摘要
长期以来,我国在处理城乡关系上,采取了“工业优先、城市偏向”的政策取向。在产业政策上,强调城市工业优先发展；在资金流向上,国家通过税收、工农产品“剪刀差”、金融机构等途径,把农业剩余源源不断地由农村转入城市；在人口流动上,通过户籍制度以及对农民的歧视性的就业、福利制度安排,使得农村人口向城市的流动仍存在较多障碍和限制。这种城市偏向的产业发展政策,致使农村非农产业发展滞后,农村经济增长乏力,城乡产业发展差距日益拉大,形成了非良性互动的城乡产业关系。党的十七届三中全会提出：“统筹城乡产业发展,优化农村产业结构,发展农村服务业和乡镇企业,引导城市资金、技术、人才、管理等生产要素向农村流动。”目前,我国已经进入了工业反哺农业的发展阶段,城乡产业合作成为现阶段构筑城乡经济社会发展一体化新格局的重要基础和动力,是促进城乡产业结构优化升级的主要途径,也是从根本上破解“三农”难题的重要举措。因此,对城乡产业合作问题的研究具有重要的理论意义和时代意蕴。
首先,分析了城乡产业关系演进的一般规律。综观世界各国的经济发展历程,城乡产业关系大体上经历了四个阶段,即乡村产业孕育城市产业阶段、城乡产业对立阶段、城市产业反哺乡村产业的阶段和城乡产业融合发展阶段。从2004年起,我国总体上进入了工业反哺农业的城乡统筹发展时期。在城乡二元结构体制的路径依赖影响下,我国城乡产业的发展面临着诸如城乡产业发展差距明显、城乡产业关联效应不强、城乡产业结构高度同构等问题,导致城乡居民收入差距持续扩大,制约了城乡一体化进程的推进。
其次,设计了城乡产业合作的实现机制。第一,合理的产业分工布局是城乡产业合作的基础。本文认为,知识密集型产业、高关联度产业和现代服务业应优先布局于城市,劳动密集型产业和农产品加工业应主要布局于小城镇,乡村以发展农业及乡村旅游业为重点。第二,城乡产业的相互依赖性与互利性是城乡产业合作的动力。城乡产业的相互依赖性,即城乡产业之间以各种产品、服务和要素为纽带形成的技术经济依赖以及城市产业对乡村的空间依赖和乡村农业对城市的空间依赖,是城乡产业合作的必要条件；互利性是城乡合作的主要动力、双赢是合作成功的前提。第三,生产要素在城乡间双向自由流动是城乡产业合作的纽带。第四,城乡产业合作的载体是壮大小城镇的经济实力。小城镇是城市产业链向乡村延伸的载体、是乡村工业集聚的载体、是吸纳农村富余劳动力就业的载体。
再次,构建了城乡产业协调发展综合评价指标体系,并从静态和动态两方面进行了综合评价。静态评价结果显示,城乡产业协调发展水平具有明显的区域差异性。总体来看,东部地区的城乡产业协调发展水平最高,中部次之,西部最低。研究结果也表明,经济发展水平与城镇化水平的提高是城乡产业协调发展水平提高的必要条件,但并非充分条件。动态评价结果显示,从2004年开始,我国城乡产业协调发展水平有了明显的提高,证实了我国实施城乡统筹发展战略的效果是显著的。
最后,提出了城乡产业合作的战略举措。第一,城乡一二三产业合作,推动农业产业化经营。运用博弈论对传统订单农业的违约行为进行了分析,提出了农业产业化经营利益机制完善的思路,即在博弈中引入农村合作经济组织、引入农产品期货市场或者变非合作博弈为合作博弈(即纵向一体化模式)。第二,城乡第二产业合作的模式主要有两种：①总部经济模式,即企业将总部布局在发达的中心城市,将生产基地布局在欠发达的农村地区,由此企业可以同时以相对较低的成本获得中心城市的战略性资源(人才、信息、资本等资源)和农村的常规性资源(劳动力、土地、矿产等其他要素资源),使得企业内部不同组织结构与城乡资源实现最优空间耦合。②产业转移模式,即随着城市土地、劳动力等要素成本的上升,城市中失去比较优势的产业逐步向农村地区转移。第三,城乡第三产业合作的模式主要包括农村“沃尔玛”模式、引导城市现代服务业向农村延伸以及城乡合作开发乡村旅游业模式。
综上,本文以城乡产业互动为研究视角,以系统论、区域分工与合作理论、区位理论、产业聚集和扩散理论为理论指导,遵循城乡产业关系演进的一般规律,借鉴国内外城乡产业协调发展的成功经验,在坚持城乡地位平等的基础上,根据城乡各自的区位优势、资源禀赋以及产业自身的活动规律,对城乡产业协调发展水平进行了综合评价,构建了城乡产业合作的实现机制与战略构想,旨在形成城乡产业合理分工、科学布局、相互协作、优势互补的产业发展格局。本文的研究将有助于丰富和完善城乡一体化的理论研究体系,对各地区促进城乡产业融合发展、推进城乡一体化进程、解决“三农”问题具有重要的指导意义。
For a long time, the development strategy of "industrial priority and urban bias" was implemented in China. with respect to industrial policy, stressed the priority of urban industrial; with respect to capital flows, the agricultural surplus was transferred from rural areas to urban areas through taxation, price scissors between industrial and agricultural products, financial institutions and so on; with respect to population migration, there were many obstacles and constraints for labor to migrate from rural areas to urban areas, because of the institutional arrangements of household registration system and other discriminatory employment and welfare system. Those urban-rural dual industrial policies, lead to that rural non-agricultural industry lagged behind, weak economic growth of agriculture, and the gap between rural and urban economic development is increasingly widening. Third Plenary Session of the Party's 17 proposed that "balance the developments of urban and rural industries, optimize the industrial structure in rural areas, guide urban capital, technology, human resources, managerial expertise and other factors of production to flow to rural areas". China has entered into the development stage of industry nurturing agriculture. Urban-rural cooperation has become the important basis and momentum of forming a new pattern that integrates economic and social development in urban and rural areas, the main way of optimization and promotion of urban and rural industrial structure, and also the important measure to solve three dimensional rural issues fundamentally. Therefore, the study on the urban-rural industrial cooperation has very important theoretical significance and age implication.
Firstly, the general law of evolution of urban-rural industrial relationship was analyzed. Looking from the process of world economic development, the urban-rural industrial relationship mainly experienced four stages, that is rural industries bred urban industries, urban and rural industries developed contradictorily, urban industries return nurtured rural industries and integrated development of urban-rural industries. Since 2004, China has generally entered into the stage of balancing urban and rural development of industry re-feeding agriculture. Under the influence of path dependence of urban-rural dual structure system, the development of Chinese urban and rural industries is facing the following problems, the development disparity of urban-rural industries is obvious, the correlation effect of urban-rural industries is not strong and the structure of urban-rural industries is strongly convergent, which result in the income gap between urban and rural residents in increasingly enlarging that restricts the development process of urban-rural integration.
Secondly, the implementation mechanism of urban-rural industrial cooperation was designed.①Reasonable industrial division and distribution is the basis of urban-rural industrial cooperation. This paper hold the opinion that knowledge-intensive industries, industries with high correlation and modern service industries should be distributed in urban areas primarily, labor-intensive industries and agricultural product processing industries should be distributed small towns mainly, and rural industries should focus on agriculture and rural tourism.②The interdependence and reciprocal benefits of industries are the impetus of urban-rural industrial cooperation. The interdependence between urban and rural industries, which refer to both the technical economic interdependence with various products, services and factors as links and spatial interdependence between urban and rural industries, is the necessary condition for urban and rural industrial cooperation. The reciprocal benefits are the main impetus for urban and rural industrial cooperation. Win-win is the prerequisite for successful cooperation.③Bidirectional free flow of factors between urban and rural areas is the link of urban-rural industrial cooperation.④Improving the economic strength of small towns is the carrier of urban-rural industrial cooperation. Small towns is the carrier for urban industries extending to rural areas, the carrier for agglomeration of village industries and the carrier for absorbing surplus rural labor force.
Additionally, based on the establishment of comprehensive evaluation index system, the coordinated development level of urban-rural industries was evaluated from static and dynamic aspects. The results of static evaluation showed that the coordinated development level of urban-rural industries character had significant regional differences. In general, the level of eastern regions is highest, central region is second, and western regions is lowest. The results also show that economic development level and urbanization level are the necessary conditions for improving coordinated development level of urban-rural industries, but not sufficient condition. The results of dynamic evaluation show that China's coordinated development level of urban-rural industries has been significantly improved since 2004, which confirmed the effect of balancing urban and rural development strategy is significant.
Finally, the strategic measures for urban-rural industrial cooperation are proposed. (1)Cooperation of urban-rural three industries:to propel the agricultural industrialization management. Based on game analysis on the breaches of contract in contract agriculture, some improving suggestions of benefit mechanism of agricultural industrialization management are put forward, that is introducing rural cooperative economic organization and agricultural product futures market into game model or changing non- cooperative game to cooperative game. (2)There are two cooperative modes between urban-rural secondary industries. One mode is headquarters economy. The enterprises lay its headquarters in developed city and production base in rural areas, thus enterprises can simultaneously obtain urban strategic resources (talents, information and capital) and rural conventional resources(labor, land) with a relatively low cost, which will achieve optimal spatial coupling of the internal structure of different organizations and urban-rural resources. The other mode is industry transfer. With the rising of the cost of land, labor, and other factors in city, the industries that lost its comparative advantage gradually shift to rural areas. (3) The modes of urban-rural tertiary industries mainly include rural war-mart, guiding urban modern service industries to extend to rural areas, and develop rural tourism through urban and rural cooperation.
In a word, taking urban-rural industrial interaction as research perspective, taking system theory, regional division and cooperation theory, location theory, industrial agglomeration and diffusion theory as theoretical guidance, following the general law of evolution of urban-rural industrial relationship, learning from successful experiences of urban-rural industrial coordinated development at home and abroad, on the basis of equal status of urban and rural areas, according to urban-rural location condition, resources endowment and industrial activity law, this paper makes comprehensive evaluation on the urban-rural industrial coordinated development level, constructs a implementation mechanism and strategic conception of urban-rural industrial cooperation. The aim is to form an industrial development pattern with the character of reasonable division, scientific distribution, mutual cooperation and complementary advantages between urban and rural industries. This paper is conducive to enrich and perfect theoretical research system of urban-rural integration, and plays an important role in promoting urban-rural industrial integrated development and solving three dimensional rural issues for each region.
引文
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