开级配沥青磨耗层级配和性能的研究
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摘要
开级配沥青磨耗层(OGFC)是一种具有相互连通空隙的开级配混合料，具有优良的排水、防滑、降噪等功能，然而该种混合料空隙率达15％以上，沥青用量低，混合料的耐久性和强度会产生一定影响，由于我国高速公路重载、超载严重，按国外设计方法设计的OGFC混合料难以满足路用性能的要求，因此，OGFC在我国高等级公路建设中一直没有得到推行。
本文对OGFC的矿料级配组成，路用性能、受力机理进行了系统研究。在分析各国OGFC级配的基础上，运用矿料体积法进行OGFC级配设计，用正交实验对矿料级配进行了优化设计，运用数理统计方法分析矿料级配和孔隙率之间的关系，并回归出矿料关键筛孔通过率与OGFC骨架空隙结构关系的数学方程，进而提出了OGFC的合理级配；通过对不同孔隙率典型级配混合料的性能研究，综合力学和功能性能，得出了OGFC的合理孔隙率范围：针对高速公路面层对OGFC力学性能方面的要求，本文从沥青胶结材料、纤维稳定剂两方面对OGFC的性能进行改善：通过SBS和橡胶粉复合改性的方法开发出了适合OGFC的高粘度改性沥青，掺加聚合物纤维，提高OGFC的最佳沥青用量，进而改善了混合料的高温性能和抗水损害性能，优化设计出能满足高速公路路用性能，车辙动稳定度达5000次/mm以上，动融劈裂强度比90％，透水系数31ml/s，并具有防滑降噪功能的开级配沥青磨耗层(OGFC)混合料。最后，本文对OGFC的受力机理进行分析，结果表明：OGFC的粗集料骨架在混合料强度组成中有重要作用，同时沥青胶浆的凝聚力和对粗集料骨架的限制和裹附能力对OGFC的强度发挥也起着重要的作用。
Open graded friction courses (OGFC) is a kind of open graded porous asphalt mix designed to drain water on the road face when raining. It has good performance on draining, anti-slide and noise reducing. It is common used in foreign countries from 1980s, while the lack in China because its poor mechanics performance, due to the high pore rate, cannot fit for the heavy traffic load in China.
The grade composite, road performance and its mechanism are systemically studied. 1) The aggregate grade of OGFC is studied through the volume method base on the analysis of the aggregate grades. Then the grade is verified and the relation between the grade and pore rate is studied statistically, the typical grades of OGFC are developed; 2) The reasonable pore rate of OGFC is studied on the basis of the balance of mechanics and function performance; 3) the mineral fiber is added to the OGFC mixes to increase asphalt content, thus the anti-water performance of OGFC mixes are improved; 4) high viscous asphalt fit for the preparation of OGFC is prepared through composite modification by SBS and rubber powder; 5) The mechanics mechanism of OGFC is studied in the paper, it shows: asphalt paste, as well as the coarse aggregate skeleton, is essential to the mechanics of OGFC.
本文对OGFC的矿料级配组成，路用性能、受力机理进行了系统研究。在分析各国OGFC级配的基础上，运用矿料体积法进行OGFC级配设计，用正交实验对矿料级配进行了优化设计，运用数理统计方法分析矿料级配和孔隙率之间的关系，并回归出矿料关键筛孔通过率与OGFC骨架空隙结构关系的数学方程，进而提出了OGFC的合理级配；通过对不同孔隙率典型级配混合料的性能研究，综合力学和功能性能，得出了OGFC的合理孔隙率范围：针对高速公路面层对OGFC力学性能方面的要求，本文从沥青胶结材料、纤维稳定剂两方面对OGFC的性能进行改善：通过SBS和橡胶粉复合改性的方法开发出了适合OGFC的高粘度改性沥青，掺加聚合物纤维，提高OGFC的最佳沥青用量，进而改善了混合料的高温性能和抗水损害性能，优化设计出能满足高速公路路用性能，车辙动稳定度达5000次/mm以上，动融劈裂强度比90％，透水系数31ml/s，并具有防滑降噪功能的开级配沥青磨耗层(OGFC)混合料。最后，本文对OGFC的受力机理进行分析，结果表明：OGFC的粗集料骨架在混合料强度组成中有重要作用，同时沥青胶浆的凝聚力和对粗集料骨架的限制和裹附能力对OGFC的强度发挥也起着重要的作用。
Open graded friction courses (OGFC) is a kind of open graded porous asphalt mix designed to drain water on the road face when raining. It has good performance on draining, anti-slide and noise reducing. It is common used in foreign countries from 1980s, while the lack in China because its poor mechanics performance, due to the high pore rate, cannot fit for the heavy traffic load in China.
The grade composite, road performance and its mechanism are systemically studied. 1) The aggregate grade of OGFC is studied through the volume method base on the analysis of the aggregate grades. Then the grade is verified and the relation between the grade and pore rate is studied statistically, the typical grades of OGFC are developed; 2) The reasonable pore rate of OGFC is studied on the basis of the balance of mechanics and function performance; 3) the mineral fiber is added to the OGFC mixes to increase asphalt content, thus the anti-water performance of OGFC mixes are improved; 4) high viscous asphalt fit for the preparation of OGFC is prepared through composite modification by SBS and rubber powder; 5) The mechanics mechanism of OGFC is studied in the paper, it shows: asphalt paste, as well as the coarse aggregate skeleton, is essential to the mechanics of OGFC.
引文
[1] 吕伟民，沥青混合料设计原理与方法，上海：同济大学大学出版社，2001
[2] 沈金安，沥青及沥青混合料路用性能，北京：人民交通出版社，2001
[3] GDOT. Georgia Department of Transportation's Progress in Open-Graded Friction Course Development. Transportation Research Record. 2002
[4] Prithvi S. Kandhal Rajib B. Mallick. OPEN GRADED ASPHALT FRICTION COURSE: STATE OF THE PRACTICE. NCAT Report No. 98-7
[5] P M Nelson. Designing Porous Road Surfaces to reduce traffic noise Report of Noise & Vibration Group. 1994
[6] Mohammad Faghri, Martin H. Sadd Performance Improvement of Open-Graded Asphalt Mixes. Report of UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND TRANSPORTATION CENTER. October 2002
[7] Prithvi S. Kandhal Rajib B. Mallick. Design of new-generation open-graded friction courses. NCAT Report No. 99-3
[8] L. Allen Cooley, Jr. E. Ray Brown Donald E. Watson. Evaluation of OGFC mixtures containing cellulose fibers NCAT Report No. 2000-05
[9] X.G.Zhong; X.Zeng; and J.G.Rose Shear Modulus and Damping Ratio of Rubber-Modified Asphalt Mixes and Unsaturated Subgrade Soils.
[10] 沈金安．开级配多空隙排水型沥青路面 国外公路 1994．12：15～21
[11] Rajib B. Mallick Prithvi S. Kandhal L. Allen Cooley, Jr. Donald E. Watson. Design, construction, and performance of new-generation open-graded friction courses. NCAT Report No. 2000-01
[12] 张宜洛，梅卫国．透水型沥青路面的施工．黑龙江工程学院学报．2003．3：
[13] 屈殿功，巩涛，张宵鹏．OGFC排水性沥青混凝土路面施工技术．公路．2004．1：21～29
[14] 牛俊明等．排水性沥青抗滑层混合料的路用性能研究．石油沥青．1997．3：37～45
[15] T.F.Fwa, S.A.Tan, L.Y.Zhu, Reexamining C-φ Concept For Asphalt Paving Mix Design, AAPT, 2000
[16] 王端宜，张肖宁，王绍怀 级配对沥青混合料体积特性的影响．华南理工大学学报(自
然科学版)2002．3：53～56
[17] 张肖宁，郭祖辛，吴旷怀，按体积法设计沥青混合料，哈尔滨建筑大学学报，1995
[18] 交通部公路科学研究所，中华人民共和国行业标准，公路工程沥青及沥青混合料试验规程JTJ052-2000，北京：人民交通出版社，2000
[19] 中华人民共和国交通部，中华人民共和国行业标准，公路工程集料试验规程JTJ058-2000，北京：人民交通出版社，2000
[20] 卢永贵，张登良 粗集料间隙率试验研究 西安公路交通大学学报．2001．1：33～36
[21] 王林等，嵌挤密级配沥青混合料抗滑磨耗层的设计方法，华东公路，2001
[22] 田波，侯芸，沥青混合料中骨架结构特征的评价，同济大学学报，2001
[23] 刘红瑛．大空隙沥青混合料配合比设计研究．石油沥青．2003．3：10～15
[24] 张宜洛，郝培文，许永明．透水性沥青混合料路用性能的研究．西安公路大学学报1997．7：14～17
[25] Xiaohu Lu, Ulf lsacsson, and Jonas Ekblad Phase Separation of SBS Polymer Modified Bitumens Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering/February 1999.
[26] 黄卫东，吕伟民，李套岭 编译．国外聚合物改性沥青的研究与应用．国外公路．1999年8月：43～49
[27] Xiaohu Lu and Ulf Isacsson Influence of Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene Polymer Modification on Bitumen Viscosity Fuel Vol.76, No. 14/15, pp. 1353-1359, 1997.
[28] 中华人民共和国交通部，中华人民共和国国家标准，公路沥青路面施工技术规范，JTJ032-94，北京：人民交通出版社，1994
[29] 赵晶，王抒音，彭永恒，张肖宁．SBS改性沥青技术与效果评价．中国公路学报 1997年12月：18～24
[30] M. Murphy, etc.Recycled Polymers for Use as BitumenModifiers Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering/July/August 2001.
[32] Alekh S. Bhurke. Effect of polymer modification on the properties of asphalt concrete. A thesis of Michigan State University. 1999
[33] F. J. Navarro, etc. Rheological Characteristics of Ground Tire Rubber-Modified Bitumens Chemical Engineering Journal 89(2002) 53-61.
[34] A.A. Yousefi, A. Ait-Kadi, C. Roy. Effect of used-tire-derived pyrolytic oil residue on the properties of polymer-modified asphalts. Fuel 79 (2000): 975-986
[35] Mustaque Hossain, Stuart Swartz and Enam Hoque Fracture and Tensile Characteristics of Asphalt-Rubber Concrete Journal of Materials in Civil Enoineerino/November 1999
[36] 叶智刚，孔宪明，余剑英等．橡胶粉改性沥青的研究．武汉理工大学学报．2003年1月：11～14
[37] 张南鹭 复合改性沥青的研究 石油沥青．1995年9月：17～22
[38] 郭淑华 聚合物改性沥青的相容性及稳定性 石油沥青 2000年6月：6～13
[39] A. A. Za man, A. L.Fricke, and C.L.Beatty Rheological Properties of Rubber-Modified Asphalt Journal of Transportation Engineering/November/December 1995.
[40] 牟建波，张兰军 高粘度改性沥青的开发与应用研究．公路 2001年1月：33～36
[41] Abraham, H. Asphalts and allied substances, their occurrence, modes of production, uses in the arts and methods of testing. Fifth edition, vol 1. D van Nostrand Company, January 1945.
[42] 沈金安．改性沥青与SMA路面，人民交通出版社，1999
[43] 延西利 沥青混合料的强度形成机理的分析研究 西安公路学院学报 1994年9月：1～5
[2] 沈金安，沥青及沥青混合料路用性能，北京：人民交通出版社，2001
[3] GDOT. Georgia Department of Transportation's Progress in Open-Graded Friction Course Development. Transportation Research Record. 2002
[4] Prithvi S. Kandhal Rajib B. Mallick. OPEN GRADED ASPHALT FRICTION COURSE: STATE OF THE PRACTICE. NCAT Report No. 98-7
[5] P M Nelson. Designing Porous Road Surfaces to reduce traffic noise Report of Noise & Vibration Group. 1994
[6] Mohammad Faghri, Martin H. Sadd Performance Improvement of Open-Graded Asphalt Mixes. Report of UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND TRANSPORTATION CENTER. October 2002
[7] Prithvi S. Kandhal Rajib B. Mallick. Design of new-generation open-graded friction courses. NCAT Report No. 99-3
[8] L. Allen Cooley, Jr. E. Ray Brown Donald E. Watson. Evaluation of OGFC mixtures containing cellulose fibers NCAT Report No. 2000-05
[9] X.G.Zhong; X.Zeng; and J.G.Rose Shear Modulus and Damping Ratio of Rubber-Modified Asphalt Mixes and Unsaturated Subgrade Soils.
[10] 沈金安．开级配多空隙排水型沥青路面 国外公路 1994．12：15～21
[11] Rajib B. Mallick Prithvi S. Kandhal L. Allen Cooley, Jr. Donald E. Watson. Design, construction, and performance of new-generation open-graded friction courses. NCAT Report No. 2000-01
[12] 张宜洛，梅卫国．透水型沥青路面的施工．黑龙江工程学院学报．2003．3：
[13] 屈殿功，巩涛，张宵鹏．OGFC排水性沥青混凝土路面施工技术．公路．2004．1：21～29
[14] 牛俊明等．排水性沥青抗滑层混合料的路用性能研究．石油沥青．1997．3：37～45
[15] T.F.Fwa, S.A.Tan, L.Y.Zhu, Reexamining C-φ Concept For Asphalt Paving Mix Design, AAPT, 2000
[16] 王端宜，张肖宁，王绍怀 级配对沥青混合料体积特性的影响．华南理工大学学报(自
然科学版)2002．3：53～56
[17] 张肖宁，郭祖辛，吴旷怀，按体积法设计沥青混合料，哈尔滨建筑大学学报，1995
[18] 交通部公路科学研究所，中华人民共和国行业标准，公路工程沥青及沥青混合料试验规程JTJ052-2000，北京：人民交通出版社，2000
[19] 中华人民共和国交通部，中华人民共和国行业标准，公路工程集料试验规程JTJ058-2000，北京：人民交通出版社，2000
[20] 卢永贵，张登良 粗集料间隙率试验研究 西安公路交通大学学报．2001．1：33～36
[21] 王林等，嵌挤密级配沥青混合料抗滑磨耗层的设计方法，华东公路，2001
[22] 田波，侯芸，沥青混合料中骨架结构特征的评价，同济大学学报，2001
[23] 刘红瑛．大空隙沥青混合料配合比设计研究．石油沥青．2003．3：10～15
[24] 张宜洛，郝培文，许永明．透水性沥青混合料路用性能的研究．西安公路大学学报1997．7：14～17
[25] Xiaohu Lu, Ulf lsacsson, and Jonas Ekblad Phase Separation of SBS Polymer Modified Bitumens Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering/February 1999.
[26] 黄卫东，吕伟民，李套岭 编译．国外聚合物改性沥青的研究与应用．国外公路．1999年8月：43～49
[27] Xiaohu Lu and Ulf Isacsson Influence of Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene Polymer Modification on Bitumen Viscosity Fuel Vol.76, No. 14/15, pp. 1353-1359, 1997.
[28] 中华人民共和国交通部，中华人民共和国国家标准，公路沥青路面施工技术规范，JTJ032-94，北京：人民交通出版社，1994
[29] 赵晶，王抒音，彭永恒，张肖宁．SBS改性沥青技术与效果评价．中国公路学报 1997年12月：18～24
[30] M. Murphy, etc.Recycled Polymers for Use as BitumenModifiers Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering/July/August 2001.
[32] Alekh S. Bhurke. Effect of polymer modification on the properties of asphalt concrete. A thesis of Michigan State University. 1999
[33] F. J. Navarro, etc. Rheological Characteristics of Ground Tire Rubber-Modified Bitumens Chemical Engineering Journal 89(2002) 53-61.
[34] A.A. Yousefi, A. Ait-Kadi, C. Roy. Effect of used-tire-derived pyrolytic oil residue on the properties of polymer-modified asphalts. Fuel 79 (2000): 975-986
[35] Mustaque Hossain, Stuart Swartz and Enam Hoque Fracture and Tensile Characteristics of Asphalt-Rubber Concrete Journal of Materials in Civil Enoineerino/November 1999
[36] 叶智刚，孔宪明，余剑英等．橡胶粉改性沥青的研究．武汉理工大学学报．2003年1月：11～14
[37] 张南鹭 复合改性沥青的研究 石油沥青．1995年9月：17～22
[38] 郭淑华 聚合物改性沥青的相容性及稳定性 石油沥青 2000年6月：6～13
[39] A. A. Za man, A. L.Fricke, and C.L.Beatty Rheological Properties of Rubber-Modified Asphalt Journal of Transportation Engineering/November/December 1995.
[40] 牟建波，张兰军 高粘度改性沥青的开发与应用研究．公路 2001年1月：33～36
[41] Abraham, H. Asphalts and allied substances, their occurrence, modes of production, uses in the arts and methods of testing. Fifth edition, vol 1. D van Nostrand Company, January 1945.
[42] 沈金安．改性沥青与SMA路面，人民交通出版社，1999
[43] 延西利 沥青混合料的强度形成机理的分析研究 西安公路学院学报 1994年9月：1～5
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