原油含水率测试技术及装置的研究
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摘要
随着油田的多年开采，油井的高压注水使原油输油管线中含水率增高，原油含水率直接影响原油的开采、脱水、集输、计量、销售、冶炼等，若含水率检测不准，将直接影响油井及油层动态分析，破坏电脱水器中电场，降低脱水效果，给原油集输造成很大能源浪费，在原油炼制过程中原油含水率超标易引起突沸等恶性事故的发生，因此原油含水在线检测非常重要。而含水率的精确测量十分困难，因此需要研制宽范围含水率计量仪表，实现原油含水率的在线精确测量。这对于确定出水、出油层位，估计产量和预测油井的开发寿命以及油田的产量质量控制、油井状态检测、减少能耗、降低成本和采油管理自动化具有重要的意义和实用价值。
本文的研究工作以含水原油为研究对象，由于输油管道内原油的含水率不同，使电容传感器探头的输出电容值发生变化，其变化量一般在几十到几百皮法范围，因此本文主要研究原油含水率的检测，主要完成了以下工作：
1．通过阅读国内外相关文献，对原油含水率测试技术及国内外相关产品的的动态进行介绍。
2．对原油含水率现有的几种主要测试方法进行了归纳总结和比较，分析了各种测试方法的基本原理、应用范围、优缺点并结合我国原油高黏度和高含水率的特点确定系统整体方案。
3．对系统的关键部分即电容传感器的输出电容的检测方法进行了阐述和比较，针对各种方法的特点，确定本系统采用充／放电法进行检测。重点阐述了充／放电法的基本原理，分析、设计、制作并调试了此方法的实际电路，即将电容值转换为线性成比例的电压值。
4．进行了系统其它部分的设计、制作和调试，包括电压信号的转换，即电压-频率转换电路、等精度频率测量电路、上位机控制数据采集、处理。
5．分析实验数据，为系统的进一步完善提出了几点建议。
Mine along with many years of the oil field, the high pressure affusion of the oil well makes water content in the crude oil pipeline higher, the water content directly affects the crude oil exploitation,dehydration, transportion, measure, sell, smelt etc.The inaccurate measure of the water content will affect directly oil well and oil layer dynamic analyse, destory the electrical field in the electric dehydrator, lower the dewatering effect, result in energy waste.During the process of the crude oil smelting,the superscale of the water content will easily cause serious accidents such as boil etc., so the on-line measure of the water content of the crude oil is very important.
But the accurately measure of the water content is very difficult, therefore it is necessary to develop a water content meter with wide-scope, in order to realize the on-line measure of water content of crude oil.This has important meaning and practical value to position the layer of water and oil, estimate oil yield, predict the life of exploitation of the oil well and control the yield, detect the status of oil well, reduce energy waste ,low the cost and manage automatically.
The measurment object of the research in this dissertation is the crude oil with water content.Because of the different water content,the output capacitances of the capacitor sensor vary.The range commonly between ten and hundred pF, so this dissertation mainly study the measurement of water content of crude oil.The main results are as follows:
1. Through studying the domestic and international related documents, introduce the measuring technology of the water content , states quo and the trend of domestic and international related products.
2.The existing several test methods of water content of crude oil are summarized and compared, the basic principle, application, merits and shortcomings are analyzed.The whole scheme has been advanced according to the feature of high viscosity and high water content of our country.
3.The key part of the system namely the measurement of the output capacitance of the capacitor sensor has been expatiated and compared, according to the characteristics of every kind of methods, charge / discharge method has been adopted.
4.The basic principle of the charge/discharge method is expatiated. Analysis, design, make and adjust the practical circuit of this method, namely capacitance is converted to linear proportional voltage value.
5.Design,make and adjust the other parts of the system,including the conversion of voltage, namely voltage-frequency circuit, the equal-precision frequency measurement circuit, data collection and processing of PC.
6.Analyze the experiment data, give some advices for the further perfect of the system.
本文的研究工作以含水原油为研究对象，由于输油管道内原油的含水率不同，使电容传感器探头的输出电容值发生变化，其变化量一般在几十到几百皮法范围，因此本文主要研究原油含水率的检测，主要完成了以下工作：
1．通过阅读国内外相关文献，对原油含水率测试技术及国内外相关产品的的动态进行介绍。
2．对原油含水率现有的几种主要测试方法进行了归纳总结和比较，分析了各种测试方法的基本原理、应用范围、优缺点并结合我国原油高黏度和高含水率的特点确定系统整体方案。
3．对系统的关键部分即电容传感器的输出电容的检测方法进行了阐述和比较，针对各种方法的特点，确定本系统采用充／放电法进行检测。重点阐述了充／放电法的基本原理，分析、设计、制作并调试了此方法的实际电路，即将电容值转换为线性成比例的电压值。
4．进行了系统其它部分的设计、制作和调试，包括电压信号的转换，即电压-频率转换电路、等精度频率测量电路、上位机控制数据采集、处理。
5．分析实验数据，为系统的进一步完善提出了几点建议。
Mine along with many years of the oil field, the high pressure affusion of the oil well makes water content in the crude oil pipeline higher, the water content directly affects the crude oil exploitation,dehydration, transportion, measure, sell, smelt etc.The inaccurate measure of the water content will affect directly oil well and oil layer dynamic analyse, destory the electrical field in the electric dehydrator, lower the dewatering effect, result in energy waste.During the process of the crude oil smelting,the superscale of the water content will easily cause serious accidents such as boil etc., so the on-line measure of the water content of the crude oil is very important.
But the accurately measure of the water content is very difficult, therefore it is necessary to develop a water content meter with wide-scope, in order to realize the on-line measure of water content of crude oil.This has important meaning and practical value to position the layer of water and oil, estimate oil yield, predict the life of exploitation of the oil well and control the yield, detect the status of oil well, reduce energy waste ,low the cost and manage automatically.
The measurment object of the research in this dissertation is the crude oil with water content.Because of the different water content,the output capacitances of the capacitor sensor vary.The range commonly between ten and hundred pF, so this dissertation mainly study the measurement of water content of crude oil.The main results are as follows:
1. Through studying the domestic and international related documents, introduce the measuring technology of the water content , states quo and the trend of domestic and international related products.
2.The existing several test methods of water content of crude oil are summarized and compared, the basic principle, application, merits and shortcomings are analyzed.The whole scheme has been advanced according to the feature of high viscosity and high water content of our country.
3.The key part of the system namely the measurement of the output capacitance of the capacitor sensor has been expatiated and compared, according to the characteristics of every kind of methods, charge / discharge method has been adopted.
4.The basic principle of the charge/discharge method is expatiated. Analysis, design, make and adjust the practical circuit of this method, namely capacitance is converted to linear proportional voltage value.
5.Design,make and adjust the other parts of the system,including the conversion of voltage, namely voltage-frequency circuit, the equal-precision frequency measurement circuit, data collection and processing of PC.
6.Analyze the experiment data, give some advices for the further perfect of the system.
引文
[1]王莉田等．原油含水率测量仪的研究[J]．传感技术学报，2000(1)：44-47．
[2]朱立新等．原油含水率自动监测仪表的系统设计[J]．自动化与仪表，2000，15(6)：10-14．
[3]赵千锁，徐伟．短波原油含水监测仪及其应用[J]．化工自动化及仪表，1996，23(1)：60-62．
[4]沈明新．智能化石油含水测量仪[J]．自动化与仪表，1995，10(3)：7-10．
[5]徐巍，窦剑文．工业含水仪的微机化设计与实现[J]．自动化仪表，2001，22(5)：29-31．
[6]张东安等．应用短波吸收法监测原油含水量[J]．电子技术应用，1990(9)：10-12．
[7]黄正华等．电容传感器的敏感探头[J]．仪表技术与传感器，1996(5)：14-16．
[8]刘更民．智能化电容法原油含水量的测量[J]．自动化与仪表，1988，10(3)：14-15．
[9]马世勇．射频电容式传感器的研究与应用[J]．传感器技术，2001，20(2)：43-45。
[10]凌玉华等．射频法重油含水率测量仪的研究[J]．仪器仪表学报，1999，20(4)：380-382．
[11]王莉田等．电荷转移式原油含水率传感器的研究[J]．传感器技术，1999，18(2)：19-21．
[12]李锻炼等．抗寄生干扰的小电容测量电路的研究[J]．仪表技术与传感器，1997(7)：28-32．
[13]李学清．一种高频抗杂散电容的小电容测量电路[J]．仪表技术与传感器，1992(3)：9-12．
[14]关宇东，柳玉敬．开关电容网络在PF级电容传感器测量中的应用[J]．电测与仪表，1994(9)：40-42．
[15]杨仁德等．原油低含水分析仪传感器的研制[J]．电测与仪表，1998，35(6)：36-38．
[16]王玉田等．一种新型三相流测量系统的研制[J]．传感器技术，2001，20(10)：28-31．
[17]刘海等．一种新型高含水测量传感器的理论方法研究[J]．石油仪器，2001，15(3)：8-10．
[18]宋吉江等．CMOS模拟开关及其选择问题[J]．微电子技术，2001，29(3)：58-60．
[19]CA3140数据手册 intersil
[20]DG201数据手册 intersil
[21]杨振江．A／D、D／A转换器接口技术与实用线路[M]．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，1998．
[22]LM331数据手册 National Semiconductor
[23]曾繁泰等．可编程器件应用导论[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，2001．
[24]潘松，黄继业．EDA技术实用教程[M]．北京：科学出版社，2002．
[25]潘松等．VHDL实用教程[M]．成都：电子科技大学出版社，2000．
[26]卢毅，赖杰．VHDL与数字电路设计[M]．北京：科学出版社，2001．
[27]林敏，方颖立．VHDL数字系统设计与高层次综合[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，2002．
[28]侯伯亨，顾新．VHDL硬件描述语言与数字逻辑电路设计(修订版)[M]．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，2001．
[29]冯涛，王程．可编程逻辑器件开发技术MAXPLUS Ⅱ入门与提高[M]．北京：人民邮电出版社，2002．
[30]宋万杰等．CPLD技术及其应用[M]．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，1999．
[31]DS18B20数据手册 DALLAS SemiConductor
[32]李朝青．PC机及单片机数据通信技术[M]．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，1999．
[33]范逸之．Visual Basic与分布式监控系统-RS-232／485串行通信[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，2002．
[34]Greg Perry．学用Visual Basic6.0[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，西蒙与舒斯特国际出版公司，2001．
[35]张良．用MAX813L设计单片机看门狗与电源监控电路[J]．单片机有嵌入式系统应用，2001(5)：51-52
[36]MAX813L数据手册 MAXIM
[37]78XX数据手册 VISHAY
[38]LM317数据手册 National SemiConductor
[39]LT1764数据手册 LINEAR TECHNOLOGY
[40]徐爱钧，彭秀华．单片机高级语言C51 Windows环境编程与应用[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，2001．
[41]马忠梅等．单片机的C语言应用程序设计[M]．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，1998．
[42]Hiroki Matsumoto. A Switched-Capacitor Digital Capacitance Meter[J]. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 1986, IM-35(4): 555-559.
[43]Daniele Marioli, Emilio Sardini, and Andrea Taroni. Measurement of Small Capacitance Variations [J]. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 1991, 40(2) : 426-428
[44]Cristina N. Strizzolo and Jose Converti. Capacitance Sensors for Measurement of Phase Volume Fraction in Two-Phase Pipelines[J]. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 1993, 42(3): 726-729.
[2]朱立新等．原油含水率自动监测仪表的系统设计[J]．自动化与仪表，2000，15(6)：10-14．
[3]赵千锁，徐伟．短波原油含水监测仪及其应用[J]．化工自动化及仪表，1996，23(1)：60-62．
[4]沈明新．智能化石油含水测量仪[J]．自动化与仪表，1995，10(3)：7-10．
[5]徐巍，窦剑文．工业含水仪的微机化设计与实现[J]．自动化仪表，2001，22(5)：29-31．
[6]张东安等．应用短波吸收法监测原油含水量[J]．电子技术应用，1990(9)：10-12．
[7]黄正华等．电容传感器的敏感探头[J]．仪表技术与传感器，1996(5)：14-16．
[8]刘更民．智能化电容法原油含水量的测量[J]．自动化与仪表，1988，10(3)：14-15．
[9]马世勇．射频电容式传感器的研究与应用[J]．传感器技术，2001，20(2)：43-45。
[10]凌玉华等．射频法重油含水率测量仪的研究[J]．仪器仪表学报，1999，20(4)：380-382．
[11]王莉田等．电荷转移式原油含水率传感器的研究[J]．传感器技术，1999，18(2)：19-21．
[12]李锻炼等．抗寄生干扰的小电容测量电路的研究[J]．仪表技术与传感器，1997(7)：28-32．
[13]李学清．一种高频抗杂散电容的小电容测量电路[J]．仪表技术与传感器，1992(3)：9-12．
[14]关宇东，柳玉敬．开关电容网络在PF级电容传感器测量中的应用[J]．电测与仪表，1994(9)：40-42．
[15]杨仁德等．原油低含水分析仪传感器的研制[J]．电测与仪表，1998，35(6)：36-38．
[16]王玉田等．一种新型三相流测量系统的研制[J]．传感器技术，2001，20(10)：28-31．
[17]刘海等．一种新型高含水测量传感器的理论方法研究[J]．石油仪器，2001，15(3)：8-10．
[18]宋吉江等．CMOS模拟开关及其选择问题[J]．微电子技术，2001，29(3)：58-60．
[19]CA3140数据手册 intersil
[20]DG201数据手册 intersil
[21]杨振江．A／D、D／A转换器接口技术与实用线路[M]．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，1998．
[22]LM331数据手册 National Semiconductor
[23]曾繁泰等．可编程器件应用导论[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，2001．
[24]潘松，黄继业．EDA技术实用教程[M]．北京：科学出版社，2002．
[25]潘松等．VHDL实用教程[M]．成都：电子科技大学出版社，2000．
[26]卢毅，赖杰．VHDL与数字电路设计[M]．北京：科学出版社，2001．
[27]林敏，方颖立．VHDL数字系统设计与高层次综合[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，2002．
[28]侯伯亨，顾新．VHDL硬件描述语言与数字逻辑电路设计(修订版)[M]．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，2001．
[29]冯涛，王程．可编程逻辑器件开发技术MAXPLUS Ⅱ入门与提高[M]．北京：人民邮电出版社，2002．
[30]宋万杰等．CPLD技术及其应用[M]．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，1999．
[31]DS18B20数据手册 DALLAS SemiConductor
[32]李朝青．PC机及单片机数据通信技术[M]．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，1999．
[33]范逸之．Visual Basic与分布式监控系统-RS-232／485串行通信[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，2002．
[34]Greg Perry．学用Visual Basic6.0[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，西蒙与舒斯特国际出版公司，2001．
[35]张良．用MAX813L设计单片机看门狗与电源监控电路[J]．单片机有嵌入式系统应用，2001(5)：51-52
[36]MAX813L数据手册 MAXIM
[37]78XX数据手册 VISHAY
[38]LM317数据手册 National SemiConductor
[39]LT1764数据手册 LINEAR TECHNOLOGY
[40]徐爱钧，彭秀华．单片机高级语言C51 Windows环境编程与应用[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，2001．
[41]马忠梅等．单片机的C语言应用程序设计[M]．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，1998．
[42]Hiroki Matsumoto. A Switched-Capacitor Digital Capacitance Meter[J]. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 1986, IM-35(4): 555-559.
[43]Daniele Marioli, Emilio Sardini, and Andrea Taroni. Measurement of Small Capacitance Variations [J]. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 1991, 40(2) : 426-428
[44]Cristina N. Strizzolo and Jose Converti. Capacitance Sensors for Measurement of Phase Volume Fraction in Two-Phase Pipelines[J]. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 1993, 42(3): 726-729.
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