetzten buddhis-tischen Texte.Kritische Neuausgabe mit Einleitung und Materialien,134-136]lists a translation in ten bam po,whereas the second registers one in slight excess(lhag)of ten bam po.Be this as it may,the translation from the Chinese that is currently available is[more or less]the version of Yijing(义净,635-713),which the ninth century Chinese translator extraordinaire Wu Fdcheng(吴法成),alias'Gos[Lo tsa ba]Chos grub,translated into Tibetan.Bu ston Rin chen grub's(1290-1364)1322-1326 Bde bar gshegs pa'i bstan pa'i gsal byed chos kyi'byung gnas gsung rab rin po che'i mdzod,Collected Works[of Bu ston and Sgra tshad pa],part 24(New Delhi:International Academy of Indian Culture,1971),928,is the earliest of the sources used for this paper to link'Gos[Lo tsa ba]Chos grub to this translation that was edited long ago by J.Nobel in his Suvarnaprabhasottamasutra,Bd.II(Leiden:E.J.Brill,1958).Both Nobel and C.Oetke,Aus dem chinesischen(u|¨)bersetzten tibetischen Versionen des Suvarn aprabhasasutra,Alt-und Neu-Indische Studien 18(Wiesbaden:Franz Steiner Verlag GmbH,1977),7-9,have shown that this translation has been variously transmitted in the extant editions of the Kanjur.
(1)Schaeffer and van der Kuijp,An Early Tibetan Survey of Buddhist Literature:The Bstan pa rgyas pa rgyan gyi nyi'od of Dar ma rgyal mtshan,161-162.
(2)An important treatise in this connection is the Dgongs pa'dus pa'i mdo,for which see,for example,the text in The Tibetan Tripitaka,Taipei[=Sde dge]Edition,ed.A.W.Barber(Taipei:SMC Publishing Inc.,1991),vol.19,no.824[829],and now also J.P.Dalton,The Uses of the Dgongs pa'dus pa'i mdo in the Development of the Rnyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism,unpublished University of Michigan dissertation,2002.The various older commentaries on this work that are collected in different editions of the Bka'ma corpus of the Rnying ma school contain a number of alleged Burushaski lexemes,together with their putative Sanskrit and Tibetan equivalents.
(3)The Tibetan Tripitaka,Taipei[=Sde dge]Edition,vol.38,no.4021[#4016],1/2,3/7[Ti,la,11a]{=Jieshenmijing shu(解深密疏),Dai nihon zoku zokyo,(大日本大藏经),ed.K.Kawamura(Tokyo:Kokusho kankoku,1975-1989),vol.21,no.369,175a_(3.6)).
(4)The Tibetan Tripitaka,Taipei[=Sde dge]Edition,vol.7,no.12,261/2[Ka,la]and vol.33,no.3798[#3793],121/2[Ja,78b].For the curious position of this phrase in the Tabo text of the Sgra sbyor[bam po gnyis pa].Register,see C.A.Scherrer-Schaub,"Enacting Words.A Diplomatic Analysis of the Imperial Decrees(bkas bead)and their Application in the Sgra sbyor bam po gnyis pa Tradition,"Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 25(2002),279,n.57.
(1)The Tibetan Tripitaka,Taipei[=Sde dge]Edition,vol.47,no.4226[#4221],301/5[The,132b].
(2)Lalou,"Les textes Bouddhiques au temps du roi Khri srong lde btsan,"336-337[=Herrmann-Pfandt,Die lHan kar ma.Ein fr(u|¨)her Katalog der ins Tibetische(u|¨)bersetzten buddhis-tischen Texte.Kritische Neuausgabe mit Einleitung und Materialien,402-404],and Dkar chag'phang thang ma/Sgra sbyor bam po gnyis pa,ed.Bod Ijongs rten rdzas bshams mdzod khang,38,47,54-60.For the second,see the convenient listing in G.T.Halkias,"Tibetan Buddhism Registered:A Catalogue from the Imperial Court of Phang thang,"The Eastern Budhist XXXVI(2004),82-89-missing from the latter is Klu'i rgyal mtshan's commentary on the Samdhinirmocanasutra that is listed on p.38 of the text.
(3)E.Conze,The Large Sutra on Perfect Wisdom with the Divisions of the Abhisamayala mkara(Delhi:Motilal Banarsidass,1979),includes English translations of but a few portions of the first;an English translation of the second may be found in E.Conze,The Short Prajnaparamita Texts(London:Luzac&Company Ltd.,1973),144-147.
(4)Bu ston cites several opinions about the Prajnaparamita sutras in the concluding remarks of his catalog of these sutras in his Bde bar gshegs pa'i bstan pa'i gsal byed chos kyi'byung gnas gsung rab rin po che'i mdzod,924.The first is that some Tibetans did not agree on the accuracy,and thus on the usefulness,of the expression sras yum bcu bdun.
(1)See my"A Treatise on Buddhist Epistemology and Logic Attributed to Klong chen Rab'byams pa(1308-1364)and Its Place in Indo-Tibetan Intellectual History,"Journal of Indian Philosophy 31(2003),412,432,n.112.
(2)Bod kyi dkar chag rig pa,Collected Works,vol.Kha[3],ed.Rnam rgyal Ra'Phrin las rgya mtsho(Beijing;Mi rigs dpe skrun khang,2004),10.The other work is the one by Ngag dbang tshe dpag et al.,Bod kyi dkar chag rig pa'i lag deb,Ska ba Dpal brtsegs Series in Katalogos,1(Varanasi;Siddhartha Publications,2004).For a study of the book in Tibet,see now K.R.Schaeffer,The Culture of the Book in Tibet(New York;Columbia University Press,2009).
(1)See,respectively,the Abhisamaydla mkdrdlokd Prajnapdramitdvydkhyd(Commentary of the A stasdhasrikdprajndpdramitd),The Work of Haribhadra together with the Text commented on,ed.U.Wogihara,Fascicle 7(Tokyo:The Toyo Bunko,1935),955,and J.Oshika,"An Index to the Tibetan Translation of the Vimalakirtinirdeia,"Acta IndoLogicaⅢ(1975),16,which includes the Chinese equivalents.The Sam bod skad gnyis shan sbyar,ed.Dmu dge Bsam gtan et al.(Lanzhou:Kan su'u mi rigs dpe skrun khang,1989),11,26,285,suggests its equivalence with a number of other Sanskrit expressions.This otherwise quite rewarding lexicon does not have an entry for bam po.
(2)See my"On the Composition and Printings of the Deb gter sngon po by Gos Lo tsd ba Gzhon nu dpal(1392-1481),"Journal of the International Association of Tibetan Studies,no.2(2006),5;www.thdl.org?id=T2714.
(3)Byang chub sems dpa'lo tsd ba rin chen bzang po'i'khrungs rabs dka'spyad sgron ma rnam thar shel phreng lu gu rgyud(Dharamsala:Tho gling gtsug lag khang lo gcig stong'khor ba'i rjes dran mdzad sgo'i go sgrig tshogs chung,1996),14,20.
(4)The Tibetan Tripitaka,Taipei[=Sde dge]Edition,vol.52,no.4428[#4421],111/3[Do,387a];see also my"The Names of'Gos Lo tsa ba Gzhon nu dpal(1392-1481),"The Pandita and the Siddha.Tibetan Studies in Honor of E.Gene Smith,ed.R.N.Prats(Dharamshala:Amnye machen Institute,2007),285.
(5)Dam pa'i chos dran pa nye bar bzhag pa'i bstan bcos kyi'grel pa,Collected Works of Karma pa Rang byung rdo rje,vol.Cha(Xining,2006),219.
(1)See,respectively,the Bod rgya tshig mdzod chen mo,Bar cha[vol.Ⅱ](Beijing:Mi rigs dpe skrun khang,1985),1815-1816,and the Brda dkrol gser gyi me long(Bejing:Mi rigs dpe skrun khang,1997),532.
(2)For Dge'dun grub pa's large work in which he culled various narrative tales from the Vinaya texts,see the handy edition on the basis of a xylograph from the Bla brang Bkra shis'khyil printing blocks in the'Dul ba'i gleng'bum chen mo(Xining:Mtsho sngon dpe skrun khang,1990).Shen Weirong,Leben und historische Bedeuting des ersten Dalai Lama dGe'dun grub pa dpal bzang po(1391-1474).Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der dGe lugs pa Schule und der Institution der Dalai Lamas,Monumenta Serica Monograph Series XLIX(Sankt Augustin:Insitut Monumenta Serica,2002),196.n.252,notes that it was not included in the 1894 edition of his Collected Works.A kya Yongs'dzin Blo bzang don grub(1740-1827)has written a lexical study of its more unusual diction,for which see his'Dul ba'i gleng bum chen mo las byung ba'i ming brda go dka'ba rnams bshad pa bio Idan dga'skyed(New Delhi:Lama Guru Deva,1971),151-208.To be sure,Dge'dun grub pa's work has as its forerunners Bu ston's'Dul ba pha'i gleng bum chen mo of 1354and the'Dul ba ma'i gleng'bum of 1352 in The Collected Works of Bu ston(.and Sgra tshad pa)[Lhasa print],part 23(New Delhi:International Academy of Indian Culture,1971),1-837,839-955.Jampa Losang Panglung,Die Erzdhlstoffe des Mulasarvastivadavinaya Analysiert auf Grand der tibetischen ubersetzung,Studia Philologica Buddhica Monograph SeriesⅢ(Tokyo:The Reiyukai Library,1981)is the latest in a string of their successors!
(3)See the Snyan ngag mngon brjod brda gsar rnying gi rnam gzhag mdor bsdus bio gsal yid'phrog,Collected Works,vol.5,Mes po'i shul bzhag,vol.92,ed.Dpal brtsegs bod yig dpe rnying zhib'jug khang(Beijing:Krung go'i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang,2009),257-262.Btsan lha's title is no doubt taken from this longer title.Co ne Grags pa bshad grub signals that he used the earlier writings on the subject by Dbus pa Blo gsal[Rtsod pa'i seng ge(ca.1255-?)]and Skyogs ston Lo tsa ba Rin chen bkra shis[1536];for these two works,see below.
(1)For what follows,see The Tibetan Tripitaka,vol.1,no.1,81/4[Ka,282b],207/6[Ga,94b].Needless to say,1 am very much indebted to the Asian Classics Input Project for these and the next references.
(2)The Tibetan Tripitaka,Taipei[=Sde dge]Edition,vol.1,no.2,448/3[Cha,44a],475/7[Cha,140b].
(3)Dam can bstan srung rgya mtsho'i rnam par thar pa cha shes tsam brjod pa sngon med legs bshad(Thimphu,1976),421[=Bstan srung rgya mtsho'irnamthar,vol.2(Leh,1979),81,Dam can bstan srung gi rnam thar,ed.'Phrin las rgyal mtshan and Bka'mgon(Beijing:Mirigs dpe skrun khang,2003),340].For this particular deity,see also R.de Nebesky-Wojkowitz,Oracles and Demons of Tibet.The Cult and Iconography of the Tibetan Protective Deities(Kathmandu:Tiwari's Pilgrim Book House,1993),88-93,490-492,where on p.492,the toponym is read"Bam so dmar po"-in cursive dbu med Tibetan so and po are virtual homographs.
(4)See R.M.Davidson,Tibetan Renaissance.Tantric Buddhism and the Rebirth of Tibetan Culture(New York:Columbia University Press,2005),161-209,Index,577.
(5)Davidson,Tibetan Renaissance.Tantric Buddhism and the Rebirth of Tibetan Culture,Index,581.
(1)"Les textes Bouddhiques au temps du roi Khri srong lde btsan,"313-314.She cites the entry for the Kasyapaparip r ccha in three bam po and contrasts it with the xylographed text in the Snar thang Kanjur which consists of two bam po!H.Eimer made a similar observation with respect to the Mahaparinirvdnasutra,for which see his"Remarks on the bam po Numbers in the Extensive Tibetan Mahaparinirva n asutra,"Facets of Indian Culture.Gustav Roth Felicitation Volume Published on the Occasion of His 82nd Birthday,ed.C.P.Sinha(Patna:Bihar Purvavid Parishad,1988),465-472
(2)See,respectively,"Paralokasiddhi-Texts,"Buddhism and Its Relation to Other Religions.Essays in Honour of Dr.Shozen Kumoi on His Seventieth Birthday(Kyoto,1985),21,note 8,"Who is Byang chub rdzu'phrul?Tibetan and non-Tibetan Commentaries on the Sa m dhinirmocanasutra.A Survey of the Literature,"Berliner Indologische Studien 4/5(1989),240,note 37,and"Discrepancies in the Sanskrit and Tibetan Texts of Bhavya's Madhya-maka-hrdaya-Tarkjavala(theⅨth andⅩth Chapters),"Tibetan Studies.Proceedings of the 5th Seminar of the International Association for Buddhist Studies Narita 1989,ed.Sh.Ihara and Z.Yamaguchi,vol.1(Narita;Naritasan Shinshoji,1992),142,n.8.
(3)See respectively,Khri Bsam gtan,Skad gnyis smra ba'i rin chen bang mdzod,124 ff.,and S.Karashima,"An Old Tibetan Translation of the Lotus Sutra from Khotan:The Romanised Text Collated with the Kanjur Version(1),"Annual Report of The International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University for the Academic Year 2004 16(2005),105.
(4)"sa cu;《Qu'y-a-t-il au programme de la classe de philologie bouddhique?》"Tibetan Studies.Proceedings of the 5th Seminar of the International Association for Buddhist Studies Narita 1989,ed.Sh,Ihara and Z.Yamaguchi,vol.1(Narita:Naritasan Shinshoji,1992),218-220.
(1)The Tibetan Tripitaka,Taipei[=Sde dge]Edition,vol.36,no.3940[#3935],542/2[Ki,334a].
(2)Chos'byung me tog snying po sbrang rtsi'i bcud,ed.Nyan shul Mkhyen rab'od gsal,Gangs can rigs mdzod 5(Lhasa:Bod Ijongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang,1988),393-394[=NYANG]{=Meisezahl,ed.,Die groBe Geschichte des tibetischen Buddhismus nach alter Tradition(Sankt Augustin:VGH Wissenschaftsverlag,1985),Tafel 283/3-4/3[=NYANGm];Manuscript"B"(Paro,1979),460[=NYANGb]}.
(1)He made this remark in his"Contributions to the date of the Vyutpatti-treatises,"Acta academiae scientiarum hungarica XLⅢ(1989[1990]),3,note3,and Bod rgya tshig mdzod chen mo,Stod cha[vol.I](Beijing:Mi rigs dpe skrun khang,1985),80.see more,Scherrer-Schaub,"Enacting Words.A Diplomatic Analysis of the Imperial Decrees(.bkas bead)and their Application in the Sgra sbyor bam po gnyis pa Tradition,"305-307,324。
(2)Schaeffer and van der Kuijp,An Early Tibetan Survey of Buddhist Literature:The Bstan pargyas pa rgyan gyi nyi'od of Dar ma rgyal mtshan,115-116.
(3)Chos'byung rin po che'i gter mdzod bstan pa gsal bar byed pa'i nyi'od,ed.Bu byung Dbang'dus,Gangs can rig mdzod 17(Lhasa:Bod ljongs bod yig dpe rnying dpe skrun khang,1991),306.For this work and its author,see my"On the Authorship and Date of the Ecclesiastic Chronicle Chos'byung rin po che'i gter mdzod bstan pa gsal bar byed pa'inyi'od,"Tibetstudien.Festschrift fur Dieter Schuh zum 65.Geburtstag,ed.P.Maurer and P.Schwieger(Bonn:Bier'sche Verlagsanstalt,2007),127-148.
(1)Sde dge'i bka''gyur dkar chag(Chengdu:Sichuan mi rigs dpe skrun khang,1989),342-343[=Collected Works,vol.9(Sansal:Sherabling Institute of Buddhist Studies,1990),429].This very passage is also cited in Khri Bsam gtan,Skad gnyis smra ba'i rin chert bang mdzod,125,albeit with some mistakes.
(2)Shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa'i man ngag gi bstan bcos mngon par rtogs pa'i rgyan ces bya ba'i'grel pa'i rgya cher bshad pa lung gi snye ma,The Collected Works of Bu ston(.and Sgra tshad pa)[Lhasa print],part 18(New Delhi:International Academy of Indian Culture,1971),10.
(3)Lalou,"Les textes Bouddhiques au temps du roi Khri srong lde btsan,"331[=Herrmann-Pfandt,Die IHan kar ma.Ein fr(u|¨)her Katalog der ins Tibetische ubersetzten buddhistischen Texte.Kritische Neuausgabe mit Einleitung und Materialien,294],Dkar chag'phang thang ma I Sgra sbyor bam po gnyis pa,ed.Bod ljongs rten rdzas bshams mdzod khang,35,and the Bde bar gshegs pa'i bstan pa'i gsal byed chos kyi'byung gnas gsung rab rin po che'i mdzod,945.
(1)For these,see,respectively,Dbus pa Bio gsal's undated Bstan bcos kyi dkar chag,eighty-one-folio,slightly incomplete handwritten dbu med manuscript,38b,Karma paⅢ's equally undated Rje rang byung rdo rje'i thugs dam bstan'gyur gyi dkar chag,Collected Works of Karma pa Rang byung rdo rje,vol.Nga(Xining,2006),550,and Bu ston's 1335 Bstan'gyur gyi dkar chag yid bzhin nor bu dbang gi rgyal po'i phreng ba,Collected Works[of Bu ston and Sgra tshad pa],part 26(New Delhi:International Academy of Indian Culture,1971),573.
(2)The Tibetan Tripitaka,Taipei[=Sde dge]Edition,vol.33,no.3807[#3802],311/4[Ta,205b].
(3)Bstan bcos mngon par rtogs pa'i rgyan'grel dang bcas pa'i rgyas'grel bshad sbyar yid kyi mun sel,vol.1(New Delhi,1981),18[=Jo nang dpe mdzod,vol.4,ed.Ngag dbang kun dga"jam dbyangs bio gros et al.(Beijingi Mi rigs dpe skrun khang,2007),14-15]
(4)The Tibetan Tripitaka,Taipei[=Sde dge]Edition,vol.33,no.3801[#3796],209/2[Nya,110a].
(1)What follows is taken from The Tibetan Tripitaka,Taipei[=Sde dge]Edition,vol.45,no.4125[#4120],112/1-2[Yu,389b-90a].
(2)See,H.W.Bailey,"Irano-IndicaⅢ,"Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 13(1950),404,notes that the Tibetan expression tho gar yul gyi bu mo brgya reflects Sanskrit satarnkdmbojikdndm kanydndm,that is,"a hundred maidens from Kamboja,"hence the equation Tho[g]gar=Kamboja.
(3)Shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa'i man ngag gi bstan bcos mngon par rtogs pa'i rgyan'grel pa dang bcas pa'i snga phyi'i'brel rnam par btsal zhing I dngos bstan kyi dka'ba'i gnas la legs par bshad pa'i dpung tshogs rnam par bkod pa I bzhed tshul rba rlabs kyi phreng ba,Collected Works,vol.11(New Delhi,1975),210-211.
(1)The texts contained in the Tenjurs do not divide it into any units of measurement.
(2)Neither word occurs in the manuscript of a treatise of this genre edited by Mimaki Katsumi under the almost generic title of Brda gsar rnying gi mam par dbye in"Dbus pa bio gsal no'Shin kyu goi shu'-koteibon shoko[The Brda gsar rnying gi rnam par dbye ba of Dbus pa bio gsal-a First Attempt at a Critical Edition,"Asian Languages and General Linguistics.Festschrift for Prof.Tatsuo Nishida on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday(Tokyo,1990),17-54.For that matter,the term bam po is not found in Mimaki Katsumi,"Index to Two Brda gsar rnying Treatises:The Works of Dbus pa bio gsal and Lcang skya Rol pa'i rdo rje,"[Bukkyo bunkoshi ronshu(Collected Articles on the Cultural History of Buddhism)~\Journal of the Naritasan Institute for Buddhist Studies[Special Issue](1992),479-503,or in the Li shi'i gur khang lexicon of possibly 1536 that is attributed to Skyogs ston[or:Smin grub]Lo tsa ba Rin chen bkra shis,including the version that was edited by A myes zhabs Ngag dbang kun dga'bsod nams(1597-1659)on the basis of a handful of manuscripts,for which see his Gsar rnying gi brda'i rnam dbye legs par bshad pa gsung rab kun la lta ba'i sgron ma,Sum rtags dang Dag yig,Dpal ldan sa skya pa'i gsung rab,vol.2,ed.G.yag'Jam(Beijing:Mi rigs dpe skun khang/Mtsho sngon mi rigs dpe skrun khang,2004),413-440-a different manuscript of this work was published in the edition of his Collected Works,vol.26(Kathmandu:Sa skya rgyal yongs gsung rab slob gnyer khang,2000),253-284.Skyogs ston Lo tsa ba reports in the biography of his teacher Zhwa lu Lo tsa ba Chos skyong bzang po(1441-1528)that the latter had written a study of Dbus pa Bio gsal's work,for which see the Rje btsun zhwa lu lo tsa ba'i rnam par thar pa brjed byang nor bu'i khri shing,forty-two-folio handwritten dbu med manuscript,37b.This work is there re-ferred to as the Dbus pa bio gsal bas bya ba'i brda'gsar rnying la dpyad pa,which is probably not a title.In addition to the titles that are given by Gser mdog Pan chen and the manuscript published by Mimaki of Dbus pa Bio gsal's lexicon,there are several other manuscripts of cognate texts with different titles that are attributed to him as well;see the'Bras spungs dgon du bzhugs su gsol ba'i dpe rnying dkar chag,Smad cha[2],comp.Dpal brtsegs bod yig dpe rnying zhib'jug khang(Beijing:Mi rigs dpe skrun khang,2004),1481-1482,I486-1487[nos.016696,016706,016748 016756]for respectively,an eight-folio Skad brda'i rnam dbye,an eleven-folio'Gyur skad snga phyi'i brda'i khyad par mdo tsam bstan pa'i tshig gi le'u,a five-folio Brda skad gsar rnying gi khyad par gdams ngag,and a seven-folio Brda gsar rnying gi dbye ba.Lastly,we do find the entry Ixim por sbrel in Rnam rgyal tshe ring's recent Bod yig brda rnying tshig mdzod(Beijing:Krung go'i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang,2001),350,meaning mnyam por bsdams pa,"to tie together,to bind together,"albeit without an indication whence he had taken this expression.
(1)Witness the dissonant note in the descending order,with the nine following the eight-syllable metre,which is in part due to the fact that the first three belong to the samavrtta{Tib.mnyam pa'i'phel)category of Sanskrit metres,which is different from from the fourth and last one,which belongs to the^dri(tib.bskyed pa)metre.For the first three,see M.Hahn,Jndnairimitra's Vr ttamdldstuti.Eine Beispielsammlung zur altindischen Metrik,Asiatische Forschungen,Band 33(Wiesbaden:Otto Harrassowitz,1971),23,25 and 188-189,181-182,87-88.J ndnairimitra conceived the Vrttamalastuti as a eulogy of Manjuiri and Sa skya Pandita Kun dga'rgyal mtshan(1182-1251)himself experimented with prosody in a work titled Bde bar gshegs pa'i thugs rje la bskul ba,Sa skya pa'i bka''bum,ed.Bsod nams rgya mtsho,vol.5(Tokyo:The Toyo Bunko,1968),no.16,141/4-3/1[=Gsung'bum,vol.4,Mes po'i shul bzhag,vol.18,Dpal brtsegs bod yig dpe rnying zhib'jug khang(Beijing:Krung go'i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang,2007),258-262].He discusses the aforesaid metres[for the first time in the history of Tibetan letters]in his circa 1225 Sdeb sbyor sna tshogs me tog gi chun po,Sa skya pa'i bka''bum,ed.Bsod nams rgya mtsho,vol.5(Tokyo:The Toyo Bunko,1968),no.15,136/4:me tog phreng rgyud'dzin],136/1-2:son rtsemocanma,134/2:rjes su bsngags pa,and 139/1:'phags pa'i dbyangs[=Gsung'bum,vol.4,Mes po'i shul bzhag,vol.18,Dpal brtsegs bod yig dpe mying zhib'jug khang(Beijing:Krung go'i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang,2007),237,234-235,226-227,246].For his discussions of Sanskrit prosody,he based himself in part on Ratnakarasanti's(early 11~(th)c.)Chandoratndkara,}ndnairimitra's(?)later V r ttamdldstuti,as well as some unnamed other sources.As for the'phags pa'i dbyangs[or:'phags/>a]metre,he writes that it is for the better part(phal cher)a vis amavrtta(tib.mi mnyam pa'i'phel)metre and this is precisely Ratnakarasanti's position as found in his autocommentary on the Chandoratndkara,for which see The Tibetan Tripitaka,Taipei[=Sde dge]Edition,vol.50,no.4309[#4304],285/4[Se,373b].For the extant folios of almost half the Sanskrit text of the latter,see now M.Hahn,"Ratnakara.Santi's Autocommentary on His Chandoratndkara,"Vicitrakusumdnjali.Volume Presented to Richard Othon Meisezahl on the Occasion of his Eightieth Birthday,ed.H.Eimer(Bonn:Indica et Tibetica Verlag,1986),77-100.Sa skya Pandita writes furthermore in his Sdeb sbyor sna tshogs me tog gi chun po,140/4[Gsung'bum,253],that Nagdrjuna's(2~(nd)c.)Suh r llekha was originally written in the'phags pa'i dbyangs metre and that the translator simplified it by making it a quatrain with nine syllables in each metrical foot.Additional meters that may have been known to the post-Dpang Lo tsd ba Bio gros brtan pa Tibetan intelligentia could have been taken from Sakyarak s ita's vivr ti-commentary on the Vr ttamdldstuti,for which see now M.Hahn,"Sanskrit Metrics——As Studied at the Buddhist Universities in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries A.D.,"Journal of the Nepal Research Centre IX(1993),56-76.
(2)I am not at all confident of my rendition of the last sentence.I have taken,at my peril,the phrase-tshad dang de…to indicate something like de dang de,"that and that,"that is,"etc."
(1)'Orel pa don gsal gyi steng nas rgyas'bring bsdus gsum mngon rtogs rgyan rtsa'grel sogs mdo rgyan sbyar ba'i gzab bshad kyi zin bris sbas don gsal ba'i sgron me,Collected Works,vol.I(New Delhi,1975),45a:6am po zhes pa'di gzhung gi cha mang po sdoms pa la zer de'ang lhag pa bsnan nas je mang du gtong ba dang I sugar yod bsal nas je nyung du gtong ba Ita bu'i sgro skur spangs pa'i eked du lo tsd bas byas pa yin\_la/].
(2)Lha bla ma ye shes'od kyi rnam[s]thar,5b;I have expanded the abbreviated spellings of various expressions in the text.Gu ge Pan chen wrote this work in Lha bla ma's see of Mtho gling monastery,and my thanks go out to Mr.Gu ge Tshe ring rgyal po for sharing with me his copy of this valuable handwritten dbu med manuscript in forty-one folios.
(3)If my interpretation of this cryptic(for me!)line is correct,then the figure must be based on the fact that the sutra has three hundred 6am po.If the scribe were to get paid one and a half zho per copied 6am po,then he would receive two hundred 260 in all.If this is the equivalent of sixty-two and half srang,then one srang equals three and two-tenths of a zho.
(1)Bya rgyud spyi'i rnam par bshad pa legs par bshad pa'i rgya mtsho,Sa skya pa'i bka''bum,comp.Bsod nams rgya mtsho,vol.10(Tokyo:The Toyo Bunko,1968),no.135,274/1.
(1)See the 1466 Rgyal bzangs smon mkhar blockprint,fol.3a.This passage is very similar to what we find in the Dpal dus kyi'khor lo las'byung ba'i rtsis kyi tshul la yang dag pa'i ngag sbyin pa Legs par bshad pa padma dkar po'i zhal lung of 1447 in which Grwa phug pa Lhun grub rgya mtsho(ca.1400-ca.60)systematically laid out his profound reservations with'Gos Lo tsd ba's work)see the 1681 Dga'ldan phun tshogs gling blockprint,fol.14a[=Rtsis gzhung pad dkar zhal lung,ed.Yum pa(Beijing:Mi rigs dpe skrun khang,2002),20].The passage is attributed to"contemporary Kalacakra exponents."A gloss of unknown authorship includes among these"others"a certain"Chos",which most probably is a short-hand reference to'Jam dbyangs Chos kyi mgon po(ca.1330-ca.1400).