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基于生活成本调整的真实产出和中国地级以上城市的适宜规模研究
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摘要
中国人口总量巨大,城市化速度较快,未来至少还要新增2亿以上城市人口,它们如何在城市间有效配置直接影响到中国的长期经济增长和效率。目前,上海、北京、成都、天津、广州和深圳市的常住人口都已超过千万,城市规模急剧扩张,交通拥挤、环境污染、房价高涨等城市问题异常突出。这些城市是否已经过度集中,哪些城市的人口规模比较适宜,哪些城市的人口规模还有较大的增长潜力?本文从城市生活成本的角度,对中国地级及以上城市的适宜规模问题进行了初步探索。
     生产和人口一定程度的集中可以产生聚集经济,提高生产效率,推动经济增长;但生产和人口的过度集中却会产生聚集不经济,增加组织成本、拥挤成本、环境成本和生活成本,阻碍碍经济增长。中国正由“低价工业化”走向“高价城市化”,政府过度依赖土地财政收入,使得房价等与城市化过程相关的劳动力生活成本提高,进而导致工资水平和生产成本上升,损害城市的产业竞争力。因此,“生活成本问题”、“民生问题”正受到越来越多的关注。但国内绝大部分区域或城市经济方面的研究都直接使用名义产出或名义收入,忽视区域或城市间的价格差异,这容易导致偏误。本文分别建立了基于居住成本和基于一篮子商品的生活成本指数,定义经生活成本指数调整后的名义产出和名义收入为“真实产出”和“真实收入”,从而将城市之间不可比的名义值转化为可比的真实值。城市之间的真实GDP、真实人均GDP、真实地均GDP和真实工资水平的排名结果与人们根据名义值的认识有显著差异,但更接近于人们的真实生活体验。
     城市最优规模反映了生产和人口集中所产生的更高生产效率和更高生活成本之间的平衡。本文改进和拓展了Henderson等建立的基本城市模型,以2004至2009年中国地级及以上城市的面板数据为基础,使用经过生活成本指数调整后的真实人均GDP、真实土地利用效率和真实平均工资水平,对中国城市的适宜规模进行了实证研究。用名义人均GDP衡量,2010年中国有21个城市过度集中,有52个城市规模适宜,剩下的规模偏小,占总城市数量的74.5%。用“真实人均GDP”衡量,22个城市过度集中,145个城市规模适宜,119个城市规模偏小,占城市总数的41.6%。可见考虑生活成本因素后,目前的大部分城市若不努力提升城市功能,降低生活成本,已经不再适合继续增加人口规模。使用真实上地利用效率估计的结果与此类似,规模偏小的城市从92%下降为79.4%。而使用名义平均工资和真实平均工资得到的结果并不理想。
     城市规模的影响因素众多,要确定城市的适宜规模,避免形成过度拥挤的超大城市,制定包括整个国家领土范围内的人口分布以及与之相关的社会和经济活动的人类住区国家政策,需要统筹考虑各种因素。本文从生活成本视角对中国地级及以I:城市适宜规模的研究为此提供了很好的思路。
The total population of China is huge, and its urbanization speed is quite quickly. In the future, Chinese city populations still need to add 200 hundred million people at least, so how they are collocated effectively between the cities influences directly to the long-term economic growth and efficiency of China. Currently, the resident population of Shanghai, Peking, Chengdu, Tienjin, Guangzhou and Shenzhen have already exceeded ten million, their city problems, such as the city size expanding rapidly, traffic congestion, environment pollution and housing price upswing etc., are outstanding abnormally. Whether these cities already excessively concentrated, which cities'population size is feater, and which cities'population size still has a bigger growth potential? This paper preliminary explores the Efficient Size of Prefecture level Cities in China based on the perspective of Costs of Living.
     It can bring Agglomeration Economy, enhance produce efficiency and push economy growth to the concentration of produce and population in some degree; the over concentration of produce and population will form Agglomeration Diseconomy, increase the organization cost, congestion cost, environment cost and costs of living, and restrain economy growth.On the transitional phases from "Low Price Industrialization" to "High Price Urbanization", the local government of China depends on the land income in excessively, making the housing price heighten, increasing the cose of living of labor force in the cities, then causing the wages level and production cost rise, injuring the industry competition ability.Therefore, the problem of "cost of living" and "the people's livelihood" is being paid attention more and more. But majority studies on the regional economics or urban economics districtly use nominal output or nominal income, neglecting the price differences among the districts or cities. this may causes errors easily. The paper built up the cost of living index respectively according to the Housing cost and a cost of basket of commodity. The Nominal Output and Nominal Income divided by the cost of living index are defined as "Real Output" and "Real Income", thus the nominal values can't compared between the cities are transformed into the true values comparablely.The rank result of real GDP, real GDP per person, real GDP per land and real wages level are has already shown the remarkable difference comparing with people's traditional cognition, but it is more near to people's true living experience.
     Optimum City Size reflects the balance of the higher produce efficiency and higher cost of living producing by the concentration of produce and population. This paper improves the basic city model established by Henderson etc., and carries on the empirical research to the Efficient Size of Chinese Cities, based on the panel data of prefecture level cities in China in 2004-2009 years and real GDP per person, real GDP per land and real wages level adjusted by the cost of living index. Using he Nominal GDP per person to measure, there are 21 cities over concentrated in 2010,52 cites in order, and the rest statistically significantly undersized, accounting for 74.5% of total city number. Measuring with the Real GDP per person,22 cities are over concentrated,145 cities are feat,119 cities are undersized (accounting for 41.6%).It is thus clear that, after considering the cost of living, the great parts of cities have already no longer suited to continue increasing population, if they don't work hard to promote the city functions and lower living cost.The results are similar to use the real GDP per land, the undersized cities descend to 79.4% from 92%. But the results are bad when using the Nominal Wage and Real wage.
     The factors influencing the city size are numerous, It need to take all factors into consideration when confirming the efficient city size, avoiding forming the super big city over congestion, and drawing up the national policy about population distribution and the living area of mankind including the whole national territory scope. The article provides a good way for these.
引文
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