摘要
随着运输、信息和通信技术的发展以及全球范围内贸易壁垒的降低和投资便利化程度的提高,要素资源在各国之间的流动加速;同时世界范围日趋激烈的竞争压力,也使得各国的生产者逐渐在全球范围内考虑要素资源配置,以最大限度地降低生产成本和交易成本。因此,20世纪末期世界经济呈现新的特征:贸易一体化与生产的非一体化,即产品制造过程中包含的不同工序和环节被分散到不同国家进行,从而形成了以工序、环节为对象的产品内国际分工,以及为生产而贸易的产品内国际贸易现象。于是,一种产品的生产不再仅仅利用一国的比较优势,而是利用世界各国的比较优势,形成了国家比较优势向世界比较优势转化的态势,从而将世界各国卷入全球生产体系,形成了“你中有我,我中有你”的网络分工格局,而跨国公司成为这一网络的治理者。
1978年中国实现对外开放,相继汇入蓬勃兴起的世界经济全球化浪潮,尤以惊人增长的加工贸易方式将中国日益融入全球生产体系。像中国这样的与发达国家仍存在着巨大技术差距的发展中大国,参与国际分工,主要的获益并不在于有更广大的市场,而在于分享世界上有限的、分配极不均匀的技术人力资源从事技术创新的成果。开放经济中,一国的技术进步不仅来自于国内自身研发投入,而且来自于外国R&D通过一系列国际经济活动对本国产生的直接或间接的技术溢出。经济全球化背景下,跨国公司全球生产网络治理模式下的围绕产品内国际分工而发生的大量国际直接投资和产品内国际贸易构成了国际经济活动的主要内容。因此,国际贸易、外商直接投资(FDI)和全球生产网络构成全球化背景之下国际技术溢出的重要渠道。
根据中国海关总署对加工贸易的定义,加工贸易是从其他国家或地区外获取料件(来料或进料)、在国内加工或组装后复出口的生产与贸易相结合的过程。因此,加工贸易实质上是建立在产品内国际分工(intra-product specialization)基础上的生产与贸易的有效融合形式。20世纪90年代以来FDI逐渐成为中国加工贸易的主体,跨国公司“全球生产网络治理”成为加工贸易的运行机制。可见,在产品内国际分工的基础上,国际技术溢出的三种重要渠道“国际贸易”、“外商直接投资”(FDI)和“全球生产网络”在加工贸易中实现了较好的融合。因此,加工贸易既是中国参与国际分工的有效方式,又是中国获取国际技术溢出的有效途径。
目前已有文献对我国获取国际技术溢出效应进行了研究。但现有文献大多是就国际技术溢出的某种渠道而研究该渠道的国际技术溢出,而忽略了对我国获取国际技术溢出所依赖的国际经济活动的分工基础的考察。本文试图从产品内国际分工视角,探析加工贸易分工模式、贸易方式和运行机制,从而将加工贸易理论基础与国际技术溢出的理论结合起来,实现对加工贸易国际技术溢出机制的系统把握。本文共分为七部分,其结构安排如下:
第一章,导论。内容包括问题的提出,研究现状,研究的基本思路与方法,主要内容与论文结构,论文的主要创新点与不足。
第二章,经济全球化与技术进步。首先,通过内生经济增长理论的描述,引出技术进步是对经济增长源泉,而开放经济体系中,一国的技术进步不仅来自于国内自身研发投入,而且来自于国际交往中产生的国际技术溢出效应;然后从国际技术溢出的内涵、渠道、影响因素等方面分析国际技术溢出的理论基础;最后,通过对全球化背景下“产品内国际分工”促进的技术进步的偏高技术性的分析,推绎经济全球化背景下发展中国家的技术进步的模式。
第三章,我国利用国际技术溢出效应的有效途径——加工贸易。本章是全文的理论基础。首先,对加工贸易的内涵解析,也对与之相关的概念进行了辨析,并运用国际贸易理论,剖析了中国加工贸易的理论基础,指出加工贸易的分工基础是“产品内国际分工”,贸易方式是“产品内国际贸易”,运行机制是“全球生产网络治理”;接着,对中国加工贸易的发展实践进行历程描述和现状分析,指出20世纪90年代以后以外资为主体的加工贸易是经济全球化背景下中国参与产品内国际分工的有效方式,并描述了跨国公司在中国开展加工贸易的主要战略模式;再接着,分析中国加工贸易国际技术溢出的三个渠道“进口、FDI、出口”的技术溢出机制,并分别对“进口、FDI、出口”的国际技术溢出效应进行文献综述;最后,在介绍技术和技术溢出的测量及国际技术溢出的模型的基础上,构建中国加工贸易国际技术溢出的模型。
第四章,中国加工贸易技术溢出效应对经济增长的作用——基于中国总量数据的实证分析。本章,首先利用索洛余值法测算我国的全要素生产率,并对改革开放30多年来我国全要素生产率的变化进行分析;接着以全要素生产率做为被解释变量,利用第三章构建的模型就加工贸易国际技术溢出对我国经济增长作用进行实证分析;然后,加入修正因子对加工贸易国际技术溢出影响因素进行实证分析。
第五章,中国加工贸易技术溢出效应对创新能力作用的实证分析。本章,首先,就加工贸易国际技术溢出对中国技术创新作用进行实证分析;然后,从来源地视角,就加工贸易国际技术溢出对我国技术创新能力作用的影响因素进行实证分析。
第六章,主要结论与政策启示。在前面各章分析基础上总结出论文的主要结论;并提出相应的政策建议;然后指出本文的不足及需要进一步研究的问题。
The improving of technology on transportation and communication and the disappearing of barriers to international trade and the foreign investment accelerate the key elements resource flowing among countries. With the increasing drastic competition, the producers have to consider how to configure the key elements resource around the world to reduce the costs of production and exchange maximally. Therefore, at the end of 20th century, the world economy presents new features: integration of trade and disintegration of production, which means the various working procedures and working phases are accomplished in different countries during the product manufacture process and the intra-product international specialization, which regards the working procedures and the working phases as its object, comes into being. It brings the specialization based on the comparative advantages among countries from the product itself into its inner working procedures and processes. Thus the world involved in global production network, which is governed by the multinational corporations. Since 1978, China carried out the opening policy and began to engage in processing trade, which is the way to participate the global production network. As a developing country, there is still a huge technological gap between China and the developed countries. China needs to participate the global production system to share the technology spillovers. At the end of 20th century,international technology spillovers had became an important means of knowledge production along with the integration of world economy. Technology spillovers are closely related to the non-exclusive nature of technology. International trade and FDI are the important channels to get the technology spillovers. Processing trade is with materials and products both outward just simple process and assembly procedure in China, and since 1990’s FDI became the main force of China’s processing trade.Thus China may get technology spillovers by using processing trade. Import, FDI and export are the three channels of processing trade to get technology spillovers .
Referring to the relative existing literature, the studies for technology spillovers focus on the channels,especially import and FDI. Therefore, only concerning on the channels would not apprehend its whole system in the round. The thesis tries to integrate the study of micro-level in the intra-product international specialization running system with the processing trade and the technology spillovers theory, and make systemic and comprehensive researches on the technology spillovers of processing trade.
The thesis consists of six chapters as follows:
The first chapter: Introduction. It introduces its research background and significance, the domestic and foreign research actuality, its methods and structure, the main innovations and the insufficiencies in the thesis.
The second chapter: Economy globalization and technology improving. Firstly, Based on endogenous economic growth theory,the thesis emphasis not only the domestic R&D input but also the international technology spillovers play a good role in improving the country’s technology. Secondly, the thesis introduces theory backgrounds and determinants of international technology spillovers, and analyzes that the intra-product international specialization incurs the technology improving which is skill-biased. Finally,it analyzes how the developing countries to improve its technology under the current economy globalization.
The third chapter: Analysis on the international technology spillovers of the processing trade. Firstly,this chapter analyzes its definition of processing trade and differentiates processing trade and other related nuance, and points out that processing trade is a mixture of intra-product international producing and trading , which is based on intra-product international specialization. Secondly, the thesis introduces the practice of processing trade and analyzes its characters. Thirdly, the thesis analyzes the mechanisms of international technology spillovers on the three channels“import, FDI, export”of processing trade and analyzes the related lecturers. Finally,it introduces the models of international technology spillovers and establishes the models of processing trade international technology spillovers.
The fourth chapter: Analysis on effects of the processing trade international technology spillovers to the TFP. Firstly,this chapter analyzes the TFP by using the means of Solow residual. Secondly, it uses the models of processing trade international technology spillovers , which is established in chapter three, to analyze the effect of the processing trade international technology spillovers to the TFP. Finally,it makes some evidence-based analysis on the determinants of processing trade international technology spillovers.
The fifth chapter: Analysis on effects of the processing trade international technology spillovers to the Invention ability. This chapter analyzes whether the processing trade international technology spillovers could improve the country’s Invention ability.
The sixth chapter: Conclusion and Prospect. Depending on the analysis in the above chapters, it makes some primary conclusions and points out the future research orientation in this chapter.
引文
26Helleiner,G. K. The Role of Multinational Corporation in Less Developed Countries’Trade in Technology. World Development,1975(3):161-189.
27Dosi,G.Sources,Procedures and Microeconomic Effects of Innovation[J]. Journal of Economic Literature,1988,26:1120-1171.
28Rosenberg,N. and Frischtak,C. International technology transfer [M ]. New York: Praeger,1985.
29马庆国,胡隆基,颜亮.软技术概念的重新界定[J].科研管理,2005,26(6):99-105.
32金芳.国际分工深化趋势及其对中国国际分工地位的影响[J].世界经济研究,2003,(3):4.
33金芳.国际分工深化趋势及其对中国国际分工地位的影响[J].世界经济研究,2003,(3):4.
34Arndt, Sven W. Globalization and the open economy. North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 1997, Vol. 8, No. 1: 71-79.;
35卢峰:《产品内分工:一个分析框架》,[R].北京:北京大学中国经济研究中心(No.C2004005),2004:8..;《产品内分工》2004年《经济学(季刊)》第10期。
36张纪产品內国际分工：动因、机制与效应研究[D]上海社会科学院博士论文,2007,第20页。
37波特(1990)在《国家竞争优势》指出:“企业要在国际竞技场上获胜,它的竞争优势不外是以较低的生产成本或者与众不同的产品特性来取得最佳价格。”
38卢锋.产品内国际分工:一个分析框架[R].北京:北京大学中国经济研究中心(No.C2004005),2004:39.
39宋承先.现代西方经济学(宏观经济学).上海:复旦大学出版社,1997.p490-494.
40宋承先.现代西方经济学(宏观经济学).上海:复旦大学出版社,1997.p490-494.
[1] Acemoglu, Daron. Why Do New Technologies Complement Skills? Directed Technical Change and Wage Inequality [J]. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1998, (113).
[2] Acemoglu, Daron. Patterns of Skill Premia [J]. Review of Economic Studies, 2003,(70).
[3] Acemoglu, Daron, Antras Pol, and Helpman EIhanan.Contracts and Technology Adoption [J]. American Economic Review, 2007, 97(3).
[4] Aghion,Philippe and Peter Howitt. Endogenous Growth Theory”[M] MIT Press,1998.
[5] Aitken,B.,Harrison,A. Do Domestic Firms Benefit from Direct Foreign Investment? Evidence from Venezuela [J]. American Economic Review. 199, 89(3).
[6] Allen,T. J. Managing the flow of technology: Technology Transfer and the Dissemination of Technological Information within the R&D Organization [M].Cambridge,MA:The MIT Press,1977.
[7] Antras, P. Firms, Contracts, and Trade Structure [J]. Quaterly Journal of Economics, 2003,118(4).
[8] Antras, P. Incomplete Contracts and the Product Cycle [J]. American Economic Review, 2005, 95(2).
[9] Antras, P., and EIhanan Helpman. Global Sourcing [J]. Journal of Political Economy, 2004,112(3).
[10] Antras, Pol. Property Rights and the International Organization of Production [J]. American Economic Review, 2005, 95(2).
[11] Antras, Pol, Garicano Luis, and Rossi-Hansberg Esteban. Offshoring in a Knowledge Economy[R].NBER Working Paper , 2005, (11095).
[12] Arndt, Sven W. Globalization and the open economy [J]. North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 1997, ( 8).
[13] Arndt Sven W. Super-specialization and the gains from trade[J].Contemporary Economic Policy,1998,(4).
[14] Arndt Sven W., Kierzkowski Henryk eds. Fragmentation: New production patterns in the world economy [M].Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press,2001.
[15] Aitken J. J. and A. E. Harrison. Do Domestic Firms Benefit from Direct Foreign Investment? Evidence from Venezuela [J]. American Economic Review, 1999,(89).
[16] Arrow, Kenneth J. and Mordecai Kurz. Optimal Growth with Irreversible Investment in a Ramsey Model [J].Econometrica, 1970, 38(2).
[17] Arrow, Kenneth J. The Economic implications of Learning by doing. Review of Economies Studies [J].1962, (29).
[18] Aghion Philippe & Howitt Peter. A model of growth through creative destruction [J]. Econometrica,1992 , 60(2).
[19] Aitken B. J. and Harrison A. E. Do domestic firms benefit from direct foreign investment? Evidence from Venezuela [J].The American Economic Review, 1999,89(3).
[20] Akbar Y. H. and Bride Bard. Multinational Enterprise Strategy, Foreign Direct Investment and Economic development: The Case of the Hungarian Banking Industry [J].Journal of World Business, 2004,(39).
[21] Albert G.Z. Hu. Patent citations and international knowledge flow: the cases of Korea and Taiwan [J].International Journal of Industrial Organization,2003,(21).
[22] Alfaro, L., Chanda, A. Kalemli-Ozcan,S.,FDI and Economic Growth: The Role of Local financial Markets [J]. Journal of International Economics,2004,64(l).
[23] Arrow, Kenneth J. The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing [J].Review of Eeonomic Studies , 1962,(29).
[24] Amiti, Mary and Freund, Caroline. An Anatomy of China’s Export Growth [R].Working Paper, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 2008.
[25] Antweiler, Werner and Daniel Trefler. Increasing Returns and All That: A View from Trade [J]. American Economic Review, 2002,1(3).
[26] Audretsch,D. B. and Feldman,M. Knowledge Spillovers and the Geography of Innovation and Production[J]. American Economic Review,1996,86(3).
[27] Aw, B. Y., X. Chen,and M. J. Roberts. Firm-Level Evidence on Productivity Differentials,Turn over and Exports in Taiwanese Manufacturing[J]. Journal of Development Economics,2001,66(l).
[28] Aw, B. Y.; X. Chen,and M. J. Roberts. Productivity and Turnover in the Export Market: Miero-level Evidence from the Republic of Korea and Taiwan(China) [J]. The World Bank Economic Review,2000,14(l).
[29] Barro Robert J. and Lee Jong-wha. International data on educational attainment updates and implications.http://www.nber.org/papers/w79ll ,1993.
[30] Barro,Robert J.and X.Sala i Martin. Economic Growth [M]. NewYork,McGrawHill,1995.
[31] Barro,Robert J.and X.Sala i Martin. Technological Diffusion,Convergence,and Growth [J].Journal of Economic Growth,1997,(2).
[32] Basant,Rakesh and Brian Fikkert. The Effects of R&D,Foreign Technology Purchase,and Domestic and International Spillovers on Productivity in Indian Firms [J]. Review of Economic Statistics,1996,78(2).
[33] Bascavusoglu , Elif. Patterns of Technology Transfer to the Developing Countries: Differentiating between Embodied and Disembodied Knowledge [J]. Memo,2004.
[34] Banga,R. Do Productivity Spillovers from Japanese and U.S.FDI Differ? [R]. Mimeo,Delhi School of Economics,2003.
[35] Beeker G. Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis[J]. Special Reference to Education , 1964.
[36] Benhabib Jess and Spiegel Mark M. The role of human capital in economic development evidence from aggregate cross-country data[J]. Journal of Monetary Economics,1994,34,(2).
[37] Berman,E. and Machin,S. Skill-biased Technology Transfer around the World[J]. Oxford Review of Economic Policy,2000,16(3).
[38] Blomstrom, M., Lipsey, R.E. and Zejan, M. Is fixed investment the key to economic growth? [J]. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1996, (111).
[39] Blomstrom M. and A. Kokko. Multinational Corporations and Spillovers [J]. Journal of Economic Surveys, 1998, (8).
[40] Blomstrom M. and F. Sjoholm. Technology Transfer and Spillovers: Does Local Participation with Multinationals Matter? [J]. European Economic Review, 1999, (43).
[41] Blomstrom,M. and Wolff,E. Multinational Corporations and Productivity Convergence in Mexico[C].Oxford: Oxford University Press,1994.
[42] Blomstrom, M., Kokko,A. and Zejan M. Host Country Comeptition and Technology Transfer by Multinationals [J]. Weltwirschaftliches Archive,1994,(130).
[43] Blomstrom, M., Kokko,A. The Impact of Foreign Investment onHost Countries: A Review of the Empirical Evidence[R]. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper , 1997(1745).
[44] Blomstrom, M., Kokko,A. Multinational Corporations and Spillovers[J]. Journal of Economic Surveys, 1998, (12).
[45] Borensztein,E. How does foreign direct investment affect economic growth? [J]. Journal of International Economics , 1998,(45) .
[46] Buckley, P. J, Clegg, J. and C. Wang. The Impact of Inward FDI on the Performance of Chinese Manufacturing Firms[J]. Journal of International Business Studies, ,2002,33(4).
[47] Caves R. E. International Corporations: The Industrial Economics of Foreign Investment[J]. Economica, 1971, (38).
[48] Caves R. E. Multinational Firms , competition , and Productivity in Host-country Markets [J]. Economica,New Series,, 1974,41(162).
[49] Caves R. E. Multinational Enterprise and Economic Analysis[M].Cambridge: CUP,1996.
[50] Cheung,K,Y and Lin,P. Spillover Effects of FDI on Innovation in China: Evidence from provincial Data[J].China Economic Review,2004,(15).
[51] Clerides,S. K. Lachs,Saul and James R. Tybout. Is Learning by Exporting Important? Micro-Dynamic Evidence from Colombia,Mexieo,and Moroceo [J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,1998(113).
[52] Coe David T, He1pman Elhanan. International R &D spillovers [J].European Economic Review, 1995, (39).
[53] Coe David T,Helpman Elhanan,Hoffmaister Alexander W. North-South R&D Spillovers[J].The Economic Journal,1997, 107(440).
[54] Coe,D.T.,and Alexander W. Hoffmaister. Are There International R&D Spillovers among Randomly Mateched tradePartners? A Response to Keller [J] IMF Working Paper,1999,(18).
[55] Cohen,W. M. and Levinthal,D. A. Innovation and Learning: the Two Faces of R&D[J]. Economic Journal,1989,99.
[56] Das , S. Externalities and Technology Transfer through Multinational Corporations: A Theoretical Analysis [J]. Journal of International Economics,1987,(123).
[57] Dieken,P. and Henderson,J. Making the Connections: Global Production Networks in Britain,East Asia and Eastern Europe [R]. A Research Proposal tothe Economic and Social Research Council, 1999 ,(7).
[58] Dieken,P. and Henderson,J. Global Production Networks and the Analysis of Economic Development[R]. GPN Working Paper l , 2001,(8).
[59] Dinopoulos,Elias and Peter Thompson. Schumpeterian Growth without Scale Effects[J]. Journal of Economic Growth,,1998,(3).
[60] Dinopoulos,Elias and Peter Thompson. Scale Effects in Schumpeterian Models of Economic Growth [J]. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 1999,(9).
[61] Dixit Avinash K., Grossman Gene M. Trade and Protection With Multistage Production[J].The Review of Economic Studies, 1982, (4).
[62] Dinopoulos, E., C. Syropoulos, and Xu Bin. Intra-Industry Trade and Wage Income Inequality [R]. Mimeo. University of Florida, 2001.
[63] Djankov, Simeon and Bernard H. Foreign Investment and Productivity Growth in Czech Enterprises [J]. World Bank Economic Review, 2000, (14).
[64] Dosi,G.Sources,Procedures and Microeconomic Effects of Innovation[J]. Journal of Economic Literature,1988,(26).
[65] Dornbusch, Rudiger, Stanley Fischer, and Paul A. Samuelson. Heckscher-Ohlin Trade Theory with a Continuum of Goods[J]. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1980,( 95).
[66] Dunning , J.H. Multinational Enterprises and the Global Economy[M]. Wokingham: Addison-Wesley Publ. Co.,1993.
[67] Driffield,N. and Love,J. H. Does the motivation for foreign direct investment affect Productivity Spillovers to the domestic sector? [R].University of Birmingham,Rearch Paper,No.0202,2002
[68] Eaton,Jonathan and Samuel Kortum. Technology,Geography,and Trade [J].Econometrica,2002,70(5).
[69] Engelbrecht,Hans Jurgen. International R&D Spillovers,Human Capital and Productivity in OECD Economics: An Emprical Investigation [J].European Econimic Review,1997,(41).
[70] Engelbrecht , Hans Jurgen. Human Capital and International Knowledge Spillovers in TFP Growth of a sample of Developing Countries: An Expoloration of Alternative Approaches [J]. Applied Economics,2002,(34).
[71] Falvey,Rod,Neil Foster and David Greenaway. North-South Trade,Knowledge Spillovers and Growth [J]. European Economy Group Working Paper ,2002,(15).
[72] Fajnzylber,P. and Fernandes,Ana M. International Economic Activities and the Demand for Skilled Labor: Evidence from Brazil and China[R]. World Bank Working Paper,2004.
[73] Feenstra, Robert C., and Gordon H. Hanson. Owership and Control in Outsourcing to China: Estimating the Property-Rights Theory of Firm[R]. NBER working paper, w10198, 2003.
[74] Feenstra, Robert C. Advanced International Trade[M]. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2004.
[75] Feenstra, Robert C., and Gordon H. Hanson. Owership and Control in Outsourcing to China: Estimating the Property-Rights Theory of Firm[J]. The Quaterly Journal of Economics, 2005.
[76] Feenstra, Robert C. Integration of Trade and Disintergration of Production in the Global Economy[J]. Journal of Economic Perspective, 1998.
[77] Feenstra, Robert C. and Gordon H. Hanson . Foreign Investment, Outsourcing and Relative Wages in R.C. Feenstra, G.M. Grossman and D.A. Irwin, eds., The Political Economy of Trade Policy: Papers in Honor of Jagdish Bhagwati, MIT Press, 1996.
[78] Feinberg,S. E. and Majumdar,S.K.Technology Spillovers from Foreign Direct Investment in the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry[J]. Journal of International Business Studies,2001,32(3).
[79] Findlay,R. Relative Backwardness,Direct Foreign Investment,and the Transfer of Technology: a Simple Dynamic Model[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,1978,92(l).
[80] Finger J. M. Tariff Provisions for Offshore Assembly and the Exports of Developing Countries[J].The Economic Journal,1975,(8).
[81] Fukunari Kimura. Fragmentation, Internalization, and Inter-firm Linkages: Evidence from the Micro Data of Japanese Manufacturing Firms[C]. Proceeding of International Conference on“Global Production: Specialization and Trade”Hong Kong, October 25-27, 1999.
[82] Gereffi , G. A. Commodity Chains Framework for Analyzing Global Industries[R]. Working Paper,August l999.
[83] Gereffi, G. A., Olga Memodovic. The Global Apparel Value Chain: What Prospects for Upgrading by Developing Countries[R]. United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Sectoral Studies Series,2005.
[84] Gershenberg,Irving. The Training and Spread of Managerial Know-how: A Comparative Analysis of Multinational and Other Firms in Kenya [J].World Development,1987,(15).
[85] Girma,Sourafel: David Greenaway and Katharine Wakelin. Who Benefits from Foreign Direct Investment in the UK? [J].Scottish Journal of Political Economy,2001,(48).
[86] Globerman,Steven.“Foreign Direct Investment and‘Sillover’Efficiency Benefits in Canadian Manufacturing Industries[J].Canadian Journal of Economics,1979,(12).
[87] Gorg, Holger, A. Hijzen, and R. C. Hine. International Fragmentation and Relative Wages in the U.K[R]. Leverhulme Centre for Research on Globalization and Economic Policy, University of Nottingham, Research Paper 2001,33.
[88] Greschenkron A. Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspectives[M]. A Book of Essays,Cambridge,Mass.: Harvard University Press ,1962.
[89] Grossman, Gene, Helpman EIhanan. Outsourcing versus FDI in Industrial Equilibrium[J]. Journal of the European Economic Association, 2003,1(2-3).
[90] Grossman, Gene, and Helpman EIhanan. Managerial Incentive and the International Organization of Production[J]. Journal of International Economics, 2004, 63(2).
[91] Grossman, Sanford J., Hart Oliver D. Costs and Benefits of Ownership: A Theory of Vertical and Lateral Integration[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1986,94(4).
[92] Grossman, Gene, and Helpman EIhanan. Managerial Incentive and the International Organization of Production[J]. Journal of International Economics, 2004, 63(2).
[93] Grossman, Sanford J., Hart Oliver D. Costs and Benefits of Ownership: A Theory of Vertical and Lateral Integration[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1986, 94(4).
[94] Grossman Gene M. & Helpman Elhanan. Endogenous Innovation in the Theory of Growth. [J].The Journal of Economic Perspectives,1994, 8(1).
[95] Grossman,G.M. and Helpman,E. Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy[M]. MIT Press,Cambridge,1991.
[96] Grossman,Gene M. and Helpman,Elhanan. Integration versus Outsourcing inIndustry Equllibrium[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2002, ll7(l).
[97] Haddad,Mona and Harrison,Ann. Are there positive spillovers from direet foreign investment? Evidence from panel data for Morocco[J].Journal of Development economics ,1993,(42).
[98] Halln,Chin Hee. Exporting and Performance of Plants: Evidence from Korean Manufacturing [R]. NBER Working PaperNo.10208,2004.
[99] Hanson,G.H., Vertical Specialization in multinational firms [EB]. http//www.itpf.org/TNN/ITPF/itp_lib_pub2.nsf/0/c20da86e303dc8f386256cd90077f076/%24FILE/XI.VertSpec%25200902.pdf, 2002.
[100] Harrison,A. Productivity,Imperfect Competition and Trade Reform[J].Journal of International Economics,1994,(36).
[101] Hejazi,W.,Safarian,A.E. Trade,Foreign Direct Investment,and R&D Spillovers [J]. Journal of International Business Studies,1999,30(3).
[102] Helleiner,G. K. The Role of Multinational Corporation in Less Developed Countries’Trade in Technology[J]. World Development,1975(3).
[103] Helpman, Elhanan, Melitz, Mac. J., and Yeaple, S. R. Export versus FDI with Heterogeneous Firms[J]. American Economic Review, 2004. 94(1).
[104] Helpman, Elhanan. International Organization of Production and Distribution: Research Summaries[R]. NBER Reporter, 2006,6(22).
[105] Hummels,D. Have international transportation costs declined[EB]. http://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/download/1238.pdf,1999.
[106] Hummels David, Ishii Jun, Kei-Mu Yi. The nature and growth of vertical specialization in world trade[J].Journal of International Economics,2001,(1).
[107] Hummels David, Rapoport Dana. Vertical Specialization and the Changing Nature of World Trade[J].Economic Policy Review 1998, (2).
[108] Humphrey,J.,Schmitz,H. How does insertion in global value chains affect upgrading in industrial clusters? [J] .Regional Studies,2002,(9).
[109] Howitt Peter. Steady Endogenous Growth with Population and R&D Inputs Growing[J].The Journal of Political Economy, 1999, 107(4).
[110] Howitt Peter. Endogenous Growth and Cross-Country Income Differences[J].The American Economic Review,2000, 90(4).
[111] Howitt Peter and Mayer-Foulkes. R&D,Implementation and Stagnation: A Schumpeterian Theory of Convergence Clubs[R].NBER Working Papers 9104, 2002.
[112] Imbriani,C.,Reganati,F. International Efficiency Spillovers into the Italian Manufacturing Sector-English Summary[J]. Economia International,1997,(50).
[113] Javoreik,B. S. and Spatareanu,M. To share or not to share: Does local Participation matter for Spillovers from foreign direct investment? [R].World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No.3118,2003.
[114] Javoreik,B. S. Does Foreign Direct Investment Increase The Productivity of Domestic Firms? In Search of Spillovers through Backward Linkages[J].American Economic Review, 2004,94(3).
[115] Javoreik,B.S.,Saggi,K. and Spatareanu,M. Does it matter where you come from? Vertical Spillovers from foreign direct investment and the nationality of investors[R].World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No.13449,2004.
[116] Jenkins,R. Comparing foreign subsidiaries and local firms in LDCs: Theoretical issues and empirical evidence[J].Journal of Development Studies,1990,(26).
[117] Jones,Charles. Time Series tests of Endogenous Growth Models [J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,1995,(110).
[118] Jones Ronald W, Anne K. The Political Economy of International Trade: Essays in Honor of Robert E Baldwin[M]. Cambridge: MA: Blackwe; 1990.
[119] Juraj Stancik and Cerge-Ei. Horizontal and Vertical FDI Spillovers: Recent Evidence from the Czech Republic[R]. Working Paper Series 340(ISSN1211-3298) , 2007.
[120] Kathuria,V. Productivity Spillovers from Technology Transfer to Indian Manufacturing Firms[J]. Journal of International Development,2000,(12).
[121] Keller , Wolfgang. Are International R&D Spillovers Trade Related? Analyzing Spillovers among Randomly Matehed Trade Partners [J]. European Economic Review,1998,(42).
[122] Keller , Wolfgang. Knowledge Spillovers at the World’s Technology Frontier[R].Working Paper,University of Texas, March 2002.
[123] Keller Wolfgang. International Technology Diffusion[J].Journal of Economic Literature,2004, 42(3).
[124] Kohler,Wilhelm. Aspects of International Fragmention[R].A Paper Presented at the conference“Adjusting to Globalization”in University of Nottingham,June2002.
[125] Kohler , Wilhelm. The Distributional Effects of International Fragmention[J].German Economic Review,2003,4(l).
[126] Kohler,Wilhelm. International Outsourcing and Factor Prices with Multistage Production[J].The Economic Journal,2004,(114).
[127] Haddad,M. and Harrison, A. Are The repositive Spillovers from FDI: Evidence from Panel Data for Morocco[J].Journal of Development Economics,1993,(42).
[128] Kokko A.. Productivity Spillovers from Competition between Local Firms and Foreign Affiliates[J]. Journal of International Development, 1996,(8).
[129] Kokko,A. Technology, market characteristics and spillovers[J]. Joural of Development Economics,1994, 43(2).
[130] Kokko, A. Foreign Direct Investment , Host Country Characteristics and Spillovers[R]. The Economic Research Institute,Stockholm,1992.
[131] Kokko,A.,Tansini,R. and Zejan,M. Local Technological Capability and Productivity Spillovers from FDI in the Uruguayan manufacturing sector[J]. Journal of Development Studies,1996,(34).
[132] Krugman Paul. A Model of Innovation,Technology Transfer,and the World Distribution of Income[J]. The Journal of Political Eeonomy, 1979,87(2).
[133] Krugman Paul, Cooper Richard N., Srinivasan T.N. Growing World Trade: Causes and Consequences[J]. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1995,(1).
[134] Lall,Sanjaya. Vertical Inter-Firm Linkages in LDCs: An Empirical Study [J]. Osford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics,1980,(42).
[135] Learner Edward E.The Effects of Trade in Services, Technology Transfer and Delocalization on Local and Global Income Inequality[J].Asia-Pacific Economic Review,1996,(2).
[136] Li Xiaoying,Liu Xiaming,David Parker. Foreign direct investment and Productivity Spillovers in the Chinese manufacturing sector[J].Economic Systems. 2001.
[137] Lichtenberg,F. and Van Pottlesberghe de la Potterie,B. International R&D Spillovers: A Comment [J]. EuroPean Economic Review,1998,(42).
[138] Lucas,Robert E. Jr. On the Mechanics of Economic Development[J].Journal of Monetary Economics,1988, (21).
[139] Lumenga-Neso,Oliver; Marcelo Olarreaga and Maurice Schiff. On‘Indirect’Trade-Related R&D Spillovers [J]. Mimeo,World Bank,2001.
[140] Mac. Dougall, G.D.A. The Benefits and Costs of Private Investment from Abroad: A Theoretical Approach[J].Economic Record, XXXVI , 1960.
[141] Mayer,J. Globalization,Technology Transfer,and Skill Accumulation in Low-Income Countries[R]. WIDER Discussion Paper,2001.
[142] Mohnen , P. International R&D Spillovers and Economic Growth in MattiPlhjola(ed.),Information Technology,Productivity and Economic Growth: International Evidence[M]. UNU/WIDER and Sitra,Oxford University Press, 1995.
[143] Narula,R. and Marin,A. FDI Spillovers,Absorptive Capacities and Human Capital Development: Evidence from Argentina[R]. MERIT Research016, Memorandum,2003.
[144] Nelson Richard R. and Phelps Edmund S. Investment in humans,technological diffusion and economic growth[J].The American Economic Review,1966 , 56.
[145] Ng,Francis.,Yeats,Alexander. Production Sharing in East Asia: Who Does what for whom,and Why? [R]. The World Bank,Policy Researeh Working Paper Series:2197, 1999.
[146] Perez , T. Multinational Enterprises and Technological Spillovers: an Evolutionary Model[J]. Journal of Evolutionary Economics,1997,(7).
[147] Pissarides, Christopher A. Learning by Trading and the Returns to Human Capital in Developing Countries[J].The World Bank Economic Review,1997,11(l).
[148] Puga, Diego, and Daniel Trefler. Knowledge Creation and Control in Organizations[R]. National Bureau of Economic Research working paper, No. 9121 , 2002.
[149] Reuber,G. L. Private Foreign Investment in Development [J]. The Canadian Journal of Economics,1975,8(4).
[150] Romer, P.M. Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth[J].Journal of Political Economy, 1986(94).
[151] Romer,Paul. Endogenous Technological Change [J].Journal of Political Economics,1990,98,(5).
[152] Romer Paul M. Review: Innovation and Growth in the global economy[J]. Journal of Economic Literature,1993, 31,(l).
[153] Rosenberg,N. and Frischtak,C.International technology transfer [M ]. New York: Praeger,1985.
[154] Rivera-Batiz,Luis and Paul Romer. Economic Integration and Endogenous Growth [J] Quarterly Journal of Economics,1991,106(2).
[155] Savvides,Andreas and Zacharisdis,Marios. International Technology Diffusion and the Growth of TFP in the Manufacturing Sector of Developing Economics [J].Memo,2003.
[156] Schiff,M. Yanling,W. and Olarreaga,M. Trade-Related Technology Diffusion and The Dynamics of North-South and South-South Integration [J]. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No.2861,2002.
[157] Segerstrom P.S. Endogenous Growth without Scale Effects [J]. American Economic Review,1998,(88).
[158] Schultz Theodore W. Capital Formation by Education [J]. The Journal of Political Economy,1960, 68 (6).
[159] Schultz, Theodore W. Investment in Human Capital[J]. American Economic Review, 1961, 51, (1).
[160] Solow, R. M.. Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function[J]. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 1957, (39).
[161] Schott, Peter K. The Relative Sophistication of Chinese Exports[J]. Economic Policy, 2008, (1).
[162] Sjoholm , F. Productivity Growth in Indonesia: the Role of Regional Characteristics and Direct Foreign Investment[J]. Economic Development and Cultural Change,1999,47(3).
[163] Sturgeon,Timothy J. How Do We Define Value Chains and Production Networks? [R]. A Paper Prepared for the Bellagio Value Chains Workshop,IDS Bulletin, 2001,32(3).
[164] Teece,David. J. The market for know-how and the efficient nternational transfer of technology[J]. The Annals of the Ameriean Academy of Political and Social Science. 1992.
[165] Thoenig, Mathias, and Thierry Verdier. A Theory of Defensive Skill-Biased Innovation and Globalization [J]. American Economic Review, 2003, 93(3).
[166] Tilton , J. E. International Diffusion of Technology: The Case of Semiconductors[M]. Washington,DC.: Brookings Institution Press,1971.
[167] Toth,I. and Andras Semjen. Market Links,Tax Environment and Financial Discipline of Hungarian Enterprises[M]. Institute of Economics,Hungarian Academy of Sciences,Budapest,1999
[168] Van Elkan,R. Catching Up and Slowing Down: Learning and Growth Patterns in An Open Economy [J]. Journnal of International Economics,1996,(41).
[169] Van Pottlesberghe de la Potterie,B. and Lichtenberg,F. Does Foreign Direct Investment Transfer Technology across Boarders? [J].The Review of Economics and Statistics,2001,(83).
[170] Wang, Zhi and Wei, Shang-Jin. What Accounts for the Rising Sophistication of China’s Exports? [R]. NBER Working Paper No. 13771, 2008.
[171] Wang J. Y. and Blomstrom M. Foreign Investment and Technology Transfer: A Simple Model[J]. European Economic Review, 1992, (36).
[172] Wesley M. Cohen , Daniel A. Levinthal. Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly,Special Issue:Technology,Organizations,and Innovation, 1990,35(l).
[173] Xu Bin and Lu, Jiangyong. Foreign Direct Investment, Processing Trade, and China’s Export Sophistication[R]. Working Paper, China Europe International Business School, 2008.
[174] Xu Bin , Eric P. Chiang. Trade, Patents and International Technology Diffusion[J]. International Trade & Economic Development ,2005,14(l).
[175] Xu Bin. Multinational enterprises,technology diffusion,and host country Productivity[J]. Journal of Development Economics,2000,(62).
[176] Xu Bin and Wang Jianmao. Capital Goods Trade and R&D Spillovers in the OECD. [J].The Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienned ,Economique, 1999,32(5).
[177] Xu Bin and Chiang,Engelbrecht,P. Trade,Patents and International Technology Diffusion[J]. Journal of International Trade and Economic Development,2005,14.
[178] Xu Bin and Wang Jianmao. Trade,FDI,and International Technology Diffusion [J]. Journal of Economic Integration,2000.
[179] Zhu, Susan Chun. Trade, Product Cycles and Inequality Within and Between Countries [J].Canadian Journal of Economics, 2004.
[l]保罗·萨缪尔森,威廉·诺德豪斯.经济学[M].北京:华夏出版社,1999.
[2]北京大学中国经济研究中心课题组.垂直专门化、产业内贸易与中美贸易关系[R],北京:北京大学中国经济研究中心(Report No.C2005005),2005.
[3]陈涛涛,陈娇.行业增长因素与我国行业内溢出效应[J].经济研究,2006,(6).
[4]陈艳林.外商在华直接投资集群化及其贸易效应研究[D].武汉:华中科技大学,2007.
[5]崔大沪.外商直接投资于中国的加工贸易[J].世界经济研究,2002,(6).
[6]戴维.罗默著,苏剑,罗涛译.高级宏观经济学[M].北京:商务印书馆出版,1999.
[7]曹宏成.产品内贸易:原理、效应及对中国的适用性分析[D].上海:复旦大学,2008.
[8]戴金平,王晓天.中国的贸易、境外直接投资与实际汇率的动态关系分析[J].数量经济技术经济研究, 2005,(11).
[9]丁辉侠,冯宗宪.正式与非正式制度对中国吸引外商直接投资的影响[J].财贸经济, 2005,(12).
[10]方民生.进口贸易与经济增长之思辨[J].浙江社会科学,2007, (1).
[11]方希桦,包群和赖明勇.国际技术溢出:基于进口传导机制的实证研究[J].中国软科学,2004(7),58-64
[12]符宁.人力资本、研发强度与进口贸易技术溢出——基于我国吸收能力的实证研究[J].世界经济研究,2007,(11).
[13]冯雷.从贸易方式走向与国际经济融合——中国加工贸易管理模式探析[J].国际贸易, 2002,(2).
[14]高越,高峰.产品内贸易与外商直接投资的关系——理论模型与基于中国数据的经验分析[J] .数量经济技术经济研究,2006, (6).
[15]格罗斯曼.赫尔普曼.全球经济中的创新与增长[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2003郭庆旺,贾俊雪.中国全要素生产率的估算: 1979-2004[J].经济研究, 2005, (6) .
[16]郭庆旺,赵志耘,贾俊雪.中国省份经济的全要素生产率分析[J].世界经济, 2005, (5).
[17]国务院发展研究中心课题组.加工贸易:全球化背景下工业化的新道路[J].经济研究参考,2003 , (11).
[18]何洁.外国直接投资对中国工业部门外溢效应的进一步精确量化[J].世界经济, 2000, (12).
[19]何枫,陈荣,何林.我国资本存量的估算及其相关分析[J].经济学家, 2003,(5).
[20]贺菊煌.我国资产的估算[J].数量经济技术经济研究, 1992, (8).
[21]华宏勋,华宏慈等译,Chris Freeman, Luc Soete著,工业创新经济学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2004.
[22]黄先海,石东楠.对外贸易对我国全要素生产率的影响的测度与分析[J].世界经济研究,2005, (1).
[23]黄勇峰,任若恩,刘晓生.中国制造业资本存量永续盘存法估计[J].经济学(季刊), 2002, 1 (2).
[24]黄静.影响FDI技术外溢效果的因素分析:基于吸收能力的研究[Jl.世界经济研究,2006,8:60-66
[25]黄先海,张云帆.我国外贸技术溢出效应的国别差异分析[Jl.经济经纬,2004,(l):49-51.
[26]胡晓鹏.从分工到模块化:经济系统演进的思考.中国工业经济[J],2004,(9)
[27]姜瑾,朱桂龙.外商直接投资行业间技术溢出效应实证分析[J].财经研究,2007, (1).
[28]金芳.国际分工深化趋势及其对中国国际分工地位的影响[J].世界经济研究,2003,(3).
[29]金芳.全球化经营与当代国际分工[M].上海:上海人民出版社2006年.
[30]金芳.跨国公司权力的扩张和国家对跨国公司政策的变化[J].世界经济研究,1993,(6).
[31]金芳.产品内国际分工及其三维分析[J].世界经济研究,2006,(6).
[32]金芳.产品内国际分工及其对上海产业发展的影响研究[R].上海:上海社会科学院世界经济研究所,2006.
[33]赖明勇,包群.外商直接投资与技术外溢:基于吸收能力的研究[J].经济研究, 2005, (8).
[34]雷辉.改革以来我国投资对经济增长的影响及其效率研究[D].武汉:华中科技大学,2006.
[35]李平等.中国自主创新中研发资本投入产出绩效分析——兼论人力资本和知识产权保护的影响[J].中国社会科学, 2007, (2).
[36]李有.进口贸易的技术溢出效应一理论与证据[D].杭州:浙江大学,2006.
[37]李成刚. FDI对我国技术创新的溢出效应研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2008.
[38]李小平,朱钟棣.国际贸易、R&D溢出和生产率增长[J].经济研究,2006,(2).
[39]李小平,朱钟棣,国际贸易的技术溢出门槛效应——基于中国各地区面板数据的分析[J].统计研究,2004,(10).
[40]李蕊.加工贸易:全球化背景下中国工业化的必由之路[J].产经论坛, 2005,(1).
[41]联合国贸易与发展会议:《2002年世界投资报告:跨国公司和出口竞争力概述》,2002.
[42]刘德学,付丹,卜国勤.全球生产网络、知识扩散与加工贸易升级[J].经济问题探索,2005,(12).
[43]刘德学,苏桂富,卜国勤.中国加工贸易升级对策研究--基于全球生产网络视角[J].国际经贸探索,2006,(4).
[44]刘志彪、张晔.中国沿海地区外资加工贸易模式与本土产业升级:苏州地区的案例研究[J].经济理论与经济管理, 2005,(8).
[45]刘志彪,刘晓昶.垂直专业化:经济全球化中的贸易和生产模式[J].经济理论与经济管理,2001,(10).
[46]刘晶.人力资本与FDI技术溢出效应研究[D].山东:山东大学,2008.吕文栋,张辉.全球价值链下的地方产业集群战略研究[J].中国软科学,2005,(2).
[47]卢峰.产品内分工:一个分析框架[R].北京:北京大学中国经济研究中心(No.C2004005),2004.
[48]隆国强.加工贸易:全球化背景下工业化新道路[J].经济学前沿, 2003,(1).
[49]马强.依靠长远产业政策——我国加工贸易转型升级面临的问题和发展方向[J].国际贸易, 2005,(2) .
[50]马庆国,胡隆基,颜亮.软技术概念的重新界定IJ].科研管理,2005,(6).
[51]孟亮,宣国良.不同来源FDI在华技术溢出效应实证研究[J].科研管理,2005,26(5).
[52]孟亮,宣国良,王洪庆.国外FDI技术溢出效应实证研究综述[J].外国经济与管理, 2004,
[53]闵天.规范管理——我国加工贸易进一步发展的设想[J].国际贸易,2000,(3.
[54]廖涵.论我国加工贸易的中间品进口替代[J].管理世界,2003,(1).
[55]潘文卿.外商直接投资对中国工业部门的外溢效应:基于面板数据的分析[J].世界经济, 2003, (6).
[56]潘永源.加工贸易之我见[J].经济学动态,1999(8).
[57]潘悦.在全球化产业链条中加速升级换代[J].中国工业经济, 2002,(6).
[58]潘悦,杨镭.产业的全球化趋势与发展中国家的产业升级——兼论中国高新技术产业的外商投资与加工贸易发展[J].财贸经济, 2002,(10).
[59]平新乔.产业内贸易理论与中美贸易关系[J].国际经济评论,2005(9~10).
[60]蒲华林.产品内国际分工与贸易——基于中国贸易增长的经验研究[D].广州:暨南大学,2009.
[61]戚自科.论外商直接投资的加工贸易倾向[J].现代财经, 1999, (1).
[61]沈玉良,孙楚仁,凌学岭.中国国际加工贸易模式研究[M].北京:人民出版社,2007.
[62]沈玉良.中国加工贸易生产模式研究[R].国家课题,2009.
[63]沈坤荣,耿强.外国直接投资的外溢效应分析[J].金融研究, 2000,(3).
[64]邵祥林,王玉梁,任晓薇.未来国际贸易的主流——加工贸易[M].北京:对外经济贸易大学出版社, 2001.
[65]宋全成.加工贸易带动的提升——我国产业内贸易实证分析[J].国际贸易, 2003,(12).
[66]宋京.开放经济下的技术进步一理论与基于中国经验的实证研究[D].上海:复旦大学,2004.
[67]孙楚仁,沈玉良,赵红军.加工贸易和其他贸易对经济增长贡献率的估计[J].世界经济研究,2006(3).
[68]史本叶.垂直专业化与产品内贸易研究[D].吉林:吉林大学,2008.
[69]田文.产品内贸易论[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2006.
[70]田文.产品内贸易的定义、计量及比较分析[J].财贸经济,2005,(5).
[71]田文.基于资产专用性下的跨境外包研究[J].当代财经,2004,(7).
[72]佟家栋.中国对外贸易导论[M].北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社.2006.8.
[73]王怀民.加工贸易的基础、模式与利益分配——基于中国的研究[D].北京:北京师范大学, 2006.
[74]王涛.契约、控制权与效率——外商投资企业独资化倾向的理论与实证研究[J].北京:人民出版社, 2008.
[75]王飞.外商直接投资促进了国内工业企业技术进步吗? [J].世界经济究,2003,(4).
[76]王红领等.FDI与自主研发:基于行业数据的经验研究[J].经济研究, 2006, (2).
[77]王洪庆.我国加工贸易的技术溢出效应研究[J].世界经济研究,2006,(7).
[78]王子先、杨正位、宋刚.促进落地生根——我国加工贸易转型升级的发展方向[J].国际贸易, 2004,(2).
[79]夏虹.发展加工贸易与优化出口结构相背离吗? [J].经济问题探索, 1999(,9).
[80]夏平.中国中间产品贸易分析——基于产品内国际分工视角[D].北京:对外经济贸易大学,2007.
[81]冼国明,薄文广.外国直接投资对中国企业技术创新作用的影响——基于地层面的分析[J].经济科学,2006,(3).
[82]冼国明,薄文广.外国直接投资对中国企业技术创新作用的影响一基于产层面的分析[J].南开经济研究,2005,(6).
[83]冼国明,严兵.FDI对中国创新能力的溢出效应[J].世界经济,2005,(10).
[84]徐剑明.延长我国加工贸易国内价值链问题探析[J].国际贸易问题, 2003,(11).
[85]许梅.加工贸易方式下的FDI技术溢出——来自SND和SIP的证据[D].苏州:苏州大学,2007.
[86]熊彼特.经济发展理论[M].北京:商务印书馆, 1990.
[87]亚当·斯密.国民财富的性质和原因的研究.北京:商务印书馆, 1972.
[88]姚洋,章奇.中国工业企业技术效率分析[J].经济研究, 2001, (10).
[89]叶克林.经济全球化与走出去战略——金城集团“境外加工贸易模式”案例研究[J].管理世界,2001(6).
[90]尹翔硕,余娟等.进口贸易与经济增长——关于中国的实证[J].世界经济汇,2005, (4).
[91]喻春娇、喻美辞.跨国公司生产组织变革、技术外溢与我国加工贸易的升级[J].国际投资,2007,(6).
[92]喻美辞.南北贸易的技术进步效应与南北国家的就业变动[D].厦门:厦门大学,2009.
[93]岳金桂.基于进口与FDI传导机制的技术溢出效应研究—中国的实证分析[D].河海大学, 2006.
[94]杨亚平.基于后向关联的FDI技术溢出研究——以广东为例[D].广州:暨南大学,2008.
[95]曾卫锋.中国加工贸易发展机制的实证研究[J].财贸经济, 2006,(3).
[96]张大勇.加工贸易对中国工业化的影响研究[D].武汉:华中科技大学,2005.
[97]张华初,李永杰.论我国加工贸易的就业效应[J].财贸经济, 2004,(6).
[98]张婧.我国加工贸易的技术溢出效应分析[J].科技与管理, 2004, (2).
[99]张向阳,朱有为.基于全球价值链视角的产业升级研究[J].外国经济与管理, 2005, (5).
[100]张旭宏.我国加工贸易发展面临的挑战与对策分析[J].宏观经济管理,2004,(2).
[101]张幼文.经济全球化与国家经济实力——以“新开放观”看开放效益的评估方法[J].国际经济评论, 2005, (5).
[102]张幼文.“新开放观”——对外开放理论与战略再探讨[M].北京:人民出版社,2007.
[103]张军.增长、资本形成与技术选择:解释中国经济增长下降的长期因素[J].经济学(季刊), 2002, 1 (2).
[104]张军,章元.对中国资本存量K的再估计[J].经济研究, 2003, (7).
[105]张军扩.“七五”期间经济效益的综合分析——各要素对经济增长贡献率的测算[J].经济研究, 1991, (4).
[106]张永军.从增量资本产出率的变化分析投资效率[J].中国经贸导刊, 2004, (11).
[107]张纪.产品內国际分工：动因、机制与效应研究[D] .上海:社会科学院,2007.
[108]张丽平.加工贸易国内价值链研究[J].经济研究参考, 2003,(11).
[109]张建华,欧阳轶雯.外商直接投资、技术外溢与经济增长一对广东数据的实证分析[J].经济学(季刊), 2003, 2(3).
[110]张辉.全球价值链理论与我国产业发展研究[J].中国工业经济,2004,(5).
[111]张效冬.全球生产网络中的标准化进程及其影响[J].华东经济管理,2007,21(3)
[112]张珺.台湾电脑及外设产业融入全球生产网络的升级分析及启示[J].亚太经济,2006(1) [113]张小蒂,孙景蔚.基于垂直专业化分工的中国产业国际竞争力分析[J].世界经济,2006,(5).
[114]赵晋平,利用外资与中国经济增长[M].北京:人民出版社,2001
[115]赵伟,汪全立.人力资本与技术溢出:基于进口传导机制的实证研究[J].中软科学,2006, (4).
[116]庄子银.新经济增长理论的五大研究思路[J].经济学动态,1997,(5).
[117]钟学义,陈平.技术,技术进步,技术经济学和数量经济学之诠释[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2006,(3).
[118]周燕,齐中英.基于不同特征FDI的溢出效应比较研究[J].中国软科学, 2005, (2).
[119]周剑.我国外商直接投资的技术溢出效应研究——机制分析与实证检验[D].上海:复旦大学,2005.
[120]周寄中等.关于自主创新战略与知识产权战略之间的联动[J].管理评论,2005,(11).邹至庄.中国的资本形成与经济增长[J].数量经济技术经济研究, 1995, (3).
[121]朱静.加工贸易的技术效应——江苏省加工贸易企业的调查[J].亚太经济,1999,(3).
[122]朱瑞博.全球产业重构与中国产业整合战略[J].改革,2004,(4).
[123]朱春临.国际技术外溢与自主创新——理论与基于中国数据的实证研究[D].上海:复旦大学,2008.
[124]朱有为、张向阳.价值链模块化、国际分工与制造业升级[J].国际贸易问题, 2005,(9).