稻田油菜免耕直播施肥技术研究与示范
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摘要
本研究以油菜施肥技术为研究对象,目的是为水稻—油菜复种免耕直播栽培技术的应用,提供配套施肥技术的可行性和技术依据。
     本项目试验研究内容包括:一是对水稻—油菜复种免耕直播栽培条件下,施肥方法对油菜农艺性状、经济性状及产量的影响效应的研究,提出稻田免耕直播油菜以轻简和效益为目的时,应用胶膜缓释肥的可行性。二是对胶膜缓释肥施用量试验研究,比较对产量和效益的影响效应差异性,筛选最佳施肥量方案。示范研究内容是稻田免耕直播油菜一次性施用胶膜缓释肥,探讨免耕直播油菜的种植效益。研究的主要结果如下:
     1.施肥处理对油菜生育进程有一定影响。肥料养分供应不足时(不施肥),油菜生育进程趋前,生育期缩短。
     2.对油菜第7叶~14叶的出叶期和枯黄期的观察记载,施肥方法处理A(习惯法)、B(施普通复合肥)、C(施肥胶膜可控肥)的平均出叶间距比CK_1长0.5~0.7天,平均叶片功能期增加5~7天,与C相比,A、B处理的平均叶片功能期短3.5天和1.5天。胶膜肥施肥量(30~60kg)处理F_1、F_2、F_3、F_4的出叶平均间距比CK_2长0.2~0.4天,平均叶片功能期增加3~6天,随施肥量的增加,叶片功能期呈增长趋势。施用胶膜缓释肥对油菜有防止叶片早衰和延长功能期的效应。
     3.施肥处理对油菜苗素质和长势长相影响较大。处理A、B、C均比CK_1秧苗素质要好,绿叶数增加0.2~1.2叶,根茎粗增加0~0.28cm,单株叶面积增加3.6~362.4cm~2,其中以处理C秧苗素质最好。施肥量试验表明,随着施肥量的增加,绿叶数、最大叶片长、宽、根茎粗、单株叶面积均依次呈不同程式度的增加趋势。以F_4与F_1相比,绿叶数增加2.3叶,最大叶长、宽分别增加1.7cm、1.8cm,根茎粗增加0.27cm,单株叶面积增加942.9cm~2。在30~60kg肥料施用量范围内,随施肥量的增加,营养生长量更高,更有利于油菜高产。对春后长势长相的影响与对冬前苗素质的影响基本一致。
     4.油菜一次有效分枝数、主花序有效角果数、分枝有效角果数和单株有效角果数受施肥处理影响较大。而植株株高、每角粒数、千粒重除施肥的比不施肥的略增外,施肥处理之间的变幅较小。施肥方法处理c的主花序有效角果数分别比A、B、CK_1增加3.2~10.4个,增幅为7.5~29%,分枝数有效角果数分别增加11.3~28.7个,增幅为12.9~40.8%。在30~60kg的范围内,施肥量的增加均能有效改善油菜的经济性状,提高产量。
    
    5.三种施肥方法比不施肥(CK.)增产都达极显著水平,三者之间差异不显著。
    处理e,667m2产菜籽93.3kg,L匕eK.增产4一二Ikg,增幅达s一90/0,为最大。L匕
    CKI增加投入62元,增加的净产值为41.44元,投入增值回报率为66.8%,增加
    净产值和投入增值回报率都居第一位。
    6.每667m2一次施用胶膜缓释肥30一6okg,随灯l量的增)Jl一,比不施肥ffJ(eKZ)
    增产幅度依次递增。F;(6以g),667m2产菜籽los.gkg,L匕eK:增产4s.lkg,增
    幅83.50,0,达极显著水平。F3(sokg),667:nZ产菜籽99.6kg。F4、r3比亩施F.
    (3okg),增产达显著水平。F;比CKZ增加投入74.4元,增加的净产值为41.04
    元,列第一位,投入的增值回报率为55.2%,列第三位。F3比CK:增加投入62
    元,增加的净产值为3832元,列第二位,投入的增值回报率为61 .8%,列第一
    位.可见,667m2施50一60kg的胶膜缓释肥都是可行的,在肥力较低的田块可适
    当增施肥料,在肥力水平较高的田块,要取得最好的经济效益,选用施SOkg肥
    料量。
The experiment of fertilizing technique of direct-seeding oil rape under the zero tillage condition was conducted in Shimen county in 2002-2003. The purpose of this experiment was to exploit: (1) the effects of different fertilizer method on the agronomic and economic characters and the yield of oil rape; (2) the applicable possibility of slowly-releasing compound fertilizer coated with polymer membrane; (3) the optimum formula and application amount of coated compound fertilizer and (4) the fertilizing method for direct-seeding oil rape under the zero tillage condition. The results were mainly summarized as follows:
    The different fertilizing treatments had some effects on the growth procedures of oil rape. The growth and development was ahead of time and the growth duration became shorter under the no fertilizer treatment.
    According to the observation for the emergence and senescence of the 7-14th leaf of oil rape, the duration from one leaf emergence to next leaf emergence increased 0.5-0.7d in average compared with no fertilizer treatment (CK|). The function duration per leaf elongated 5-7d in average compared with CK1. The average function duration of per leaf of treat A (traditional fertilizer method) and treat B (compound fertilizer) was 3.5d and 1.5d less than that of treat c (coated compound fertilizer). The leaf emergence duration between two leaves treat F|, F2, F3, F4 (coated compound fertilizer, plots in turn 30, 40, 50, 60kg/667m2) each was 0,2-0.4d longer that that of CK2(no fertilizer treat), as well as the function duration per leaf increased 3-6d in the fertilizing treatments. The leaf function duration delayed with the increase in fertilizing rate.
    Fertilizing treatments affected the growth at seedlings and at mid-late stage of oil rape. Compared with CK|, the seedlings of treat A, B, C increased 0.2-1.2 green leaves, 0.0-2.8 cm diameter of root-stem and 3.6-362.4 cm2 leaf area per plant, of which the best seedling quality was observed in treat C. With the increase in fertilizer rate applied, the green leaves, the length of the largest leaf, the diameter of root-stem and leaf area per plant showed a small increased to some extent. Compared with F|, F4 increased 2.3 green leaves, 1.7 cm leaf length and 1.8 cm leaf width of the largest leaf, 2.7 cm diameter of root-stein and 942.9 cm2 leaf area per plant. In the range of 30-60kg/mu applied coated-compound fertilizer the vegetative growth and biomass increased with the increase of fertilizing rate. The tendency of plant growth before winter was similar to that after spring. As a result, it is beneficial to yield formation.
    Fertilizing treatment obviously affected the number of primary branches, effective pods of main fluoresce, effective branches and the number of effective pods per plant. But no significant difference of plant height, grains per pod and 1000-grain weight was observed between different fertilizing treatments except for the main fluoresce of treat C. As for the different fertilizing method, treat C increased 3.2-10.4 (by 7.5-29%) effective pods of main fluoresce as well as 11.3-28 (by 12.9-40.8%) effective pods of branches compared with treat A, B and CK1.
    There were no differences of grain yield among three fertilizing methods, but their yield was significantly higher than that of no-fertilizer plot (CK1). The grain yield of treat C was up to 93.3kg/667m2 and 41.1kg/667m2 (by 81.9%) higher than that of plot (CK1). In the range of 30-60kg/667m applied coated-compound fertilizer, the yields increased with the increase in fertilizer applied and that of plot F4, F3, F2 and F1 was 105.8,99.6,90.9, 74.5kg/mu respectively.
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