畜禽粪便源环境风险物质在土壤中的变化特征研究
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摘要
畜禽粪便在农业利用中的价值较大,但其所含的有害物质也会影响到土壤环境和植物生长。有关畜禽粪便中所含环境风险物质的研究,已经开始引起重视,国内外已相继开展了对动物性有机物料中所含的环境风险物质的种类、数量,以及在发酵腐熟处理过程中数量变化的相关研究工作,并取得了一定进展,但是随畜禽粪便进入土壤后的动态变化过程以及对土壤环境影响方面的研究尚需加强。开展畜禽粪便中抗生素等环境风险物质在土壤中的动态变化及消解途径的研究,对畜禽粪肥使用中控制污染有一定的实际指导意义。
本论文选取鸡粪与猪粪为供试材料,以棕壤为研究对象,采用室内模拟培养和定期取样相结合的方法,研究了鸡粪与猪粪中部分环境风险物质在土壤中的动态变化和消解途径。主要研究结论如下：
1.畜禽粪便中尿囊素和马尿酸进入土壤后迅速进入降解期,降解速度较快,不易在土壤中累积。20d左右时降解速率最大。鸡粪中尿囊素和马尿酸在土壤中的平均半衰期为20.87d和15.51d,而猪粪处理则需的24.38d和17.74d,可见马尿酸在土壤中的降解快于尿囊素,且鸡粪中的马尿酸和尿囊素易降解。
2.畜禽粪便中3种四环素类抗生素在土壤中数量的动态变化趋势呈“L”型,在培养前期迅速下降,后期逐渐平稳。初始时降解速率最大。根据半衰期,鸡粪中土霉素、四环素在土壤中的降解快于猪粪,而猪粪中金霉素的降解快于鸡粪。3种四环素类抗生素中,金霉素在土壤中最易降解,四环素最难降解。
3.马尿酸和尿囊进入土壤中,微生物降解和非生物学降解均对其产生作用,其中微生物降解效果较好,微生物作用分别占到降解总量的69.56%,78.02%。
4.随畜禽粪便进入土壤的抗生素在土壤中的数量变化,很大程度上与畜禽粪便有关。在土壤中通过微生物降解,土壤颗粒吸附和光降解三种途径发生消解。其中土壤微生物的降解作用不明显。光降解对四环素的影响较大,土壤微生物对土霉素的影响相对较大,颗粒吸附对金霉素影响较大。随着培养时间的延长,光降解作用逐渐减弱,颗粒吸附与微生物作用逐渐增强。
5.畜禽粪便的加入在一定程度上可提高四环素类抗生素的降解效果,随畜禽粪便进入土壤的外源微生物的影响较明显,而畜禽粪便产生的有机质等一些有利于土壤降解抗生素的物质产生作用有限。其中对土霉素降解的影响最明显,降解提高的程度最大。
6.畜禽粪便进入土壤后能改变其所含重金属铜的生物活性和毒性,且猪粪中重金属铜在土壤中的毒性降低效果好于鸡粪。
7.土壤中各碳组分数量对畜禽粪便所含马尿酸,尿囊素和四环素类抗生素在土壤中的降解有很大的影响,尤其是土壤总有机碳,易氧化有机碳,微生物生物量碳的影响较大,相关系数基本达极显著水平(P＜0.01),而对重金属铜各形态间转化的影响相对较小,只有水溶性有机碳和颗粒有机碳的相关系数基本达到显著水平(P＜0.05),且对鸡粪处理的影响较明显.
Output amount of feces of domestic fowl and livestock is huge in our country. Manure's agriculture utility value is very large because of their rich nutrient resources. Feces played a special role in soil fertility buildup, but the contained poisonous and harmful substance can affect the soil and plant security.Many experts already have carried out at feces contained in the environmental risk physical type and quantity.However, dynamics of harmful substance in feces have less correlation studies.Explore harmful substance concentration changes,degradation and relevant influencing factors are not only indicating risk to environmental,but also can guiding the effective use on feces.
Simulated indoor incubation experiment was carried out to explore the concentration dynamics of harmful substance including hippuric acid (HUA),allantoin(All),chlortetracycline (CTC), tetracycline(TTC), oxytetmcyline(OTC), heavy metal(Copper forms) from poultry and animal feces and the effects on fractions of organic carbon including tatal soil organic carbon(TOC),water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), soil microbial biomass carban(SMBC),particulate organic caoban(POC),easily oxidized organic carban(EOC),extracted humic substances(HE),humic acid(HA) and fulvic acid(FA) in soil were investigated as well. The main resuls were as followed:
1. All and HUA acid entering soil with different poultry and animal feces soon entered degrading period, the concentration of all of the treatments rapidly declined at beginning,after that declining speed slowed down and it keep inalterability,but the speed and range of declining are different. At day of 180 the degradation percentage was about 90% and the highest declining rate of all the treatment at 20d. The half-lives of Hippuric acid and Allantoin of chicken feces were 20.87d and 15.51d and them of pig feces were 24.38d and 17.74d. At the end the concentration of HUA and All of pig manure was fewer than chicken manure.
2. CTC,OTC and TTC of chicken and pig feces entering soil soon entered degrading period and resembled the L-type curves, the concentration of all of the treatments rapidly declined at beginning,after that declining speed slowed down and it keep inalterability,but the degradation rate and percentage are differents. The half-lives of TTC,CTC and OTC of chicken feces were 49.22d,26.98d and 20.06d and them of pig feces were 98.03d,31.32d,17.43d,so that, the degradation rate of OTC and TTC of chicken fece was higer than them of pig fece,but the situation of CTC was contrary to them.The degradation of CTC was the best and OTC was the weastst in the there kind of tetracy-cline.
3. When foreign HUA and All entered soil, micro-degradation and absorption of soil particles occurred at the same time.At the end of training microorganic degradation was the most important reason of HUA and All content lowering and accounted for approximately 69.56% and 78.02% of the declining amount of concentration when the degradation rate were 91.58% and 96.62% at the end of training.
4. When foreign tetracy-cline entered soil, micro-degradation, photo-degradation, and absorption of soil particles occurred at the same time while micro-degradation only accounted for a small portion. The most influenced of photo-degradation, micro-degradation and absorption of soil particles were TTC,otc and CTC.With the extension of incubation time, microbiological degradation increased and photo degradation decreased.
5. After poultry and animal feces entered into the soil can increase degradation percentage of tetracy-cline,the foreign microorganism from feces has a notable effect and the others effect was not half in increase the degradation. and the largest degradation percentage OTC was increasd.
6. The biological activity and toxicity of copper from feces can reduced after feces into the soil and the effects of reduction of pig fece was better than chicken fece.
7. HUA,All,CTC,OTC and TTC were significantly degradation of fractions of organic carbon and chicken feces showed a better effect than pig feces, The contents of TOC EOC and SMBC were significantly related to HUA,All and tetracy-cline.at the 0.01 level,and the copper forms were significantly related to WSOC and POC.
本论文选取鸡粪与猪粪为供试材料,以棕壤为研究对象,采用室内模拟培养和定期取样相结合的方法,研究了鸡粪与猪粪中部分环境风险物质在土壤中的动态变化和消解途径。主要研究结论如下：
1.畜禽粪便中尿囊素和马尿酸进入土壤后迅速进入降解期,降解速度较快,不易在土壤中累积。20d左右时降解速率最大。鸡粪中尿囊素和马尿酸在土壤中的平均半衰期为20.87d和15.51d,而猪粪处理则需的24.38d和17.74d,可见马尿酸在土壤中的降解快于尿囊素,且鸡粪中的马尿酸和尿囊素易降解。
2.畜禽粪便中3种四环素类抗生素在土壤中数量的动态变化趋势呈“L”型,在培养前期迅速下降,后期逐渐平稳。初始时降解速率最大。根据半衰期,鸡粪中土霉素、四环素在土壤中的降解快于猪粪,而猪粪中金霉素的降解快于鸡粪。3种四环素类抗生素中,金霉素在土壤中最易降解,四环素最难降解。
3.马尿酸和尿囊进入土壤中,微生物降解和非生物学降解均对其产生作用,其中微生物降解效果较好,微生物作用分别占到降解总量的69.56%,78.02%。
4.随畜禽粪便进入土壤的抗生素在土壤中的数量变化,很大程度上与畜禽粪便有关。在土壤中通过微生物降解,土壤颗粒吸附和光降解三种途径发生消解。其中土壤微生物的降解作用不明显。光降解对四环素的影响较大,土壤微生物对土霉素的影响相对较大,颗粒吸附对金霉素影响较大。随着培养时间的延长,光降解作用逐渐减弱,颗粒吸附与微生物作用逐渐增强。
5.畜禽粪便的加入在一定程度上可提高四环素类抗生素的降解效果,随畜禽粪便进入土壤的外源微生物的影响较明显,而畜禽粪便产生的有机质等一些有利于土壤降解抗生素的物质产生作用有限。其中对土霉素降解的影响最明显,降解提高的程度最大。
6.畜禽粪便进入土壤后能改变其所含重金属铜的生物活性和毒性,且猪粪中重金属铜在土壤中的毒性降低效果好于鸡粪。
7.土壤中各碳组分数量对畜禽粪便所含马尿酸,尿囊素和四环素类抗生素在土壤中的降解有很大的影响,尤其是土壤总有机碳,易氧化有机碳,微生物生物量碳的影响较大,相关系数基本达极显著水平(P＜0.01),而对重金属铜各形态间转化的影响相对较小,只有水溶性有机碳和颗粒有机碳的相关系数基本达到显著水平(P＜0.05),且对鸡粪处理的影响较明显.
Output amount of feces of domestic fowl and livestock is huge in our country. Manure's agriculture utility value is very large because of their rich nutrient resources. Feces played a special role in soil fertility buildup, but the contained poisonous and harmful substance can affect the soil and plant security.Many experts already have carried out at feces contained in the environmental risk physical type and quantity.However, dynamics of harmful substance in feces have less correlation studies.Explore harmful substance concentration changes,degradation and relevant influencing factors are not only indicating risk to environmental,but also can guiding the effective use on feces.
Simulated indoor incubation experiment was carried out to explore the concentration dynamics of harmful substance including hippuric acid (HUA),allantoin(All),chlortetracycline (CTC), tetracycline(TTC), oxytetmcyline(OTC), heavy metal(Copper forms) from poultry and animal feces and the effects on fractions of organic carbon including tatal soil organic carbon(TOC),water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), soil microbial biomass carban(SMBC),particulate organic caoban(POC),easily oxidized organic carban(EOC),extracted humic substances(HE),humic acid(HA) and fulvic acid(FA) in soil were investigated as well. The main resuls were as followed:
1. All and HUA acid entering soil with different poultry and animal feces soon entered degrading period, the concentration of all of the treatments rapidly declined at beginning,after that declining speed slowed down and it keep inalterability,but the speed and range of declining are different. At day of 180 the degradation percentage was about 90% and the highest declining rate of all the treatment at 20d. The half-lives of Hippuric acid and Allantoin of chicken feces were 20.87d and 15.51d and them of pig feces were 24.38d and 17.74d. At the end the concentration of HUA and All of pig manure was fewer than chicken manure.
2. CTC,OTC and TTC of chicken and pig feces entering soil soon entered degrading period and resembled the L-type curves, the concentration of all of the treatments rapidly declined at beginning,after that declining speed slowed down and it keep inalterability,but the degradation rate and percentage are differents. The half-lives of TTC,CTC and OTC of chicken feces were 49.22d,26.98d and 20.06d and them of pig feces were 98.03d,31.32d,17.43d,so that, the degradation rate of OTC and TTC of chicken fece was higer than them of pig fece,but the situation of CTC was contrary to them.The degradation of CTC was the best and OTC was the weastst in the there kind of tetracy-cline.
3. When foreign HUA and All entered soil, micro-degradation and absorption of soil particles occurred at the same time.At the end of training microorganic degradation was the most important reason of HUA and All content lowering and accounted for approximately 69.56% and 78.02% of the declining amount of concentration when the degradation rate were 91.58% and 96.62% at the end of training.
4. When foreign tetracy-cline entered soil, micro-degradation, photo-degradation, and absorption of soil particles occurred at the same time while micro-degradation only accounted for a small portion. The most influenced of photo-degradation, micro-degradation and absorption of soil particles were TTC,otc and CTC.With the extension of incubation time, microbiological degradation increased and photo degradation decreased.
5. After poultry and animal feces entered into the soil can increase degradation percentage of tetracy-cline,the foreign microorganism from feces has a notable effect and the others effect was not half in increase the degradation. and the largest degradation percentage OTC was increasd.
6. The biological activity and toxicity of copper from feces can reduced after feces into the soil and the effects of reduction of pig fece was better than chicken fece.
7. HUA,All,CTC,OTC and TTC were significantly degradation of fractions of organic carbon and chicken feces showed a better effect than pig feces, The contents of TOC EOC and SMBC were significantly related to HUA,All and tetracy-cline.at the 0.01 level,and the copper forms were significantly related to WSOC and POC.
引文
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