文学翻译中的归化和异化
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摘要
当代翻译理论的一个最明显的特征就是翻译的“文化转向”。苏珊·巴斯奈特和安德烈·列费维尔认为这种“文化转向”是翻译研究领域里的“重大一步”。总的说来,在处理翻译中所涉及的文化因素时,有两种最基本的策略可供选择,那就是:归化和异化。
    归化和异化之争已经持续了几个世纪并且仍然困扰着当今的译者。两者之间的关系也一直是翻译研究的中心话题。本文拟就这两种策略进行初步的探索。
    译者是选择归化还是异化, 这受很多因素的限制。比如文化失衡、文化传统,读者、译者的主观性等等。并且归化和异化因为实质不一样,也有着各自的实用原则。经过仔细的实例分析,论文揭示了他们各自的优缺点。论文进一步指出把归化或者异化当作唯一的翻译策略无疑是片面的。译者应以一种策略为主,另一种为辅。两者缺一不可,互为补充。译者应该牢记鲁迅先生的话:“一个目的是要使译文能懂,另一个是要保留原文的精神和风姿” (鲁迅,1984:246) 。
    论文分为七章:第一章全面地简介将要探讨的问题。第二章简要地回顾东西方关于归化与异化之争。第三章探讨在译者策略选择过程中的制约因素。第四章仔细分析归化。第五章仔细分析异化。第六章归纳归化和异化的关系。第七章是对全文的总结。
One of the most significant features of contemporary translation theories is the orientation towards cultural rather than linguistic transference. Susan Bassnett and Andre Lefevere regard this "cultural return" as " a momentous step" (Lefevere &Bassnett, 1992: 4)in the field of translation study. Generally speaking, there are two basic strategies that deal with cultural elements involved in translation: domestication and foreignization.
    The debate over domestication and foreignization has lasted for centuries and still besets the translators today. Their relationship is always the central issue of translation studies. This dissertation will make a tentative study on them.
    The translator's choice between domestication and foreignization is constrained by many factors: the cultural disparity, the cultural tradition, the readers, the subjectivity of the translator, etc. Domestication and foreignization are of different essences and have different rules of application. After a careful analysis, the dissertation reveals that these two strategies have their own advantages and limitations and that the advocacy of either domestication or foreignization as the sole strategy is unavoidably one-sided and biased. They both are indispensable and they usually supplement each other with one as the primary strategy and the other as the secondary. The translator should bear in mind Lu Xun's words, "One purpose is to make the translated text intelligible, the other to keep the spirit and manner of the original" (鲁迅, 1984 : 246).
    The dissertation falls into seven parts: Chapter 1 is the introduction which gives an overall view of what is going to be discussed; Chapter 2 is a brief review of the debates over domestication and foreignization; Chapter 3 presents an investigation of the factors circumscribing the decision-making process; Chapter 4 is devoted to an analysis into domestication; Chapter 5 serves as a careful analysis of foreignization; Chapter 6 focuses on the relationship between domestication and foreignization; and at the end of this dissertation comes the conclusion.
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