北京湿地生物多样性及保护研究
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摘要
本题首次较全面地研究了北京湿地资源概况，北京市主要湿地类型为两种，即河流湿地类型和库塘湿地Ⅳ类型。根据本次调查，北京地区湿地共4.6万公顷，其中约2万公顷为人工湿地，湿地资源相对较少。本文利用3S技术，在大量野外调查的基础上，初步摸清了北京湿地动植物资源概况；并着重对北京湿地的植物区系、白河湿地生物多样性、野鸭湖湿地生物多样性作了具体分析；对湿地植物的群落生态学进行了研究；对北京湿地的保护现状作了如实反映；对湿地面临的主要威胁作了阐述；对北京湿地生物多样性保护的意义提出了自己的观点，并有针对性地提出了自己在保护湿地资源方面的建议。
在查阅大量文献和对大量的样方数据处理及标本的鉴定的基础上，北京湿地高等植物共116科、348属、626种，其中有3种为新记录，分别是：叉钱苔(Ricciafluitans L．)、浮苔(R．natans(L) Corda)和苞序蔊菜(Rorippa．dubia(Hour．)Ohwi．)；区系分析表明，湿地植物属的分布类型多样，其中北温带分布型及变型占首位，但缺乏特有属、种，区系个性特征不明显。湿地植物群落类型丰富，共包括沼泽型组和浅水植物湿地组两个植被型组、5个植被型共78个群落类型；湿地动物资源丰富，作为鸟类的重要栖息地，北京湿地中共分布有国家一级保护鸟类5种，国家二级保护鸟类27种；湿地鸟类共有218种，占北京地区曾记录的350种鸟类的62％，它们隶属于16目52科。经统计鸭科28种，占全国总数的56％，鹭科10种，占全国总数的48％。
此外本文侧重研究了白河和野鸭湖地区的湿地植物种类、群落类型、多样性指数、生物量、覆盖度、生活型等内容，绘制了野鸭湖地区主要湿地植被类型图；对湿地生物多样性作了评价；以期为生物多样性变化监测、生物多样性保育、恢复及持续利用等提供科学数据；为北京地区湿地区划、保护规划、功能规划及退化湿地的恢复规划提供科学依据。
本文不仅填补了北京地区湿地研究的空白，同时作为湿地资源、湿地效益和湿地保护等研究的一种模式探讨，可为今后从事此类工作的研究者提供参考。
Being a transitional ecosystem between water and land, wetland possesses environmental effect, conserves water, regulate riverflow and adjust regional climate. It is also a cradle of biodiversity and plays an important part in maintaining regional ecological balance. So, wetland is viewed as "Kidney of the Nature".
Chinese wetlands are diversified in kind and extensive in area. It is about 63 million hectares and ranks first in Asia. It is widely distributed from the cold-temperate zone to the tropics, from the seashores of East China to the inland of West China. In recent years, China has paid much attention to the wetland research and protection work. Many studies focus on the wetland in south china, but on attention has been paid to the wetland in Beijing.
As the capital of china, there is only 4.6million hectare wetland in Beijing. And as the development of the economy, the mainly risk sources in wetlands including drought, pollution events, reduce of the area, and so on. In order to protect effectively and utilize reasonably the rare wetland resources, we carry out the investigation to deal with the plant and animal diversity, especially the wetland plant communities.
It is the first time to study the wetland in Beijing. In this work, the plant composition and structure of various plant communities, the bio-ecological properties of community-constructing species, common species, characteristic species and key species and the geographical composition and flora in vegetation of Beijing are discussed. The distribution, regionalization formation and succession pattern of wetland vegetation are summarized. The a -diversity, biomass, cover rate of the wetland vegetation are studied. The animal diversity, especially the bird diversity is also analysed in this paper. Finally, both the mechanisms for the diversity loss and the approaches to protect the diversity were also discussed in this paper. All the data in this paper are firstly reported in china.
3S technology has the great advantage in biodiversity study, which not only assures easy assessment of area, but other ecological information. By using this technology, we finished regressed vegetation map of ye-ya-hu lake according to the
wild investigation.
We hope the research can provides the scientific basis for the restoration, reconstruction and regulation of the wetland resources in Beijing. It also provides an example for the other research.
在查阅大量文献和对大量的样方数据处理及标本的鉴定的基础上，北京湿地高等植物共116科、348属、626种，其中有3种为新记录，分别是：叉钱苔(Ricciafluitans L．)、浮苔(R．natans(L) Corda)和苞序蔊菜(Rorippa．dubia(Hour．)Ohwi．)；区系分析表明，湿地植物属的分布类型多样，其中北温带分布型及变型占首位，但缺乏特有属、种，区系个性特征不明显。湿地植物群落类型丰富，共包括沼泽型组和浅水植物湿地组两个植被型组、5个植被型共78个群落类型；湿地动物资源丰富，作为鸟类的重要栖息地，北京湿地中共分布有国家一级保护鸟类5种，国家二级保护鸟类27种；湿地鸟类共有218种，占北京地区曾记录的350种鸟类的62％，它们隶属于16目52科。经统计鸭科28种，占全国总数的56％，鹭科10种，占全国总数的48％。
此外本文侧重研究了白河和野鸭湖地区的湿地植物种类、群落类型、多样性指数、生物量、覆盖度、生活型等内容，绘制了野鸭湖地区主要湿地植被类型图；对湿地生物多样性作了评价；以期为生物多样性变化监测、生物多样性保育、恢复及持续利用等提供科学数据；为北京地区湿地区划、保护规划、功能规划及退化湿地的恢复规划提供科学依据。
本文不仅填补了北京地区湿地研究的空白，同时作为湿地资源、湿地效益和湿地保护等研究的一种模式探讨，可为今后从事此类工作的研究者提供参考。
Being a transitional ecosystem between water and land, wetland possesses environmental effect, conserves water, regulate riverflow and adjust regional climate. It is also a cradle of biodiversity and plays an important part in maintaining regional ecological balance. So, wetland is viewed as "Kidney of the Nature".
Chinese wetlands are diversified in kind and extensive in area. It is about 63 million hectares and ranks first in Asia. It is widely distributed from the cold-temperate zone to the tropics, from the seashores of East China to the inland of West China. In recent years, China has paid much attention to the wetland research and protection work. Many studies focus on the wetland in south china, but on attention has been paid to the wetland in Beijing.
As the capital of china, there is only 4.6million hectare wetland in Beijing. And as the development of the economy, the mainly risk sources in wetlands including drought, pollution events, reduce of the area, and so on. In order to protect effectively and utilize reasonably the rare wetland resources, we carry out the investigation to deal with the plant and animal diversity, especially the wetland plant communities.
It is the first time to study the wetland in Beijing. In this work, the plant composition and structure of various plant communities, the bio-ecological properties of community-constructing species, common species, characteristic species and key species and the geographical composition and flora in vegetation of Beijing are discussed. The distribution, regionalization formation and succession pattern of wetland vegetation are summarized. The a -diversity, biomass, cover rate of the wetland vegetation are studied. The animal diversity, especially the bird diversity is also analysed in this paper. Finally, both the mechanisms for the diversity loss and the approaches to protect the diversity were also discussed in this paper. All the data in this paper are firstly reported in china.
3S technology has the great advantage in biodiversity study, which not only assures easy assessment of area, but other ecological information. By using this technology, we finished regressed vegetation map of ye-ya-hu lake according to the
wild investigation.
We hope the research can provides the scientific basis for the restoration, reconstruction and regulation of the wetland resources in Beijing. It also provides an example for the other research.
引文
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