基于案例推理的知识系统的设计与实现
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摘要
近来，随着计算机网络和并行技术的发展，人工智能再次成为人们研究的热点，基于案例的推理方法也越来越受到人们的重视。与传统的基于规则的系统相比，基于案例推理的系统具有简化知识获取、便于知识积累等优点，在没有很强的理论模型、领域知识不完全、经验知识丰富的故障诊断、决策支持等领域得到了广泛的应用。
本文介绍了基于案例推理方法的一般知识。讨论了基于案例推理的知识系统的设计和实现，并具体讲述了作者所实现的一个基于案例推理的知识系统。
本文针对复杂系统具有庞大案例库的特点，提出了一种通过建立多级案例库语言编译器的方法来建立多级案例库，并以此来分解庞大案例库的方法。
本文实现了一个多级案例库语言编译器，并在此基础上实现了一个支持多级案例库的基于案例推理的知识系统。
Recently, with the development of computer network and parallel technology, Artificial Intelligence has become the hot research topic again and Case-based Reasoning technology has received more and more attention. Comparing to traditional Rule-based System, Case-based Reasoning System has many advantages, which can predigest knowledge gathering and easily accumulate knowledge. Case-based Reasoning technology has been widely used in fault diagnosis and decision-making support which abound of experience knowledge but has neither good theoretic model nor complete field knowledge.
In this paper, the author introduced the basic knowledge of Case-based Reasoning technology and the general knowledge of how to construct a knowledge system using Case-based Reasoning technology. Then, the implementation of a Case-based Reasoning system is carried out in details.
The casebases of modern large-scale engineering systems are likely too large to maintain and utilize efficiently. In this paper, a hierarchical casebase is proposed to tackle this problem; the hierarchical casebase structure should streamline the searching and reasoning process.
In this thesis, the author has implemented a Hierarchical casebase compile system and its case-matching algorithm for this system.
本文介绍了基于案例推理方法的一般知识。讨论了基于案例推理的知识系统的设计和实现，并具体讲述了作者所实现的一个基于案例推理的知识系统。
本文针对复杂系统具有庞大案例库的特点，提出了一种通过建立多级案例库语言编译器的方法来建立多级案例库，并以此来分解庞大案例库的方法。
本文实现了一个多级案例库语言编译器，并在此基础上实现了一个支持多级案例库的基于案例推理的知识系统。
Recently, with the development of computer network and parallel technology, Artificial Intelligence has become the hot research topic again and Case-based Reasoning technology has received more and more attention. Comparing to traditional Rule-based System, Case-based Reasoning System has many advantages, which can predigest knowledge gathering and easily accumulate knowledge. Case-based Reasoning technology has been widely used in fault diagnosis and decision-making support which abound of experience knowledge but has neither good theoretic model nor complete field knowledge.
In this paper, the author introduced the basic knowledge of Case-based Reasoning technology and the general knowledge of how to construct a knowledge system using Case-based Reasoning technology. Then, the implementation of a Case-based Reasoning system is carried out in details.
The casebases of modern large-scale engineering systems are likely too large to maintain and utilize efficiently. In this paper, a hierarchical casebase is proposed to tackle this problem; the hierarchical casebase structure should streamline the searching and reasoning process.
In this thesis, the author has implemented a Hierarchical casebase compile system and its case-matching algorithm for this system.
引文
[1] 史忠植，高级人工智能北京：科学出版社，1998．1～10，78～80
[2] Slade.S. Case-based reasoning: A research paradigm. AI Magazine, 1991.42～55
[3] Barletta ,R.. An introduction to case-based reasoning. AI Expert, 1991.42～49
[4] Helton,T.. The hottest new AI technology-case-based reasoning. The spang robinson report on artificial intelligence, 1991.7(8)
[5] 王振友、谢青松 人工智能学科的发展 山东工程学院学报 2001．12
[6] Ian Watson Applying Case-Based Reasoning:Techniques for Enterprise Systems Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1997
[7] 阮跃 基于案例、规则和模型推理的电站智能诊断系统 电站系统工程第14卷第3期1998．5
[8] 姜丽红、刘豹 案例推理在智能化预测支持系统中的应用研究决策与决策支持系统 1996
[9] 方明、李天太、杨军全、黄炜 援例推理技术综述西安交通大学管理学院
[10] Aha, D.,ed.(1997).Artificial Intelligence Review (special issue on lazy learning) Norwell,MA.:Kluwer
[11] Kolodner, J.L.(1992). An Introduction to Case-Based Reasoning. Artificial Intelligence Review,6(1), 3-34
[12] Althoff, K-D,Auriol,E.,Barletta,R., and Manago, M. (1995). A review of industrial Case-based Reasoning Tools. Oxford: Artificial Intelligence
[13] Riesbeck,C.K.(1996)What Next?The future of Case-based Reasoning in post modem AI. In Case-based Reasoning: Experience, Lessons &Future Directions , 371-388 MA:AAAI Press/MIT Press
[14] Mark,W.,Simoudis,E.,and Hinkle,D.(1996). Case-based Reasoning: Expectations and Results. In Case-based Reasoning: Experiences, Lessons &Future Directions, 267-294 MA: AAAI Press/MIT Press
[15] Kozuo Miyashita and Katia Sycara, CABINS:a framework of knowledge acquisition and iterative revision for schedule improvement, Artificial Intelligence, 1995,76(1-2):377-426
[16] Jean-Charles Pomerol, Artificial intelligence and human decision making, European Journal of Operational Research 99(1997)3-25
[17] Christine W.Chan,Lin-li Chen,Liqiang Geng ,Knowledge engineering for an intelligent case-based systems for helpdesk operations, Expert Systems with Applications 18(2000) 125-132
[18] LUCA SPALAZZI, A survey on case-based planning, Artificial Intelligence revised 16:3-36,2001
[19] C.J.Moore,M.S.Lehane, development of a case representation strategy for bridge design case base, Engineering Structures 21 (1999)219-231
[20] 周凯波、左保河、冯珊基于案例推理的信息系统构建方法研究华中理工大学学报2000．9
[21] 谢志刚、任旭、魏震生、鲁军基于案例推理和模糊诊断的兵器故障诊断专家系统军械工程学院学报2001．9
[22] Sycara,K.(1992). A Case-based Synthesis Tool for Engineering design, International Joumal of Expert Systems 4(2), 157-158
[23] 柳少军、秦作睿、韩崇昭、万百五基于案例的决策支持及实现系统工程理论与实践1996．2
[24] Aamodt,A., and Plaza E.(1994) Case-based Reasoning: Foundational issues, Methodological variations and system approaches. AI-communications 7(1) 39-52
[25] Watson,I.,and F.(1994) Case-based Reasoning: A review. The Knowledge Engineering Review 9(4), 335-381
[26] Kolodner, J.(1993) Case-based Reasoning. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufman Publishers
[27] B.Raphael and B.Kumar, object oriented representation of design cases, Computers & Structures VOL 63 No.4.pp 663-668 1997
[28] Jiawei Han and Micheline Kamber, Data Mining Concepts and Techniques, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 2001
[29] Kolodner, J.(1993) Case-based Reasoning. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufman Publishers
[30] Curet,O.,and Jackson,M.(1996).Towards a methodology for case-based systems. In research and development in expert systems ⅩⅢ, 183-191,edited by J.L. Nealon and J.Hunt.Oxford: SGES Publications.
[31] Kitano,H., and Shimazu,H.(1996).The experience-sharing architecture: A case study in corporate-wide case-based software Quality control. In case-based Reasoning: Experience, lessons, &Future Directions,235-268,edited by D.B.Leake. Cambridge, MA: AAAI press/MIT Press.
[32] J.Daengdej,D.Lukose, Combining case-based reasoning and statistical method for proposing solution in RICAD, Knowledge-based Systems 10(1997)153-159
[33] Dean P.McKenzie,Richard S.Forsyth, Classification by Similarity: An overview of statistical methods of case-based reasoning, Computers in human
behavior, Vol. 11.No.2.pp.273-288,1995
[34] E.B.Reategui,J.A.Campbell,Combining a neural network with case-based reasoning in a diagnostic system, Artificial Intelligence in Medicine 9(1997)5-27
[35] S.L.MOK and C.K.KWONG, Application of artificial neural network and fuzzy logic in a case-based system for initial process parameter setting of injection molding, journal of intelligent manufacturing, 13,165-176,2002
[36] 周西苓 人工智能原理及应用 航空工业出版社 1997
[37] F.Coenen,G.Swinnen,K.Vanhoof, G.Wets, the improvement of response modeling:combining rule-induction and case-based reasoning, Expert Systems with Applications 18(2000)307-313
[38] Andrew R.Golding,Paul S.Rosenbloom, Improving accuracy by combining rule-based and case-based reasoning, Artificial Intelligence 87(1996)215-254
[39] 阮跃 基于模型推理的复合故障诊断机械强度 第21卷第一期1999．3
[40] 程从从 一种基于模型推理的故障诊断专家系统第18卷第2期1997．2
[41] M.P.FERET AND J.I.GLASGOW, combining case-based and model-based reasoning for diagnosis of complex devices, Applied Intelligence 7(1997) 57-78
[42] Martin Ester, Hans-Peter Kriegel, Xiaowei Xu, Clustering for Mining in Large Spatial Databases, Published in Special Issue On Data Mining, KI-Journal, Scien Tec Publishing, Vol, 1,1998
[43] 糜元根、刘斌 对象技术在案例推理故障诊断中的应用南京化工大学学报 第22卷第4期2000．7
[44] 陈国良、王煦法、庄镇泉等 遗传算法及其应用 北京：人民邮电出版社，1996
[45] J.M.Garrell i Guiu,E.Golobardes i Ribe, Automatic diagnosis with genetic algorithms and case-based reasoning, Artificial Intelligence in Engineering 13(1999)367-372
[46] Kyung-shik Shin,Ingoo Han, Case-based reasoning supported by genetic algorithms for corporate bond rating, Expert Systems with Applications 16(1999)85-95
[47] 王玉、刑渊、阮雪榆 基于神经网络和遗传算法的事例最近邻法检索模型 高技术通讯 2002．05
[48] Hayes-Roth,E.,Waterman,D.A., and Lenat,D.B.(1983).Building expert Systems Reading, MA:Addison-Wesley.
[49] 陈保香、曹奇英、夏祖勋 华东船舶工业学院学报第14卷第5期 2000．10
[50] 王晓立、邱光谊 专家系统的多模型集成技术 湖南大学学报 1996，23(2)：123-128
[51] 朱三元、钱乐秋、宿为民 软件工程技术概论科学出版社 2002
[52] 刘积仁、康晓东、饶友玲 主编 软件开发项目管理人民邮电出版社 2002
[53] 阮俊杰 软件开发方法与管理教程 海洋出版社 2002
[54] 罗晓沛、候炳辉 系统分析员教程 清华大学出版社 1991．9
[55] 刘小石，郑准，马林伟，杨帆，精通Visual C++6.0，清华大学出版社，1999
[56] 陈前 关于工程大系统的状态监测与故障诊断 振动、测试与诊断 第22卷第3期2002．9
[2] Slade.S. Case-based reasoning: A research paradigm. AI Magazine, 1991.42～55
[3] Barletta ,R.. An introduction to case-based reasoning. AI Expert, 1991.42～49
[4] Helton,T.. The hottest new AI technology-case-based reasoning. The spang robinson report on artificial intelligence, 1991.7(8)
[5] 王振友、谢青松 人工智能学科的发展 山东工程学院学报 2001．12
[6] Ian Watson Applying Case-Based Reasoning:Techniques for Enterprise Systems Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1997
[7] 阮跃 基于案例、规则和模型推理的电站智能诊断系统 电站系统工程第14卷第3期1998．5
[8] 姜丽红、刘豹 案例推理在智能化预测支持系统中的应用研究决策与决策支持系统 1996
[9] 方明、李天太、杨军全、黄炜 援例推理技术综述西安交通大学管理学院
[10] Aha, D.,ed.(1997).Artificial Intelligence Review (special issue on lazy learning) Norwell,MA.:Kluwer
[11] Kolodner, J.L.(1992). An Introduction to Case-Based Reasoning. Artificial Intelligence Review,6(1), 3-34
[12] Althoff, K-D,Auriol,E.,Barletta,R., and Manago, M. (1995). A review of industrial Case-based Reasoning Tools. Oxford: Artificial Intelligence
[13] Riesbeck,C.K.(1996)What Next?The future of Case-based Reasoning in post modem AI. In Case-based Reasoning: Experience, Lessons &Future Directions , 371-388 MA:AAAI Press/MIT Press
[14] Mark,W.,Simoudis,E.,and Hinkle,D.(1996). Case-based Reasoning: Expectations and Results. In Case-based Reasoning: Experiences, Lessons &Future Directions, 267-294 MA: AAAI Press/MIT Press
[15] Kozuo Miyashita and Katia Sycara, CABINS:a framework of knowledge acquisition and iterative revision for schedule improvement, Artificial Intelligence, 1995,76(1-2):377-426
[16] Jean-Charles Pomerol, Artificial intelligence and human decision making, European Journal of Operational Research 99(1997)3-25
[17] Christine W.Chan,Lin-li Chen,Liqiang Geng ,Knowledge engineering for an intelligent case-based systems for helpdesk operations, Expert Systems with Applications 18(2000) 125-132
[18] LUCA SPALAZZI, A survey on case-based planning, Artificial Intelligence revised 16:3-36,2001
[19] C.J.Moore,M.S.Lehane, development of a case representation strategy for bridge design case base, Engineering Structures 21 (1999)219-231
[20] 周凯波、左保河、冯珊基于案例推理的信息系统构建方法研究华中理工大学学报2000．9
[21] 谢志刚、任旭、魏震生、鲁军基于案例推理和模糊诊断的兵器故障诊断专家系统军械工程学院学报2001．9
[22] Sycara,K.(1992). A Case-based Synthesis Tool for Engineering design, International Joumal of Expert Systems 4(2), 157-158
[23] 柳少军、秦作睿、韩崇昭、万百五基于案例的决策支持及实现系统工程理论与实践1996．2
[24] Aamodt,A., and Plaza E.(1994) Case-based Reasoning: Foundational issues, Methodological variations and system approaches. AI-communications 7(1) 39-52
[25] Watson,I.,and F.(1994) Case-based Reasoning: A review. The Knowledge Engineering Review 9(4), 335-381
[26] Kolodner, J.(1993) Case-based Reasoning. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufman Publishers
[27] B.Raphael and B.Kumar, object oriented representation of design cases, Computers & Structures VOL 63 No.4.pp 663-668 1997
[28] Jiawei Han and Micheline Kamber, Data Mining Concepts and Techniques, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 2001
[29] Kolodner, J.(1993) Case-based Reasoning. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufman Publishers
[30] Curet,O.,and Jackson,M.(1996).Towards a methodology for case-based systems. In research and development in expert systems ⅩⅢ, 183-191,edited by J.L. Nealon and J.Hunt.Oxford: SGES Publications.
[31] Kitano,H., and Shimazu,H.(1996).The experience-sharing architecture: A case study in corporate-wide case-based software Quality control. In case-based Reasoning: Experience, lessons, &Future Directions,235-268,edited by D.B.Leake. Cambridge, MA: AAAI press/MIT Press.
[32] J.Daengdej,D.Lukose, Combining case-based reasoning and statistical method for proposing solution in RICAD, Knowledge-based Systems 10(1997)153-159
[33] Dean P.McKenzie,Richard S.Forsyth, Classification by Similarity: An overview of statistical methods of case-based reasoning, Computers in human
behavior, Vol. 11.No.2.pp.273-288,1995
[34] E.B.Reategui,J.A.Campbell,Combining a neural network with case-based reasoning in a diagnostic system, Artificial Intelligence in Medicine 9(1997)5-27
[35] S.L.MOK and C.K.KWONG, Application of artificial neural network and fuzzy logic in a case-based system for initial process parameter setting of injection molding, journal of intelligent manufacturing, 13,165-176,2002
[36] 周西苓 人工智能原理及应用 航空工业出版社 1997
[37] F.Coenen,G.Swinnen,K.Vanhoof, G.Wets, the improvement of response modeling:combining rule-induction and case-based reasoning, Expert Systems with Applications 18(2000)307-313
[38] Andrew R.Golding,Paul S.Rosenbloom, Improving accuracy by combining rule-based and case-based reasoning, Artificial Intelligence 87(1996)215-254
[39] 阮跃 基于模型推理的复合故障诊断机械强度 第21卷第一期1999．3
[40] 程从从 一种基于模型推理的故障诊断专家系统第18卷第2期1997．2
[41] M.P.FERET AND J.I.GLASGOW, combining case-based and model-based reasoning for diagnosis of complex devices, Applied Intelligence 7(1997) 57-78
[42] Martin Ester, Hans-Peter Kriegel, Xiaowei Xu, Clustering for Mining in Large Spatial Databases, Published in Special Issue On Data Mining, KI-Journal, Scien Tec Publishing, Vol, 1,1998
[43] 糜元根、刘斌 对象技术在案例推理故障诊断中的应用南京化工大学学报 第22卷第4期2000．7
[44] 陈国良、王煦法、庄镇泉等 遗传算法及其应用 北京：人民邮电出版社，1996
[45] J.M.Garrell i Guiu,E.Golobardes i Ribe, Automatic diagnosis with genetic algorithms and case-based reasoning, Artificial Intelligence in Engineering 13(1999)367-372
[46] Kyung-shik Shin,Ingoo Han, Case-based reasoning supported by genetic algorithms for corporate bond rating, Expert Systems with Applications 16(1999)85-95
[47] 王玉、刑渊、阮雪榆 基于神经网络和遗传算法的事例最近邻法检索模型 高技术通讯 2002．05
[48] Hayes-Roth,E.,Waterman,D.A., and Lenat,D.B.(1983).Building expert Systems Reading, MA:Addison-Wesley.
[49] 陈保香、曹奇英、夏祖勋 华东船舶工业学院学报第14卷第5期 2000．10
[50] 王晓立、邱光谊 专家系统的多模型集成技术 湖南大学学报 1996，23(2)：123-128
[51] 朱三元、钱乐秋、宿为民 软件工程技术概论科学出版社 2002
[52] 刘积仁、康晓东、饶友玲 主编 软件开发项目管理人民邮电出版社 2002
[53] 阮俊杰 软件开发方法与管理教程 海洋出版社 2002
[54] 罗晓沛、候炳辉 系统分析员教程 清华大学出版社 1991．9
[55] 刘小石，郑准，马林伟，杨帆，精通Visual C++6.0，清华大学出版社，1999
[56] 陈前 关于工程大系统的状态监测与故障诊断 振动、测试与诊断 第22卷第3期2002．9
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