土坡稳定问题的有限元分析
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摘要
近年来,随着经济的高速发展,我国各地区均需要修建大量的基础设施,如高速公路、铁路、机场、码头、海堤、路堤、土坝等,在这些工程项目中土坡得到广泛的应用,必然就存在着土坡稳定问题。土坡稳定分析是一个十分重要的问题,它对土坡的经济性和安全性有着重要影响,每年都会由于滑坡造成巨大的经济损失。安全系数作为衡量土坡稳定的安全度指标,其计算结果受诸多因素的影响,正确选择土坡稳定所要求的安全系数,对正确评判土坡的稳定性具有十分重要的作用。目前对某些土坡计算出的安全系数大于1.0,还是发生了滑坡,而有的土坡虽然算出的安全系数小于1.0,但却是稳定的。这些情况表明,影响计算安全系数的因素非常复杂。
     荷载控制法和位移控制法是非线性分析中早期常用的参数控制方法。但荷载控制法仅适用于屈曲前路径的跟踪;位移控制法可用于全过程的跟踪,但当自由度较多时,位移控制点不易选取,且所选控制点的位移必须一直增大,因而不适用自由度较多的结构。另外,对于结构变形存在跳回现象的情况,位移控制法也无法胜任。可见,荷载增量控制法控制的是△λ,位移控制法控制的是△μ,而弧长法则同时控制△λ与△μ,以使位移向量增量的内积在迭代过程中保持为常量。本文的一个重要创新是:在有限元程序中引入弧长法,利用弧长控制法跟踪结构破坏的全过程,自动搜索并精确确定结构破坏的临界点。本文在序论中详细阐述了目前国内外对土坡稳定分析的理论和方法,并比较各种方法之间的差异和他们的优缺点:详细阐述了有限元程序编制的原理方法,步骤和过程;详细阐述了弧长法原理,推导出了弧长法的实现过程和步骤,并把弧长法应用于有限元理论中,编制了土坡稳定分析程序.APSS(Analysis Program of Slope Stability):最后,应用本文完成的分析程序APSS,计算了4个工程实例。通过实例证明此方法的可靠性,稳定性和收敛性,展示了弧长法对于搜索极值所体现出来的优越性与先进性。
Recently,with the rapid development of economy,many area of our country builda lot of fundamental facilities,such as freeways,railways,airports,seawalls,rail roadembankments,earth dams and SO on.In these engineering projects,earth slopes havebeen widely used and inevitably exist the stability problem.The analysis of slopestability has a great impact on economy and safety.Lots of loss arises from thelandslide annually.As a yardstick of slope stability,safety factor is influenced by manyfactors during the course of calculation.The safety factor rightly selected,which slopestability requires,has a great importance to the reasonable j udge of slope stability.Atpresent,in some slope stability calculation,although safety factors are greater than 1.0.the landslide still OCCur,while some embankment are stable,but their safety factorscalculated are less than 1.0.These indicate the terrible complexity of influence of safetyfactor calculated.
     Among the nonlinear analysis approaches,load-control method and displacemenf-control are the main tools of primitive parametric contr01.But the formeris appropriate to track pathway only before its flexure and the latter Can be used to tracethe whole process.But when the freedom is multiple,the displacement of control point,whose displacement must increase,is difficult to select.So the displacement control method is not appropriate to multiple freedom structure.In addition,when structure deformation j umps back,displacement—control method isn’t fit for it.In a word,the method of load increment control curbs,52.while displacement control method bridles,su,and the arc-length method simultaneously controls both△λand Au to keep the interior product of displacement vectors constant.One of the important originalities in this dissertation is to introduce arc—length method to the Finite Element Method(FEM)program,made use of arC—length method to track the whole process of structure deformation until to its failure,automatically hunt for and precisely define the critical state Of structure failure.
     This dissertation expounds in detail the present theories and approaches of analysis of the slope stability at home and abroad,comparing their discrepancy and th.eir virtues and defects,formulizing the principle,steps and processes of FEM program,
    elaborating arc-length method and the derivation of how to realize the processes and
    
    
    steps of arc—length,and then arc-length method is used to the FEM theory,compiled theanalysis program of slope stability(APSS).Finally,four engineering cases arecalculated through APSS program to prove the reliability,stability and good astringencyof arc-length method,and display its superiority and advance during the.course of hunting for extreme value.
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