摘要
环境低温引起的冷应激给北方草地畜牧业造成了严重的损失，为解决这一影响畜牧业生产的难题，保证草地畜牧业的健康、稳定、持续发展，本试验对抗冷应激饲草料进行了研究。
首先以乌珠穆沁育成羊和妊娠母羊为试验对象，进行了舍饲和放牧+补饲两种不同饲养方式下，抗冷应激饲草料对育成羊和妊娠母羊体重变化及羔羊出生重生产性能影响的试验。而后以妊娠母羊为试验对象，研究在放牧+补饲生产条件下，抗冷应激饲草料对绵羊血糖、二氧化碳结合力、无机离子、血清酶和一些激素的影响，探讨抗冷应激饲草料的作用机理。
试验结果表明：①舍饲条件下饲喂抗冷应激饲草料无明显效果。②在放牧+补饲的条件下，抗冷应激饲草料对育成羊增重、妊娠母羊保膘和羔羊出生重有明显的促进作用。③从血糖、无机离子和激素的结果来看，抗冷应激饲草料能很好地调节绵羊血糖、无机离子和神经内分泌激素的变化，在寒冷条件下缓和应激，减少自身体内营养物质的消耗，维持正常的生理代谢。④从二氧化碳结合力和血清酶的结果可知，抗冷应激饲草料能起到缓解酸中毒和维持酸碱平衡的作用，并且降低了冷应激对细胞膜的损伤，维持了绵羊机体健康。
Cold stress caused by the low environmental temperature had brought great loss to the grassland animal husbandry in North.The study of composite feed for resisting cold stress was made in this experiment，in order to solve the problem on cold stress and ensure the heathy,stable and sustained development of grassland stock farming.
First,Ujimqin adult sheep and pregnant ewe were used to study the effects of composite feed for resisting cold stress on the body weight changes of adult sheep and pregnant ewe and the baby weight.Sencond,only pregnant ewe was used to study the influences of composite feed for resisting cold stress on the glucose,carbon dioxide combining power,ions , enzymes and hormones in grazing + supplementary feeding,in order to explore the functional machanism of composite feed for resisting cold stress.
The results showed that: ①There was no significant effects feeding with composite feed for resisting cold stress in pen feeding.②The composite feed for resisting cold stress could greatly promote the body weight increase of adult sheep,the baby weight and keep the body weight of pregnant ewe in grazing + supplementary feeding.③It could be seen from the results of glucose,ions and hormone that composite feed for resisting cold stress could greatly modulating the changes of them and regulating the stress in cold condition.Thus,the consumption of nutritional matters were reduced and the normal physiological metabolism were maintained.④Based on the results of carbon dioxide combining power and enzymes,as can be seen that feeding with composite feed for resisting cold stress had an effect on reducing acid intoxication and keeping the balance between acid and alkali,meanwhile,decreasing the injure of cold stress to cell membrane and keeping sheep heathy.
引文
1 Selye，H.，1937.Studies on adaption. Endocrinology 21:169-188
2 Selye，H.，1956.The Stress of Life. McGraw – Hill，New York，pp.205-236
3 Bohus，B.，Koolhaas，J.M.，Nyakas，C.，Stefens，A.B.，fokkema，D.S.and Scheurink，A.J.W.1987，pp.91-107
4 Ewbank，R.，1992. Stress:a general overview. In:Farm Animal and the Environment(Edt Clive Phillips，D.Piggins)，C.A.B.International，pp.255-262
5 Siegel，H.S.1995.Stress，strain and resistance. British Poultry Science36:3-22
6 Dickson，W.M.，1987.Endocrinology，reproduction and lactation. in: Duke’s Physiology of Domestic Animals，P790-791
7 韩正康主编.家畜营养生理学.北京:农业出版社，1991，90-92
8 陈志伟.乌珠穆沁育成公羊补偿生长的研究.内蒙古农业大学博士论文.1999，24-30
9 Young，Andrew J.，Castellani，John W. Exertion-induced fatigue and thermoregulation in the cold. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology- Part A:Molecular & Integrative Physiology Volume:128，Issue:4，April，2001,pp.769-776
10 黄昌澍.家畜气候学.南京:江苏科学技术出版社，1989，189-397
11 Ames，D.R.，and D.R.Brink.1980.Effect of Environmental Stress on Nutritional Physiology in Digestive Physiology and Nutrition of Ruminants.Vol.2，Nutrition. 2nd Ed.383-399，Corvallis，Oregon；O and B Books.
12 ARC.1980.The Requirements of Ruminant Livestock. Agricultural Research Council. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau，Slongh，UK. pp.45-46
13 Bailey，C.B.1989.The Water and Energy Metabolism in Animals and Man. Cambridge University Press，Cambridge. pp.22-24
14 Graham，N. McC.，F.W.Wainman，K.L.Blaxter，and D.G.Armstrong.1959.Environmental temperature，energy metabolism and heat regulation in sheep. 1. Energy metabolism in closed clipped sheep. J. of Agric.Sci.52，13-24
15 Blaxter，K.L.，and F.W.Wainman.1961. Environmental temperature and the energy metabolism and heat emission of steers.J. Agric.Sci.56:81
16 Kennedy，P. M.，and L. P. Milligan. 1978.Effect of cold exposure on digestion，microbial synthesis and nitrogen transformations in sheep. Br.J.Nutr.39:105
17 Christonpherson，R. J.,and P. M. Kennedy.1983.Effect of the thermal environment on digestion in ruminants. Canadian J. Anim. Sci.63，477-496
18 NRC. Effect of Environment on Nutrient Requirements of Dosmestic Animals. National
Academy Press，Washington DC.1981. pp.55-62
19 Graham，N.M.Energetic Efficiency of Fasting Sheep II. Effects of Undernutrition. Aust.J.Agric.Res.1964，15:375-385
20 Christonpherson，R. J.1976. Effects of prolonged cold and the outdoor winter environment on apparent digestibility in sheep and cattle. Can.J.Anim.Sci.56:201-212
21 Blaxter，K.L.，1962.The Energy Metabolism of Ruminants. London:Hutchinson Scientific and Technical. pp.28-59
22 Blaxter，K.L.，N.McC.Graham，F.W.Wainman，and D.G.Armstrong.1959. Environmental temperature，the energy metabolism and heat regulation in sheep.2. The paritition of heat losses in closely clipped sheep. J. Agric.Sci.25:52
23 Blaxter，K.L.，N.McC.Graham，and F.W.Wainman.1959. Environmental temperature，the energy metabolism and heat regulation in sheep.3. The metabolism and thermal exchanges of sheep with fleeces. J. Agric.Sci.41:52
24 Rattray，P. V.，W. N. Garrett，N. Hinman and N.E.East.1973.Energr cost of protein and fat deposition in sheep. J. Anim.Sci.38:378
25 薛建刚，李慧英.冷季绵羊能量平衡的初步研究.家畜生态，1993，14(1):1-5
26 杨焕民，李世泽.动物冷应激的研究进展.黑龙江畜牧兽医，1999，5:1-2
27 McBride，G.E，Christonpherson，R. J.Effects of cold exposure on younggrowing lambs. Can J.Anim.Sci.，1984，64:403-410
28 任涛，辛朝安.寒冷应激对鸡的影响.养禽与禽病防治，1997，2:32-33；3:19-20
29 朱道立.应激与神经内分泌及免疫的研究.北京实验动物科学与管理.1994，11(2):32-35
30 孟铭伦，周超等.核黄素对受冷大鼠甲状腺激素的影响.营养学报，1990，12(3):323-327
31 陈景元，朱运龙等.急性冷暴大鼠ACTH分泌及锌代谢的变化.第四军医大学学报，1998，19(3):21-22
32 徐杨，杨泽田等.冷适应大鼠脑垂体、下丘脑、脾淋巴细胞和血浆β内啡肽及其mRNA的变化.生理学报，1992，44(1):45-53
33 Sasaki F, Wu P,Rougeau D, et al.1990.Cytochemical studies of responses of corticotropes and thyrotropes to cold and novel environment stress [J].Endocrinology,127(1):285-297
34 李世泽，杨焕民等.冷应激对健康雏鸡某些内分泌活动的影响.应用与环境生物学报，1998，4(2):167-169
35 杨琳，杜荣等.环境温度对鸡饲粮代谢能值及血浆中甲状腺激素浓度的影响.畜牧兽医学报，1993，24(6):494-499
36 Rudas，P.and PETHES，G.，1986.Acute changes of the conversion of thyroxione to triiodothyronine in hypophysectomized and thyriodectimized chickens exposed to mild cold
(10c).General and Comperative Endocrinology，63:408～413
37 May ，J.D.et al.，1986.Effect of acclimation and heat stress on thyroid hormone concentration. Poult. Sci.，65:1211-1213
38 Bobek，S. et al.，1980.The effect of acute cold and warm ambient temperatures on the thyroid hormone concentration in blood plasma，blood supply and oxygen consumption in Japanese quail. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol.，40:201
39 乔岩瑞.冷应激对猪生产性能的影响.饲料广角，2004，(3):3
40 李世泽，毛鑫智等.新生犊牛某些营养代谢成分和激素水平昼夜动态变化规律的研究.黑龙江八一农垦大学学报，1996，8(3):86-93
41 马庆文等.内蒙古干旱草原地区放牧绵羊冷季饲草供需关系的研究.中国草地1988增刊，37-42
42 宣长河，任凤兰，孙福先.猪病学.北京:中国农业科技出版社，1996.545-581
43 田允波.环境温度和营养对猪的影响.家畜生态，1993，14(10):37-41
44 周忠，孟宪泽，宋清印等.寒冷地区农村母猪生产现状及其环境管理条件的调查.见：中国畜牧报学会家畜生态学分会.第四届全国家畜环境讨论会论文集.北京:中国农业科技出版社，1993，8:62-65
45 纪孙瑞，周鉴卿.应激与抗应激.家畜生态.1994，15(3):41-44
46 张敏红主编.畜禽应激与抗应激新技术.北京：中国农业大学出版社，2000.12:8
47 张敏红.环境高温对猪的铬代谢及生理生化反应的影响.中国农业科学院博士学位论文.1996，8-9
48 李振甲等.放射免疫分析法手册.北京:科学技术文献出版社，1980，152-167
49 朱青等.固相微球放免分离剂的研制.中国核科技报告(CNIC-00568，IAE-0098)，北京：原子能出版社，1992，1-9
50 Michael G. M. and Richard S. Ch.，Clinica Chimica Acta，1986,158:59-70
51 Analytical Biochemistry .1984，140-141，305-314
52 邝安堃.胰岛B细胞功能研究的现状及其意义.中华医学杂志，1982，62:641
53 Young，D，S，et al，Clin，Chem，1975，21:301D，364D
54 Norman，R，J，et al，Clin，Chem，1984，30:169
55 Ekins，R，P，J，of Clin lmmunoassay，1984，7:160-180
56 Withherspoon，L，R，et al，J，of Clin lmmunoassay，1984，7:192
57 Shanndn，N，et al，Clin，Chem，1984，30:1770
58 Lehotay，D.C.et al Clin. Chem.1982，28:1826-1829
59 Marple，J.M.S.1973. Cold exposure and mammary glucose metabolism in sheep. Br. J.Nutr.43:163-170
60南京农学院主编.家畜病理生理学.北京:农业出版社，1984，136-137
61 Bailey，C.B.，Schaefer，A. L.，and Turner，B.V. 1982. The effects of cold exposure on blood-flow distribution in sheep. J. Therm.Biol.7:15-21
62 Tromp，G. E. 1977.Physiological effects of cold exposure. In D. Robertshaw，ed. International physiology. Environmental physiology II，Vol.15. University Park Press，Baltimore，Md. 9:63-77
63 赵健蓉，李如治等.蛋鸡的冷热应激.上海畜牧兽医通讯，1998(2):21
64 C.D.特纳.J.T.贝格纳尔著；刘以训，庄临之，曹永清译.普通内分泌学.北京:科学出版社，1983(2):169
65 康世良.应激对动物营养与健康的影响.饲料博览，1994(5):16
66 张喜南.动物生物化学.北京:高等教育出版社，1992，78-112
67 张玉生，傅伟龙.动物生理学.北京:中国科学技术出版社，1994，145-239
68 康格非.临床生物化学[M].人民卫生出版社.1989，11
69 夏成，张洪友等.泌乳量对荷斯坦乳牛某些血液生化指标的影响[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2003,(4):29-30
70 高树新,王国斌等.维生素E和维生素C对热应激时肉仔鸡某些血液生化指标的影响[J],2002,24(2):30-31