摘要
复杂产品设计涉及不同领域、不同层次、不同类型的知识,一般采用多领域协同设计模式。由于复杂产品在国防军工及国民经济领域有着重要应用,因此提高复杂产品设计效率,对于国家安全及经济持续发展有着重要意义。综合集成法是我国科学家提出的处理复杂系统问题的有效方法,综合集成研讨厅是综合集成法的应用形式,其实质是将专家体系、知识体系、机器体系有机结合,把各种学科理论与人的经验、知识结合起来,共同用于复杂系统相关问题的处理。
本文以大型武器系统及流程工厂设计为背景,研究利用综合集成法提高复杂产品协同设计效率的模型、方法。通过构建兼有群体研讨、项目管理、协同决策、三维可视化等功能的面向复杂产品协同设计的综合集成研讨厅,为设计专家提供全过程的、统一的协同平台。分布在不同地点的设计专家并行进行设计活动,在各个设计关键阶段利用该研讨厅进行设计任务调度,进行设计信息共享,进行设计方案的群体讨论,协同决策彼此相关的问题,协同进行设计结果的检查与修改,以达到缩短复杂产品设计周期、提高复杂产品设计质量、降低复杂产品设计成本的目的。论文首先以综合集成法为指导,建立了复杂产品协同设计过程模型及总体框架；然后研究了相关关键技术,即群体研讨中共识分析、项目管理中任务调度、协同决策中系统综合、三维可视化中三维校审；最后构建了研讨厅原型系统。本文主要成果包括：
1.基于综合集成法的复杂产品协同设计过程模型及总体框架
建立过程模型,将设计过程有效地表达出来,是协同设计的基础。针对复杂产品设计过程的特征,根据综合集成法,建立了一个以时间、粒度、并行度三维分布的多层次复杂产品协同设计过程模型。该过程模型在时间维强调多阶段综合,在并行度维强调多专业综合,在粒度维强调分解与综合的迭代。在该过程模型基础上,结合专家体系、知识体系、机器体系,提出基于综合集成法的复杂产品协同设计总体框架。该框架中机器体系依靠知识体系中的知识给专家群体提供帮助,专家群体在机器体系提供的项目管理、群体研讨、协同决策、三维可视化等支持工具帮助下,实现人机结合、多专业结合、多阶段结合的协同设计过程,以提高复杂产品的协同设计效率。
2.支持专家群体研讨的共识分析方法
实时、准确的了解当前研讨的共识状态,能够提高设计专家在研讨厅中的研讨效率。针对发散型研讨具有连续性、模糊性、复杂性等特点,提出了一种基于云模型与证据理论的共识分析方法。该方法利用云模型根据研讨信息间语义关系求取每条发言表达的意见;并利用证据理论根据某专家所有时刻发言表达的意见推理该专家意见；最后根据求得的各专家意见形成定性的专家意见分布图和定量的共识水平、关注水平。实例表明该方法能有效地分析出当前群体研讨的共识状态,促进共识的达成。
3.定性与定量相结合的设计任务调度方法
设计任务调度在时间上、质量上对复杂产品协同设计有着重要意义。针对在复杂产品协同设计过程中任务调度存在的问题,建立了定性与定量相结合的调度模型,提出了基于案例推理的任务设计时间估算策略以及基于遗传算法的模型求解策略。调度模型通过引入调度主、客体的隐性知识,综合考虑定性指标与定量指标对协同设计的影响；时间估算策略以设计单元以往完成任务的信息为依据,提高了时间估算的合理性；模型求解策略能够保证搜索空间的完全性,在满足任务间约束的前提下,快速求得最优调度。实例结果表明,该方法是有效的,它能缩短设计周期,提高设计质量。
4.人机结合的系统综合方法
系统综合实质上是一个面向方案组合优化的决策过程。针对复杂产品协同设计过程中系统综合存在的方案组合量大、评价体系复杂、综合效率低等问题,提出了人机结合的系统综合方法。首先基于AHP法由定性到定量的构建系统评价指标体系,然后基于交互式遗传算法,将定性与定量相结合的综合评价作为适应度进行各项遗传操作,在多次迭代中进行方案整体筛选。实例表明方法能大幅提高系统综合效率。
5.计算机支持的多专业三维校审改进方法
校审实质上是一个冲突发现及冲突解决的过程。利用计算机进行三维校审不但可以使校审人员身临其境的对设计结果进行检查,以提高设计错误及设计冲突的发现率,还可以利用计算机的强大计算能力进行自动、半自动检查,以降低校审人员的工作强度,缩短校审时间。然而多专业三维校审中,存在信息结构异、类型多、数量大与计算机性能有限之间的矛盾。为了在普通PC机上实现多专业三维校审,提出了场景树与属性树相结合的信息模型以及基于可编程图形管线的复杂场景多分辨率绘制方法。信息模型不仅能对来自不同CAD系统的信息进行统一组织,还能优化信息查询速度。多分辨率绘制方法能够在保证绘制质量的前提下满足大规模复杂场景漫游的实时性要求,且预处理时间极短并无需额外硬盘空间。实例证明了该方法的有效性和实用性。
The design of complex product, in which the multidisciplinary cooperative design model is usually used, is involved with knowledge of different levels, different fields and different types. Improving the design efficiency is of great significance to the national security and economic sustainable development, due to the important application of complex product in defense and military field, as well as in national economy field. Meta-synthesis is an effective method proposed by Chinese scientists, to deal with the problems of complex system. Hall for workshop of meta-synthetic engineering (HWME) is application form of meta-synthesis, and it's essentially an integration of expert system, machine system and knowledge system, which combines the different discipline theory with the experience and knowledge of human, to deal with the problems related to complex system.
Based on the design of large-scale weapon system and process plant, this paper researches on the model and method of improving the efficiency of collaborative design for complex product, using meta-synthesis. HWME of collaborative design for complex product is constructed, with multiple functions e.g. group argumentation, project management, collaborative decision and 3-d visualization, to provide the design experts full process and unified collaborative platform. The design experts in different places could perform design activities in parallel. At key stages, with this HWME, they schedule the design task, share design information, make group discussion, make decision for relative problems, check or modify the design result collaboratively, which could help to shorten the design period, improve the design quality and reduce design cost. First, based on meta-synthesis, the process model and the general framework of collaborative design for complex product are established. Then, the key technology is researched, including analysis of consensus in the filed of group argumentation, task scheduling in the filed of project management, system synthesis in the filed of collaborative decision,3-d review in the filed of 3-d visualization. Finally, a prototype system of HWME is developed. Some specific contributions are as follows:
1. A process model and a general framework of collaborative design for complex product based on meta-synthesis
Establishing the process model and expressing the design process effectively is the foundation of collaborative design. According to the features of design process for complex product, a multi-level process model of collaborative design for complex product based on the dimensions of time, particle size and parallelism is established, combining with meta-synthesis. This process model emphasizes on the combinations of multi-stage in time dimension, combinations of multi-specialty in parallelism dimension and iteration of decomposition and integration in particle dimension. Then, on the based of the process model, a general framework of collaborative design for complex product based on meta-synthesis is proposed, combining with expert system, knowledge system and machinery system. Machinery system helps the expert group with knowledge from knowledge system. Expert system fulfill the collaborative design process of combinations of human-computer, multi-specialty and multi-stage, with the services provided by machinery system, e.g. project management, group argumentation, collaborative decision and 3-d visualization.
2. A method for analyzing consensus to support group argumentation
If the experts understand current consensus state, the efficiency of the group argument can be improved. So a method for analyzing consensus based on cloud model and evidence theory is proposed, with respect to the characteristics of divergent argument in HWME, such as continuity, fuzziness and complexity. Firstly, this method uses cloud model to acquire the opinion implicated in every comment, according to the semantic relations between argument information. Then synthesizes the implicated opinions expressed by an expert in all time into the expert opinion on the base of evidence theory. And at last, obtains qualitative distribution map of expert opinion and quantitative level of consensus and attention, in accordance with acquired opinions from different experts. Examples indicated that the consensus state could be analyzed effectively using this method, which could help to reach consensus.
3. A hybrid method of qualitative and quantitative analysis for design task scheduling
Design task scheduling is of great significance to collaborative design for complex product, both in terms of time and quality. To solve the task scheduling problem in collaborative design for complex product, a qualitative and quantitative model is established, and a strategy to estimate design task time based on case-based reasoning is proposed, and a strategy to solve the model based on genetic algorithms is proposed. By introducing tacit knowledge of the subject and object, this model synthesizes the impact of qualitative indexes and quantitative indexes on collaborative design. Based on the information of the design task which has been finished by design unit before, the estimating strategy improves the rationality of time estimation for task design. The solving strategy can guarantee the completeness of search space, and obtain the optimal solution of the model rapidly under the constraints of tasks. Finally, a detailed example is given to confirm this method, which can be used to shorten the design period and improve the design quality.
4. A human-computer combination method for system synthesis
System synthesis is essentially a decision process for combinatorial optimization. To solve the problems of system synthesis in collaborative design for complex product, a human-computer combination method for system synthesis is proposed. Firstly, an evaluation index system is established on the base of AHP method, from qualitative to quantitative. Then scheme selection is carried out in many times of iteration based on interactive genetic algorithm, with the comprehensive evaluation combining of qualitative and quantitative analysis as its fitness. Finally, a detailed example is given to confirm this method. It proves that this method can be used to improve the efficiency of system synthesis greatly.
5. An improved method of computer supported 3-d review for multi-specialty
Review is essentially a process of conflict detection and conflict resolution. The 3-d review can make the reviewer feeling realistic while checking the design results, which improves the detection rate of design errors and design conflicts. It also can carry out automatic or semi-automatic review by the strong computing capability of the computer, which reduce the reviewer's working strength and shorten the review time. However, in the 3-d review for multi-specialty, there're contradictions between the heterogeneous information with large quantities, various categories and the computers with limited performance. In order to perform 3-d review for multi-specialty on an ordinary PC, an information model combined scene tree and attribute tree is proposed, and a multi-resolution rendering approach of large-scale process plant models based on programmable graphics pipeline is proposed. The information model could organize the information from different CAD systems with a unified structure, also could optimize the query speed of information. The multi-resolution rendering approach could ensure real-time interaction in large-scale and complex scene without extra hard-disk space, with little loss in image quality, while less preprocessing time is required. An example indicates that this method is effective and practical.
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