摘要
本论文是吉林省科技发展计划重大科技攻关项目“吉林省玉米经济发
展对策研究”的部分内容。
在加入WTO谈判中，我国承诺扩大农产品市场开放程度，降低关税，逐步取消非关税壁垒和粮食出口补贴等。加入WTO在一定时期内和一定程度上会对我国玉米生产和贸易产生冲击。
向工业延伸,发展现代玉米工业是农业发展新阶段的根本出路。世界发达国家把玉米深加工业称为玉米化学工业。玉米深加工产品多达400多种，玉米加工回收率可达98%。凡是石油能生产的产品，玉米几乎都能生产。玉米可主要生产淀粉、淀粉糖、酒精、变性淀粉、调味剂、酶制剂等。玉米经过深加工后经济效益显著，附加值成倍提高。
世界玉米深加工产业发展具有三大趋势:一是产品产量逐年增加,产品结构相对稳定。二是生产工艺、技术装备日趋先进。三是企业集约化程度不断提高,加工品种日趋多样化。
美国的饲料工业、畜牧业与深加工业都很发达。玉米加工企业的产业组织规模大，市场集中度高，行业效益好。玉米深加工对美国经济影响较大，对增加劳动就业、增加农民收入、保持贸易平衡等方面起了很大作用。
我国玉米深加工业正处于高速增长期，生产向规模化、产品结构向多品种方向发展，产业发展空间大。但产业组织仍具有以下不足之处：一是加工规模小、市场集中度低。二是关联程度低、产业链条短。三是产品的品种少、结构单一、开发层次低。四是综合加工不够、原料利用率低。
提高产业附加值的核心问题是从价值链增值，应从两方面考虑：一是控制成本，二是再造价值链，包括内部价值链的再造及系统价值链的再造。
玉米产业价值链由产品开发、玉米种植、生产加工、产品营销等环节构成。玉米产业的价值链的最上游环节为玉米品种开发，由科研院所及种子公司负责；而玉米种植则依靠农委指导，以农民家庭种植为基础；玉米深加工环节主要由各大加工企业为龙头，依靠科研院所协助及政府的政策扶持，建立具有经济规模的企业集团。引导企业靠证券市场、投资银行等实现企业资本现代化；玉米产业的价值链的下游环节为产品营销，应寻找农产品流通销售的本地、异地市场和境外市场，促进产业链的延长。加强产销衔接，建立、健全和整合各地农村的玉米协会及中介服务组织。玉米深加工可使玉米显著增值，属于玉米产业价值链中重要的环节。
实施价值链管理的意义就是优化核心业务流程，降低产业组织和经营成本，提升产业的市场竞争力。产业实施价值链管理目标在于，通过优化核心业务、组织结构、业务流程和信息流等，由职能型向流程型转化，由此降低组织和经营成本，控制经营风险，最终提高产业的效率和效益，增强产业的综合竞争优势。
提高玉米产业附加值应从以下几个方面着手：
1、搞好玉米经济产业布局。
优化种植结构，减少普通玉米种植面积，实行专用玉米区域布局规模种植。开发优质品种，根据市场和需求进行高附加值的经济目标育种。坚持走专业化、特色化道路。
2、改革粮食流通体制。
全面放开吉林省玉米购销市场，促进市场机制行成。适应市场化需求，建立新型玉米收储经营体系。在对农民直接补贴方式的基础上，为有效保护农民利益和种粮积极性，建立新型玉米市场流通风险基金体系。
3、发展玉米深加工产业。
依靠科学技术和政策扶持发展精深加工业，做大做强玉米加工龙头企
业，积极组建企业集团公司，走大型化、集约化发展的道路。大力发展配合饲料工业。积极发展养殖业，搞好畜禽加工，变销售玉米为销售畜禽产品，扩大玉米消费，实现玉米的增值和转化。鼓励企业充分利用现有科研资源，加强科企合作，增加对科技创新的投入，构建企业自身的技术创新体系。在鼓励投入资金的同时，要不断优化玉米产业开发的科技、政策、人才等外部发展环境，使玉米产业经济健康、快速发展。
The paper is a part of the Jilin province science and technology key problem with the title of the study of countermeasure to development of corn economy in Jilin province.
In the negotiation of joining WTO, China promised to enlarge the market of farm products, reduce the tariff and cancel non-tariff barrier and allowance of foodstuff export step by step. Joining to WTO is a challenge to the production and commerce of corn in China to some extent in a certain time.
Developing the modern corn industry is the essential method for agriculture. The developed countries regard corn’s further processing as corn chemistry industry. There are more than 400 kinds of further processing products. The reclaiming rate of the corn can reaches 98%. Corn can produce whatever the petroleum can. Corn can be mainly used to produce amylum, amylum sugar, alcohol, denaturalization amylum, condiment, substrate. After further processing, the benefit increases remarkably and the increment of corn is great.
Corn’s further processing appears three trends in the world. First, the output increases year after year. The product structure keeps stable correspondingly. Second, the production technics and techno-equipment develop fast. The third, the extend of enterprise’s intensive management increases continually and the products are abundant.
Feed industry, animal husbandry and further processing industry develop at high level in America. The corn’s further processing enterprises develop
with large scope, high centralizing in market and high benefit. Corn’s further processing influences the economy of America greatly, makes contribution to the employment, increases earning of farmers and keeps the balance of the commerce.
Corn’s further processing industry in our country develops fast. The operation develops to the direction of large scale, the products varieties are multiplex and the industry develops with wide space. But there are still some shortages. First, the factories’ scale is still small and market concentration is low. Second, correlation indices is also low and industry chain is short. Third, the variety of products are few and the industry develops in a low degree. The fourth, the industry is lack of the integrate processing and the using rate of the materials is low.
The key problem of increasing the added value of corn is increment from the value chain. On the one hand, we should control the cost. On the other hand, we should create another value chain including the inner value chain and the system value chain. The value chain of corn is composed of production exploitation, corn planting, manufacture and distribution. The top segment is production exploitation in charge of scientific research departments and seeds corporations. Corn planting is based on farmers with the guidance of agriculture departments. We should develop further processing and make the leading enterprises larger and stronger taking the advantage of technology and supports of government. We should actualize capitalization of enterprises depending on securities business and investment bank. The low segment is corn distribution. In order to prolong the industry chain, we should look for the domestic and international markets. We should constitute associations and agencies of corn to link up production and
distribution. Further processing can make the increment of corn greatly. It is the important part of the value chain. We can increase the added value as followed.
The meaning of actualizing the management of the value chain is to optimize key operation flow, reduce cost of industry organizations and managements, enhence marketing competition ability of the industry. The aim of actualizing the management of the value chain is to transform the industry from function type to flow type with optimizing key operation, organization, operation flow and information flow. Thus we can reduce cost and risk. At last, we can enhence efficiency and benefit to boost up the general competition advantage of the industry.
Perfecting corn industrial d
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