开花期低温对寒地水稻颖花结实的影响
摘要
黑龙江省地处我国北方，气温偏低。水稻在生长发育过程中对温度较敏感，温度是影响寒地水稻产量和品质最重要的环境因子。冷害可分为延迟型冷害、障碍型冷害和混合型冷害。黑龙江省水稻障碍型冷害发生频繁，造成水稻减产。因此，研究水稻障碍型冷害具有重要的意义。
本项研究是利用人工气候室，进行4～12d的不同温度处理，温度分别是13℃、17℃、21℃和25℃，供试品种(系)为Cr-23和哈92-53，在抽穗后进行观察，记录开花情况，并检测花粉着落和萌发情况。如发现有颖花开裂，则认为花期已经开始，将需要处理的植株移入人工气候室内进行温度处理，记录并标明开花时间，对做过开花标记的颖花跟踪调查其结实率。
实验结果表明，无论是在低温处理前、处理期间还是在处理后开的颖花，其结实率均随处理时间长度的增加而降低。其中，颖花开花后经历低温其结实率受到的影响最小，颖花开花前经历低温其结实率受到的影响次之，颖花开花期间经历低温其结实率受到的影响最大。两个品种相比而言，Cr-23比哈92-53的抗冷性强，哈92-53因低温表现出结实率明显降低。颖花结实率的高低还与开花时花粉在柱头上的着落数以及萌发的花粉粒数有关。我们的研究结果认为，每个柱头上萌发的花粉粒数超过6个时，基本能够正常结实。
Heilongjiang Province is located in the north of China and the temperature is on the low side. Rice is rather sensitive to temperature and temperature is the primary environment factor that affects rice output and quality in cold region. Cooling injury can be classified as such three types as delay type, sterile type and mixed type. Sterile-type cooling injury occurs at a rather high frequency in Heilongjiang and causes reduction of output of rice. As a result, the study of sterile-type cooling injury with respect to rice has great significance.
In this research two varieties (lines) of rice of Cr-23 and Ha92-53 is selected to be treated in different temperatures during 4 to 12 days in phytotran and the designed temperature values is 13℃, 17 , 21℃ and 25 . The flowering time is observed and recorded and pollen shedding and germinating condition is examined after tassel. Once spikelet flowering is observed it is supposed that anthesis begins. Then the plants to be treated are moved into phytotran for temperature treatment. Flowering of each spikelet is recorded and marked and the spikelet marked is tracked and investigated with respect to their fertility.
The experiment result indicated that spikelet fertility decreased with the increase of treatment time regardless of the condition of being before, during or after treatment. Detailedly, the influence of cooling temperature on fertility is minimal when treated after anthesis, medium before anthesis and maximal during anthesis. Comparatively, the cooling temperature resistance of Cr-23 is better than Ha92-53. The latter exhibited obvious reduction of fertility under the condition of cooling temperature. Spikelet fertility is also affected by the number of pollen shedding on stigma and germinated pollen grains. Our research indicated that spikelet fertiled normally when germinated pollen grains on one stigma exceeds six.
本项研究是利用人工气候室，进行4～12d的不同温度处理，温度分别是13℃、17℃、21℃和25℃，供试品种(系)为Cr-23和哈92-53，在抽穗后进行观察，记录开花情况，并检测花粉着落和萌发情况。如发现有颖花开裂，则认为花期已经开始，将需要处理的植株移入人工气候室内进行温度处理，记录并标明开花时间，对做过开花标记的颖花跟踪调查其结实率。
实验结果表明，无论是在低温处理前、处理期间还是在处理后开的颖花，其结实率均随处理时间长度的增加而降低。其中，颖花开花后经历低温其结实率受到的影响最小，颖花开花前经历低温其结实率受到的影响次之，颖花开花期间经历低温其结实率受到的影响最大。两个品种相比而言，Cr-23比哈92-53的抗冷性强，哈92-53因低温表现出结实率明显降低。颖花结实率的高低还与开花时花粉在柱头上的着落数以及萌发的花粉粒数有关。我们的研究结果认为，每个柱头上萌发的花粉粒数超过6个时，基本能够正常结实。
Heilongjiang Province is located in the north of China and the temperature is on the low side. Rice is rather sensitive to temperature and temperature is the primary environment factor that affects rice output and quality in cold region. Cooling injury can be classified as such three types as delay type, sterile type and mixed type. Sterile-type cooling injury occurs at a rather high frequency in Heilongjiang and causes reduction of output of rice. As a result, the study of sterile-type cooling injury with respect to rice has great significance.
In this research two varieties (lines) of rice of Cr-23 and Ha92-53 is selected to be treated in different temperatures during 4 to 12 days in phytotran and the designed temperature values is 13℃, 17 , 21℃ and 25 . The flowering time is observed and recorded and pollen shedding and germinating condition is examined after tassel. Once spikelet flowering is observed it is supposed that anthesis begins. Then the plants to be treated are moved into phytotran for temperature treatment. Flowering of each spikelet is recorded and marked and the spikelet marked is tracked and investigated with respect to their fertility.
The experiment result indicated that spikelet fertility decreased with the increase of treatment time regardless of the condition of being before, during or after treatment. Detailedly, the influence of cooling temperature on fertility is minimal when treated after anthesis, medium before anthesis and maximal during anthesis. Comparatively, the cooling temperature resistance of Cr-23 is better than Ha92-53. The latter exhibited obvious reduction of fertility under the condition of cooling temperature. Spikelet fertility is also affected by the number of pollen shedding on stigma and germinated pollen grains. Our research indicated that spikelet fertiled normally when germinated pollen grains on one stigma exceeds six.
引文
1 郭确，潘瑞炽．不同胁迫对水稻幼苗抗冷性和抗旱性的影响[J]．植物生理学报．1986，12(4)：396-401
2 胡芬．水稻花期低温冷害的气象指标与机理[J]．中国农业科学．1981，(2)：60-64
3 黄湛．水稻孕穗期冷害小孢子亚显微结构观察[J]．华南农学院院报．1982，3(4)：30-34
4 金人一，等译．世界农业丛刊—冷害与水稻[M]．北京：农业出版社．1979
5 李太贵．水稻开花期的低温对结实率的影响．作物学报．1988，14(1)：66-70
6 李太贵，R．M．Visperas and B．S．Vergara．水稻抗冷性与不同生长阶段的关系[J]．植物学报．1981，23(3)：201-207
7 刘忠松．不育花药的生理生化研究进展与展望[J]．植物生理学通讯．1987(2)：16～21
8 马树庆．吉林省农业气候研究[M]．北京：气象出版社，1996：171～177
9 马树庆，王琪，王连敏，王立志．水稻开花不育评估模式的试验研究[J]．气象学报．2000，58(增刊)：954～955
10 内岛立郎．低温条件与水稻不育关系的探讨[J]．李泽蜀译．作物冷害译丛．1980，(1)：38
11 潘铁夫等．农作物低温冷害及其防御[M]．北京：农业出版社，1983：30-75
12 对玉亭．东北地区作物冷害的研究[J]．气象学报．1983，41(3)：313-321
13 孙玉亭，王书裕，杨永岐．东北地区作物冷害研究[J]．气象学报．1993，41(3)：313～321
14 王连敏．寒地水稻耐冷基础的研究．Ⅱ小孢子阶段低温对水稻结实的影响[J]．中国农业气象．1997,18(4)：10～11
15 王连敏等．低温对水稻小穗结实的影响[J]．黑龙江农业科学，1996(1)：12～16
16 王连敏，王立志，张国民．寒地水稻耐冷基础的研究Ⅲ．花期低温对水稻结实的影响[J]．中国农业气象．1997，(5)：9-11
17 王连敏，王立志，张国民．寒地水稻耐冷基础的研究．Ⅰ．种子吸水、发芽与温度的量化关系[J]．中国农业气象．1997，(3)：5-7
18 汪林．日本水稻障碍型冷害研究[J]．气象科技，附刊(三)，1980：15～21
19 王书裕．农作物冷害的研究[M]．北京：气象出版社，1995：97～107
20 王茅雁．低温对玉米幼苗叶纯核酸含量和核酸酶活性的影响[J]．华北农学报．1989，4(4)：28-33
21 徐本美，龙雅宜．种子最适萌发温度的探讨[J]．植物生理学通讯．1987，2：34-37
22 徐庆华．黑龙江省自然地理[M]．黑龙江教育出版社．1992：125-126
23 杨英良，潘万清，王连敏．三江平原地区农作物低温冷害发生规律[J]．中国农业气象．1993，(4)：45-47
24 叶昌荣，戴陆园等．低温冷害影响水稻结实率的要因分析[J]．西南农业大学学报．2000，22，(4)：307-309
25 余肇福．作物冷害．中国农业出版社[M]．1994：83-94
26 张矢．黑龙江水稻[M]．黑龙江科技出版社．1998：4-21
27 张矢，徐一戎．寒地稻作[M]．黑龙江科技出版社．1990：400-411
28 张旭等．作物生态育种学[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，1998：75～76
29 张养本，何维勋，李世奎，中国农业气象灾害概论[M]．北京：气象出版社，1991：33～48，90～93
30 邹德堂，赵宏伟，赵长山．优质水稻高产栽培技术[M]．黑龙江：东北林业大学出版社，2001：1～2
31 Ito N. Male Sterility Caused by Cooling Treatment at the Young Microspore Stage in Rice Plants. Ⅷ. Free amino acids in anthers[J]. Proc. of the Crop Science Society of Japan. 1972, 41(1): 32-37
32 Ito N. Male Sterility Caused by Cooling Treatment at the Young Microspore Stage in Rice Plants. ⅩⅤ. Effect of moderate cooling before or after the critical stage on the sterility induced by cooling at the critical stage[J]. Proc. of the Crop Science Society of Japan. 1976, 45(4): 558-562
33 Ito N. Male Sterility Caused by Cooling Treatment at the Young Microspore Stage in Rice Plants. ⅩⅥ. Changes in carbohydrates, nitrogenous and phosphorous compounds in rice anthers after cooling treatment[J]. Japan. Jour. Crop Sci. 1978, 47(2): 318-323
34 Ito N. Male Sterility Caused by Cooling Treatment at the Young Microspore Stage in Rice Plants. ⅩⅦ. Changes in carbohydrates, nitrogenous and phosphorous compounds in rice anthers during cooLing treatment[J]. Japan. Jour. Crop Sci. 1978, 4 7(2): 324-329
35 Ito N, Hayase H, Satake T. et. al. Male Sterility Caused by Cooling Treatment at the Young Microspore Stage in Rice Plants. Ⅲ. Male abnormalities at anthesis[J]. Proc. of the Crop Science Society of Japan. 1970, 39(1): 60-64
36 Koike S, Sataice T. Sterility caused by cooling treatment at flowering stage in rice plants[J]. Japan Jour. Crop Sci. 1987, 56(4): 666-672
37 Nishiyama I. Male Sterility Caused by Cooling Treatment at the Young Microspore Stage in Rice Plants. ⅩⅩⅥ. The number of ripened pollen grains and the difference in susceptibility to coolness among spikelets on the panicle[J]. Japan. Jour. Crop Scil 1983, 52(3): 307-313
38 Nishiyama I. Male Sterility Caused by Cooling Treatment at the Young Microspore Stage in Rice Plants. Ⅶ. Electron microscopical observations on tapetal cells dilated by the cooling treatment[J]. Proc. Of the Crop Science Society of Japan. 1970, 39(4): 480-486
39 Nishiyama I. Male Sterility Caused by Cooling Treatment at the Young Microspore Stage in Rice Plants. Ⅵ. Electron microscopical observations on normal tapetal cells at the critical stage[J]. Proc.of the Crop Science Society of Japan. 1970, 39(4): 474-479
40 Nishiyama I. Male sterility Caused by Cooling Treatment at the Meiotic Stage in Rice Plants. Ⅳ. Respiratory activity of anthers following cooling treatments at the meiotic stage[J]. Proc. of the Crop Science Society of Japan. 1970, 39(1): 65-70
41 Nishiyama I. Male Sterility Caused by Cooling Treatment at the Young Microspore Stage in Rice Plants. Ⅺ. Effects of some substances on sterility[J]. Proc. of the Crop Science Society of Japan. 1975, 44(4): 397-402
42 Nishiyama I. Male Sterility Caused by Cooling Treatment at the Young Microspore Stage in Rice Plants. Ⅻ. Classification of tapetal hypertrophy on the basis of ultrastructure[J]. Proc. of the Crop Science Society of Japan. 1976, 45(2): 254-262
43 Nishiyama I. Male Sterility Casued by Cooling Treatment at the Young Microspore Stage in Rice Plants. ⅫⅠ. Ultrastructure of tapetal hypertrophy without primary wall[J]. Proc. of the Crop Science Society of Japan. 1976, 45(2): 270-278
44 Nishiyama I. Male Sterility Caused by Cooling Treatment at the Young Microspore Stage in Rice Plants. ⅪⅤ. Floating tapetal materials in the locular cavity[J]. Proc. of the Crop Science Society of Japan. 1976, 45(2): 308-313
45 Nishiyama I. Male Sterility Caused by Cooling Treatment at the Young Microspore Stage in Rice Plants. ⅩⅧ. Some enzyme activities in anthers during and after the cooling[J]. Japan. Jour. Crop Sci. 1978, 47(4): 551-556
46 Nishiyama I, Satake T. Male Sterility Caused by Cooling Treatment at the Young Microspore Stage in Rice Plants. ⅪⅩ. The difference in susceptibility to coolness among spikelets on a panicle[J]. Japan. Jour. Crop Soil 1979, 48(2): 181-186
47 Nishiyama I. Male Sterility Caused by Cooling Treatment at the Young Microspore Stage in Rice Plants. ⅩⅪ. Estimations of microspore and anther volumes at and after the critical stage[J]. Japan. Jour. Crop. Sci. 1982, 51(2): 172-177
48 Sawada S. Minimal number of dehiscent anthers and pollen grains on the stigma re quired for ferlilization in rice plants[J]. Res. Bull. Obihiro Zootech. Univ. 1974,9: 165-171
49 Satake T. Yoshida. High temperature-induced sterility in indica rices at flowering[J]. Japan Jour. Crop Sci. 1978, 47:6-17
50 Satake T. Determination of The mask sensitive stage to sterile-type coot injury in roce plants[J]. Res. Bull. Hokkaido Nat. Agric. Exp. Stn. 1976, 113:1-35
51 Tetsuo Satake. Determination of the most sensitive stage to sterile-type injury in rice plant[J].Res.Bull.No113 Hokkaid National Agricultural Experiment Station,1976: 1～35
52 Tetsuo Satake. Determination of the most sensitive stage of sterile-type cool injury in rice plants[J]. Res. Bull. No.113, Hokkaid National Agricultural Experiment Station. 1976: 1-35
53 Tkadate M, et. al. Practical studies on cool whether indjries in rice plant[J]. Rep.
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54 Togari Y, Kashiwakum Y. Studies on the sterility in rice plant induced by superabund and nitrogen supply and insufficient light intensity[J]. Proc. Crop Sci. Soc. Japan. 1958, 35: 533-538
55 Watanabe K. Studies on the germiuation of grass pollen[J]. Bot Mag. Tokyo. 1961, 74: 131-137
2 胡芬．水稻花期低温冷害的气象指标与机理[J]．中国农业科学．1981，(2)：60-64
3 黄湛．水稻孕穗期冷害小孢子亚显微结构观察[J]．华南农学院院报．1982，3(4)：30-34
4 金人一，等译．世界农业丛刊—冷害与水稻[M]．北京：农业出版社．1979
5 李太贵．水稻开花期的低温对结实率的影响．作物学报．1988，14(1)：66-70
6 李太贵，R．M．Visperas and B．S．Vergara．水稻抗冷性与不同生长阶段的关系[J]．植物学报．1981，23(3)：201-207
7 刘忠松．不育花药的生理生化研究进展与展望[J]．植物生理学通讯．1987(2)：16～21
8 马树庆．吉林省农业气候研究[M]．北京：气象出版社，1996：171～177
9 马树庆，王琪，王连敏，王立志．水稻开花不育评估模式的试验研究[J]．气象学报．2000，58(增刊)：954～955
10 内岛立郎．低温条件与水稻不育关系的探讨[J]．李泽蜀译．作物冷害译丛．1980，(1)：38
11 潘铁夫等．农作物低温冷害及其防御[M]．北京：农业出版社，1983：30-75
12 对玉亭．东北地区作物冷害的研究[J]．气象学报．1983，41(3)：313-321
13 孙玉亭，王书裕，杨永岐．东北地区作物冷害研究[J]．气象学报．1993，41(3)：313～321
14 王连敏．寒地水稻耐冷基础的研究．Ⅱ小孢子阶段低温对水稻结实的影响[J]．中国农业气象．1997,18(4)：10～11
15 王连敏等．低温对水稻小穗结实的影响[J]．黑龙江农业科学，1996(1)：12～16
16 王连敏，王立志，张国民．寒地水稻耐冷基础的研究Ⅲ．花期低温对水稻结实的影响[J]．中国农业气象．1997，(5)：9-11
17 王连敏，王立志，张国民．寒地水稻耐冷基础的研究．Ⅰ．种子吸水、发芽与温度的量化关系[J]．中国农业气象．1997，(3)：5-7
18 汪林．日本水稻障碍型冷害研究[J]．气象科技，附刊(三)，1980：15～21
19 王书裕．农作物冷害的研究[M]．北京：气象出版社，1995：97～107
20 王茅雁．低温对玉米幼苗叶纯核酸含量和核酸酶活性的影响[J]．华北农学报．1989，4(4)：28-33
21 徐本美，龙雅宜．种子最适萌发温度的探讨[J]．植物生理学通讯．1987，2：34-37
22 徐庆华．黑龙江省自然地理[M]．黑龙江教育出版社．1992：125-126
23 杨英良，潘万清，王连敏．三江平原地区农作物低温冷害发生规律[J]．中国农业气象．1993，(4)：45-47
24 叶昌荣，戴陆园等．低温冷害影响水稻结实率的要因分析[J]．西南农业大学学报．2000，22，(4)：307-309
25 余肇福．作物冷害．中国农业出版社[M]．1994：83-94
26 张矢．黑龙江水稻[M]．黑龙江科技出版社．1998：4-21
27 张矢，徐一戎．寒地稻作[M]．黑龙江科技出版社．1990：400-411
28 张旭等．作物生态育种学[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，1998：75～76
29 张养本，何维勋，李世奎，中国农业气象灾害概论[M]．北京：气象出版社，1991：33～48，90～93
30 邹德堂，赵宏伟，赵长山．优质水稻高产栽培技术[M]．黑龙江：东北林业大学出版社，2001：1～2
31 Ito N. Male Sterility Caused by Cooling Treatment at the Young Microspore Stage in Rice Plants. Ⅷ. Free amino acids in anthers[J]. Proc. of the Crop Science Society of Japan. 1972, 41(1): 32-37
32 Ito N. Male Sterility Caused by Cooling Treatment at the Young Microspore Stage in Rice Plants. ⅩⅤ. Effect of moderate cooling before or after the critical stage on the sterility induced by cooling at the critical stage[J]. Proc. of the Crop Science Society of Japan. 1976, 45(4): 558-562
33 Ito N. Male Sterility Caused by Cooling Treatment at the Young Microspore Stage in Rice Plants. ⅩⅥ. Changes in carbohydrates, nitrogenous and phosphorous compounds in rice anthers after cooling treatment[J]. Japan. Jour. Crop Sci. 1978, 47(2): 318-323
34 Ito N. Male Sterility Caused by Cooling Treatment at the Young Microspore Stage in Rice Plants. ⅩⅦ. Changes in carbohydrates, nitrogenous and phosphorous compounds in rice anthers during cooLing treatment[J]. Japan. Jour. Crop Sci. 1978, 4 7(2): 324-329
35 Ito N, Hayase H, Satake T. et. al. Male Sterility Caused by Cooling Treatment at the Young Microspore Stage in Rice Plants. Ⅲ. Male abnormalities at anthesis[J]. Proc. of the Crop Science Society of Japan. 1970, 39(1): 60-64
36 Koike S, Sataice T. Sterility caused by cooling treatment at flowering stage in rice plants[J]. Japan Jour. Crop Sci. 1987, 56(4): 666-672
37 Nishiyama I. Male Sterility Caused by Cooling Treatment at the Young Microspore Stage in Rice Plants. ⅩⅩⅥ. The number of ripened pollen grains and the difference in susceptibility to coolness among spikelets on the panicle[J]. Japan. Jour. Crop Scil 1983, 52(3): 307-313
38 Nishiyama I. Male Sterility Caused by Cooling Treatment at the Young Microspore Stage in Rice Plants. Ⅶ. Electron microscopical observations on tapetal cells dilated by the cooling treatment[J]. Proc. Of the Crop Science Society of Japan. 1970, 39(4): 480-486
39 Nishiyama I. Male Sterility Caused by Cooling Treatment at the Young Microspore Stage in Rice Plants. Ⅵ. Electron microscopical observations on normal tapetal cells at the critical stage[J]. Proc.of the Crop Science Society of Japan. 1970, 39(4): 474-479
40 Nishiyama I. Male sterility Caused by Cooling Treatment at the Meiotic Stage in Rice Plants. Ⅳ. Respiratory activity of anthers following cooling treatments at the meiotic stage[J]. Proc. of the Crop Science Society of Japan. 1970, 39(1): 65-70
41 Nishiyama I. Male Sterility Caused by Cooling Treatment at the Young Microspore Stage in Rice Plants. Ⅺ. Effects of some substances on sterility[J]. Proc. of the Crop Science Society of Japan. 1975, 44(4): 397-402
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