摘要
身体自我是指个体对自己的认知和评价，它是个体自我意识中最早萌发的部分，是自我概念的一个重要的基础部分。青少年阶段是自我形成的重要时期，这一阶段面临着生理成熟和心理成熟的双重任务，身体自我是自我价值感的重要来源，因此对身体的认知和评价在青少年阶段有着特殊的意义。目前国外对身体自我的研究日益增多，产生了一些较为成熟的模型和测量工具，然而国内对此的研究还相当缺乏，更没有专门的身体自我量表。尤其在锻炼心理学领域，对于中学生的身体锻炼与身体自我概念之间的关系，缺乏较为全面和系统的研究。
本研究通过问卷调查的方式了解中学生身体锻炼的现状以及身体自我概念的发展特点。调查结果表明：
(1)男生的身体自我概念发展的总体水平优于女生。在身体力量、身体耐力、运动能力和身体活动维度上，男生明显高于女生。在其他维度上则没有明显差异。
(2)中学生的身体自我概念随着年龄的增长呈上升趋势，但到高二后开始下降，各个子维度上除了身体健康、身体外表和身体自尊是持续增长外，其他维度都是在高一有较大幅度的上升，在高二略有下降，在身体活动自我概念上更是如此。
(3)提高中学生身体自我概念的最佳运动处方在不同维度上稍有差异。基本上锻炼强度以中强度为主，每周锻炼3-5次，每次运动时间为31-59分钟和60分钟以上，并且能够和同学一起参加锻炼的锻炼方式。
(4)不同的锻炼类型对于中学生身体自我概念的总体水平影响不是非常显著。从事球类和体操类项目对于促进中学生身体自我概念总体水平的发展优于其他类型的项目。
(5)锻炼的强度对于中学生身体自我概念也有较大的影响，总休来说，大强度的运动
对于中学生身体锻炼的影响最大。
(6)锻炼的频率与中学生的身体自我概念有很大关系，但并不是越频繁越能促进身体
自我概念的发展，每周运动3一5次的学生身体自我概念的发展水平最高。
(7)参与锻炼的时间越长，对中学生身体自我概念的影响也越大，时间在30分钟以
上是一个明显的分界点。
(8)是否和同学经常一起锻炼与身体自我概念也有显著的相关性，经常和同学一起参
加锻炼的学生在身体自我概念的各个维度上都表现出了较高的发展水平。
在调查研究的基础上，进一步做实验，以进一步验证有关的研究结果，本研究对613
名中学生进行不同项目、不同频率和不同时间的运动方式对中学生身体自我概念的影响
进行了探讨，研究结果表明:
(l)锻炼的时间越长，对中学生身体自我概念影响的效果越明显。
(2)每周锻炼的次数对于中学生身体自我概念的影响并不显著，增加锻炼的次数，还
要视锻炼持续的时间而定。
(3)不同年龄的学生身体自我概念发展的特点不同，不同的项目对身体自我概念的影
响也不同。
(4)初一的男生最佳锻炼形式为每周2次每次40分钟的篮球，高一男生更适合参加
每周3次每次20分钟的武术。不管哪个年级的女生，每周2次每次40分钟的健美操都
能有效促进她们的身体自我概念总体水平的发展。
Physical self-concept means the cognition and judgement to himself by an individual. It is the first growing part of individual self-consciense and an important basic section of self-concept. Juvenille stage is a critical period of individual self-forming, which faces the both task of physiological and psychological growing. Physical self-concept is an important source of self value, so it has special meaning to understand the cognition and judgement during juvenile stage. Now the researching on physical self-concept is increasing in overseas and has established some matural models and messuring tools, while it is quite lacking in China, no matter the special physical self-concept scale table. Especially in field of exercise psychology, it is quite lacking of thorough and systematic researching over the relation between physical exercise and physical self-concept of middle school students.
This research is to find the current condition of physical exercise and developing characteristic of physical self-concept of middle school students. The research outcome shows:
1) The overall developing level of physical self-concept of boys is better than girls. On dimension of Physical Strength, Physical Endurance, Sport Ability and Physical Exercise, boys scored obviously better than girls did. White there are no significant differences on other dimensions.
2) The physicl self-concept of middle school student appears an increasing trend followed by growing of age, but starts to decrease after grade two of senior school. Every dimension, except Physical Health, Physical Apperance and Physical Self-esteem keep increasing trend, increases by big scale in grade one of senior school but decrease a bit in grade two of senior school, especially in Physical Exercise self-concept.
3) It is different of best sport recipe to improve the physical
self-concept over different dimensions. Basically, it has the exercise intensity at middle level, 3-5 times per week, 31-59 minutes and over 60 minutes each exercise period and with participant of classmate
4) The difference of effect by different exercise type to overall level of physical self-concept of middle school student is not significant. But taking part in balls and gymnastics exercises is better than others to develop the overall physical self-concept of middle school students
5) Exercise intensity has obvious effect to physical self-concept of middle school students. Genernally, higher intensity exercise affects more signicantly.
6) Exercise frequency has great relation to physical self-concept of middle school students. But this does not mean that higher exercise frequency bring better physical self-concept development. Highest physical self-concept development level is from the students having 3-5 times exercises per week.
7) The longer the exercises take, the better the physical self-concept of middle school students the exercises affect. Thirt-minutes is a obvious separating point.
8) There also exists correlation between physical self-concept development and exercise participants. The students with classmates accompanying show higher level of each dimension of physical self-concept.
According the result of research, following experiment influenced 613 middle school students at different items, different frequencies and different period exercise type. The experiment result shown:
1) Longer exercise affected physical self-concept of middle school students more obviously. Exercise time should be lengthened in middle school physical exercise education.
2) The times of every week exercise affected the physical self-concept of middle schoold students not significantly. So exercise frequency should be considered depending on the exercise lasting time.
3) Students at different age have different task of physical self-concept development, while different items bring different influence. The age and gental of students should be considered when selecting proper
exercise item.
4) The best exercise for first grade of junior school boy is basketball, twice a we
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