摘要
创新是一个民族进步的灵魂，是国家兴旺发达的不竭动力。研究企业创新问题，提出创新建议，对于进行国有企业改革，增强企业活力，应对国内外日益激烈的竞争，具有十分重要的现实意义。
美的集团在过去三十多年里，从一个以小家电起家的镇办企业，发展成为以白色家电制造业为核心，以小家电产品相配合的大型企业集团，就是依靠不断创新。
本文以美的集团的创新发展过程为例，运用实证和理论分析的办法，较全面的剖析美的集团的成长过程。从实证分析中发现，美的集团的成功在于，以体制创新为龙头，通过股份制改造，并不断优化股权结构，逐步建立完善的企业制度；以组织创新为基础，通过事业部制改革，优化资源配置，调动中层管理者的积极性；以技术开发为核心，加强新产品开发，增强企业的技术优势；以建设营销网络为突破口，通过品牌经营，扩大市场份额；以管理创新为手段，努力提高生产效率，降低成本，通过激励机制，努力营造具有特色的企业文化；培育和形成企业的核心竞争力，并在实践中进一步提升这一竞争能力，从而赢得了市场，赢得了顾客。
根据约瑟夫．熊彼特对“企业家”的定义，只有那些对经济环境作出创造性或创新性的反应，从而推进企业生产发展的经理，才能被称为“企业家”。在美的集团的发展过程中，可以清楚地看到，董事长何享健发挥了十分重要的作用。他凭着敏锐的眼光和非凡的胆略，为企业抓住了几次关键的发展机会，这充分体现了一个企业家的重要性和价值。企业核心竞争力来源于创新，而创新就是对企业业务资源和知识资源的有效整合。多年来，美的集团在股权结构、组织形式、技术开发、激励机制、企业文化等方面进行的探索、创新，有效地发挥了资源的潜能，改善了企业的管理能力，提高了生产效率，形成了企业的竞争优势。
笔者认为，美的集团创新发展的经验可供国有企业改革借鉴。国有企业改革应从产权制度改革入手，促进企业经营机制的转换，逐步建立健全的公司法人治理结构；尽快培养和造就一支宏大的、懂得社会主义市场经济的企业家队伍；加强企业的技术创新，建立适合技术创新的环境；重视企业文化建设，强调尊重人、关心人，以人为中心的现代企业管理，努力营造充满生机活力、积极向上的企业文化氛围；加强和改善企业管理，提高企业整体素质，以适应新的竞争环境。
根据“十五”规划，美的集团将致力于发展成为一个国际化的家电企业。从宏观层面来看，经济全球化、知识经济和中国加入WTO，有利于家电产品出口，有利于降低生产成本，促进现代企业制度的建设，促进统一开放、竞争有序的市场体系形成，同时也会加剧家电行业内部的竞争。从微观层面来看，我国家电行业具有广阔的市场前景，但行业内部竞争激烈，分散度较高，技术开发能力低。因此，笔者认为，美的要实现其“十五”目标必须仍然依靠创新。
The innovation is the spirit of the nationality upgrading and is also a continuous power of the national thriving. Studying questions with respect to the innovation and putting forward suggestions to the innovation will be significant to reforming state-owned enterprises, increasing their active power, and dealing with intense competition from domestics and foreign countries.
In the past 30 years, Midea Group was developed into a large-sized group manufacturing white electrical appliances as core businesses and some other small electrical appliances as well from a small town enterprise.
This paper took Midea Group as an example to fully analyze its creation process based on practical examples and theoretical methods. From the analysis of actual examples, it was found that the key of Midea Group's success is based on the system, organization, technical, management and marketing innovation, which created its core competence, upgraded such competence in the practical process, and resulted in the market share increase and the customer recognition.
According to the definition of "innovation" by J.A.Schumpeter, only the manager that can take creative reactions to the economic environment can be called "innovation". In the development process of Midea Group, Mr Henjian He, Chairman of Midea Group, played very important roles. With the sensitive feeling and outstanding courage, Mr.He caught several key chances for the development of Midea Group, which represented the importance and value of a "creation". The core competence comes from the innovation, while the innovation is to effectively integrate business resources and intellectual resources of an enterprise. Over years, Midea Group carried out exploration and creation in the respects of the equity structure, organization structure, incentive plans and enterprise cultures, which improved Midea's management capability, increased productivity, and formed its strength in the competition.
The writer thought that Midea Group 's experiences in the creation should be helpful to reforming state owned enterprises. The reforming of state owned enterprises should start from the ownership system, promoting the transfer of the management system, establishing a perfect corporate management structure. To adapt the new competition environment, cultivating a creation team that master social market economy, strengthening technical innovation, creating positive and vigorous enterprise culture, modifying management system, and increasing the quality of enterprises are required.
According the tenth five year plan, Midea Group will try to be an international electrical appliance manufacturer. From the macro level, globalization, intellectual economy and China WTO entry will be benefit to electrical appliance exporting, production cost reduction, establishment of a modern enterprise system, and the establishment of a open, competitive and ordinal market system. From the micro level, the electrical appliance market is prosperous. But the competition is very strong, manufacturers' dispersion is high, and capability of technical development is low. Therefore, the writer thought that Midea Group would need further creation, to realize its tenth five year goal.
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