生料发酵制燃料乙醇工艺流程的模拟与优化研究
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摘要
从上个世纪70年代中期开始,利用生物技术和可再生资源进行燃料乙醇的工业化生产,并以此作为石油能源的替代物成为各国的研究热点。燃料乙醇工艺的研究具有重要意义,不但可以大量地转化生物质能源,缓解能源危机,而且还可以减轻大气污染,带动农业产业化和生态良性循环。在我国,乙醇生产也已具备一定规模,传统的乙醇生产工艺中,流程的热量集成差,因而能耗普遍较大。近些年来国内出现了一些较大规模的燃料乙醇生产装置,能耗在很大程度上影响着工业生产成本,系统的优化成为大规模工业生产的技术关键。
    近年来兴起的生料发酵,是液化、糖化和发酵同时进行的过程,生料发酵无蒸煮工序,不仅大大降低了能耗,而且还原糖始终处于低水平,这有力避免了染菌,可以进行高浓度发酵(浓醪发酵),提高了发酵罐的生产能力。生料发酵成熟醪液的粘度小,在粗馏塔内流动效果好。玉米是发酵法制燃料乙醇的主要原料,尤其是在美国,在我国南方,大量的早籼稻是生料发酵制燃料乙醇的新原料,稻谷生料发酵制燃料乙醇是符合我国国情的。
    本文提出了改进的生料发酵制无水乙醇精馏工艺流程,进行了系统的热量集成,建立了模型,并对不同的工艺条件下进行模拟与优化,得到系统总能耗与粗馏塔塔压、精馏塔塔压的变化趋势,通过给予粗馏塔适量的回流比和两塔塔压的调节,最终获得了总能耗最低时的设计及操作参数。设计流程中回收了精馏塔和吸附塔的气相冷凝热,用于粗馏塔塔釜再沸器,通过粗馏塔小量回流比的调节使之平衡,确定了粗馏塔、精馏塔的最优操作压力及粗馏塔的最优回流比。本文进行了用稻谷生料发酵醪液为原料的粗馏塔精馏实验研究。实验采用低压低温精馏技术,初步分离出乙醇。与常压精馏相比较,低压低温精馏能够减少醪糟中营养物质的损失,更多地保存了酶活力和发酵菌体的活性,为醪糟进行下一步的秸秆固态发酵饲料生产提供保证;而且有利于进行浓醪精馏,实现大幅度的节能。
Since 1970s, as alternative and renewable energy resources, fuel ethanol using biotechnology has become a research focus of many countries. Fuel ethanol research is important in the sense that it can converse biomass energy, relieve energy crisis, and reduce atmosphere pollution and so on. In China, most processes for ethanol dehydration have high-energy consumption due to the lack of deep heat integrations for distillation processes. Especially for large-scale fuel ethanol processes, energy consumption is still a key concern not only because it is the main factor influential to product cost, but also as the price of the fuel ethanol should be competent to fossil fuel.
    Raw fermentation is the process of liquescence, saccharification and fermentation conducting at the same time. By cutting the cook process, besides energy saving, the deoxidized sugar in the broth is in the low level during the whole process, which has the advantage of avoiding the fermenting material to be infected by other bacteria and being suitable for high gravity fermentation. With low viscidity, the broth by raw fermentation flows well in the distillation column. By contrast with American, who has corn as the main fermentation material for fuel ethanol, lots of first-crop paddy in south china can be new raw material for ethanol production, so raw fermentation for ethanol using paddy is suitable for the situation of China.
    This paper presents a design of a new process scheme of ethanol production by raw fermentation. The process model is developed and the heat integration problem is studied. We simulated the process using rigorous models under different condition, and obtained the variation of energy consumption to columns’ pressures and the optimal solution by adjusting the reflux ratio of the prefractionator. For distillation, heat is supplied to the prefractionator’s reboiler and taken away from the second column’s condenser and absorb column, and heat balance is achieved by adjusting the reflux ratio of the prefractionator. For verifying the feasibility for the lower pressure operation of prefractionator using as feed the paddy by raw fermentation, experiment on low pressure distillation is performed. In the experiment, compared to atmosphere distillation, low-pressure distillation is proved to be able to save more nourishment, remain more yeast for the fermentation with cornstalk and finally give more energy saving.
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