小麦—玉米轮作体系农田氮素长期有效性，盈亏规律，模拟及其应用研究
|
摘要
依托“国家土壤肥力与肥料效应监测站网”，对不同气候带和土壤类型小麦-玉米轮作体系碳、氮循环进行了研究。重点研究了不同施肥制度下，土壤氮库盈亏规律，氮的长期效率；分析了大气氮沉降在时间和空间上的差异，并应用这些结果进行了推荐施肥的应用和验证；借助作物生长模型（APSIM）模拟小麦-玉米对施用氮肥等农田管理措施及气候变化等响应，并研究了不同的情景下农田碳汇潜力，为我国农田生态系统氮肥的高效利用和安全管理提供了技术支撑和理论基础。主要研究结果如下：
1.在不施用氮肥情况下(PK处理)，小麦和玉米15年平均生物量分别是：2454kg/ha和5844kg/ha；相应的籽粒产量分别是1387kg/ha和3555kg/ha。在施用氮肥且其他养分不缺（NPK,FS,FM和HF）的情况下，小麦和玉米15年平均生物量分别是10302kg/ha和11503kg/ha；相应的籽粒产量分别是4230kg/ha和5931kg/ha。我国农田普遍缺氮，氮肥施用对我国粮食安全仍是一个有力的保障措施。
2.氮肥对小麦和玉米的产量贡献率（施氮处理与非施氮处理产量之差除以非施氮处理产量的百分数）15年间分别在61%到325%和24%到199%间变异，相应的平均值分别是199%和126%；对小麦和玉米的绝对贡献量最高的分别在郑州(4459kg/ha)和杨凌(3965kg/ha)。氮肥的产量贡献率小麦大于玉米，田间施氮应该优先考虑小麦。
3.小麦氮的生理利用率在12.3-95.7kg grain kg-1N变动，平均值为36.9kg grain kg-1N；玉米氮的生理利用率5.5-87.8kg grain kg~(-1)N变动，平均值为48.1kg grain kg-1N。地上部分每多吸收1kg N,小麦可以增产35.6kg籽粒，玉米可以增产39.5公斤籽粒。
4.所有处理中，氮的表观累积回收率(NREac)在4%-90%间变异，常量氮施肥(NP,NPK,FS和FM)在44%-90%间波动，平均值为71%。一年一轮作的NPK处理的NREac平均值81%，并且15年间没有多大的变化。通过3414数据验证，此回收率可以作为推荐施肥的氮回收率使用。
5.结合文献数据和小麦-玉米轮作体系硝态氮累积现象，本研究推导了一系列推荐施肥公式，充分利用土壤剖面累积硝态氮，减低环境污染；并针对技术上的难推广问题，进一步完善了以产量目标为基础的氮肥推荐体系。
6.利用长期PK处理地上部分氮吸收量，分析了氮沉降的时间和空间变异。结果表明，昌平，郑州和杨凌15年平均氮沉降量分别是76,80和94kg N，并且杨凌地区随时间有增加的趋势。氮沉降量与降雨没有相关性，同时暗示该体系氮沉降主要以干沉降为主。在NPK处理中，氮沉降量占总氮输入量的17%-21%，与该体系通过氮挥发和淋洗损失的量相当。
7.作物生长模型APSIM对我国小麦-玉米轮作体系生物量和产量有较好的拟合，除去乌鲁木齐地区，R2在0.65以上。对未来一百年的模拟结果显示，在灌溉条件下（irrigated）：郑州，昌平，杨凌和乌鲁木齐最大生物量分别可以达到30(29)，20.8，27.5和15.4t/ha；相应的籽粒产量是14.7(14)，8.6,12.4和6.90t/ha。相应的平均施N量分别是：350(在R0即秸秆不还田下300)，150,200和250kg/ha。在雨养条件下(rainfed)：郑州，昌平，杨凌和乌鲁木齐其平均最高生物量分别为18.7，6.6，5.1，和2.8t/ha。相应的籽粒产量分别为8.5,2.6，2.1和0.2t/ha。对一百年土壤有机碳变化模拟结果显示，在最大产量施肥条件下，秸秆不还田，郑州点，雨养和灌溉条件下都能维持土壤现有有机碳，而昌平有增加的趋势，杨凌稍微减少趋势。乌鲁木齐，显著下降，并且灌溉加速了这一进程。需要秸秆100%还田才能缓解土壤有机碳下降的趋势。
Using the monitoring data from “National Soil Fertility and Fertilizers Effects Net”, thebalance of nitrogen and carbon in various soils and climates in wheat-maize rotation system wasstudied. The present study mainly focused on the budget and long-term efficiencies of nitrogenand temporal and spatial variation of total aerial nitrogen deposition, which were used for nitrogenfertilization recommendation and validation; also on biomass, yield, nitrogen uptake of wheat andmaize and the soil carbon dynamic in response to agricultural management practices and climateswere simulated using the Agricultural Production Systems Simulation (APSIM) in order toincrease efficiency and management of nitrogen in agri-ecosystem. The mainly results are:
1. Under zero-nitrogen application (only phosphorus and potassium applied as PK), averagebiomass of wheat and maize for15years was2454and5844kg/ha, respectively, andcorresponding grain yield was1387and3555kg/ha. Under balance fertilization (NPK, FS, FMand HF), average biomass of wheat and maize for15years was10302and11503kg/ha,respectively, and corresponding grain yield was4230and5931kg/ha. The results showed that soilsuffer nitrogen deficiation and nitrogen fertilization is a way of food security in China.
2During15years, contribution of nitrogen to grain yield of wheat and maize were between61%and325%and24and199%, respectively. Corresponding average values are199%and126%.The highest grain yield increment of wheat and maize attributed to nitrogen were at Zhengzhousite (4459kg/ha) and at Yangling (3965kg/ha), respectively. It is suggested that wheat could begiven priority over maize when nitrogen fertilization as a result from contributions of nitrogen tograin yield of wheat be more than that of maize.
3The nitrogen physiological efficiencies of wheat varied from12.3and95.7kg grain per kgnitrogen with36.9kg grain per kg nitrogen on average. For maize they varied from5.5and87.8kg grain per kg nitrogen with48.1kg grain per kg nitrogen on average. Generally,1kilogramnitrogen absorbed in biomass could produce35.6and39.5kilogram grain yield for wheat andmaize, respectively.
4. Apparent accumulated nitrogen recovery efficiencies (NREac) varied4%and90%in alltreatment in all sites. The variation of NREacfrom normal nitrogen fertilization (NP, NPK, FS andFM) was between44%and90%with71%on average, in which from one rotation system per yearthe variation was narrative with81%on average that could be used in nitrogen fertilizationrecommendation, which was validated by data derived from3414field experiments.
5. Combination of data published about3414experiments and the phenomena of nitrateaccumulated in the soil profit in wheat-maize cropping system, some equations used by nitrogenfertilization recommendation were deducted in order to use nitrate in soil profits as well asdecreasing pollution. Furthermore, the nitrogen fertilization recommendation of system based onyield goal was amended contributed to easy performance in field.
6. Temporal and spatial variations of total aerial nitrogen deposition (TND) were studiedusing biomass nitrogen in zero-nitrogen treatment (PK). The result showed that TND amounts ofannual average were76,80and94kg nitrogen for Changping, Zhengzhou and Yangling,respectively with increasing in Yangling. And there were no correlations between TND amountsand precipitations and also suggested that dry deposition were main pattern in this system.Amounts of TND from NPK treatment accounted for17~21%of total nitrogen input that wasequal to loss rate by way of volatilization and leaching of nitrogen in wheat-maize croppingsystem.
7Agricultural Production System Simulator (APSIM) well simulated the biomass and yieldin wheat-maize cropping system besides in Urumchi with0.65of R2. Simulating under automaticirrigation in100year, the highest biomass were30,29,20.8,27.5and15.4t/ha in Zhengzhou,Changping, Yangling and Urumchi, respectively. Corresponding grain yield were14.7,8.6,12.4and6.9t/ha with350,150,200and250kg/ha of nitrogen. Simulating under rainfed in100year, thehighest biomass were18.7,6.6,5.1and2.8t/ha in Zhengzhou, Changping, Yangling and Urumchi,respectively. Corresponding grain yields were8.5,2.6,2.1and0.2t/ha. Simulating soil carbondynamic under nitrogen rate when highest grain yield in100years, soil carbon could bemaintained without straw return under both automatic irrigation and rainfed in Zhengzhou, butincreasing in Changping and decreasing in Yangling. Soil carbon was significant deceasing inUrumchi. Furthermore, the trend could be accelerated by irrigation and stop by100%straw return.
1.在不施用氮肥情况下(PK处理)，小麦和玉米15年平均生物量分别是：2454kg/ha和5844kg/ha；相应的籽粒产量分别是1387kg/ha和3555kg/ha。在施用氮肥且其他养分不缺（NPK,FS,FM和HF）的情况下，小麦和玉米15年平均生物量分别是10302kg/ha和11503kg/ha；相应的籽粒产量分别是4230kg/ha和5931kg/ha。我国农田普遍缺氮，氮肥施用对我国粮食安全仍是一个有力的保障措施。
2.氮肥对小麦和玉米的产量贡献率（施氮处理与非施氮处理产量之差除以非施氮处理产量的百分数）15年间分别在61%到325%和24%到199%间变异，相应的平均值分别是199%和126%；对小麦和玉米的绝对贡献量最高的分别在郑州(4459kg/ha)和杨凌(3965kg/ha)。氮肥的产量贡献率小麦大于玉米，田间施氮应该优先考虑小麦。
3.小麦氮的生理利用率在12.3-95.7kg grain kg-1N变动，平均值为36.9kg grain kg-1N；玉米氮的生理利用率5.5-87.8kg grain kg~(-1)N变动，平均值为48.1kg grain kg-1N。地上部分每多吸收1kg N,小麦可以增产35.6kg籽粒，玉米可以增产39.5公斤籽粒。
4.所有处理中，氮的表观累积回收率(NREac)在4%-90%间变异，常量氮施肥(NP,NPK,FS和FM)在44%-90%间波动，平均值为71%。一年一轮作的NPK处理的NREac平均值81%，并且15年间没有多大的变化。通过3414数据验证，此回收率可以作为推荐施肥的氮回收率使用。
5.结合文献数据和小麦-玉米轮作体系硝态氮累积现象，本研究推导了一系列推荐施肥公式，充分利用土壤剖面累积硝态氮，减低环境污染；并针对技术上的难推广问题，进一步完善了以产量目标为基础的氮肥推荐体系。
6.利用长期PK处理地上部分氮吸收量，分析了氮沉降的时间和空间变异。结果表明，昌平，郑州和杨凌15年平均氮沉降量分别是76,80和94kg N，并且杨凌地区随时间有增加的趋势。氮沉降量与降雨没有相关性，同时暗示该体系氮沉降主要以干沉降为主。在NPK处理中，氮沉降量占总氮输入量的17%-21%，与该体系通过氮挥发和淋洗损失的量相当。
7.作物生长模型APSIM对我国小麦-玉米轮作体系生物量和产量有较好的拟合，除去乌鲁木齐地区，R2在0.65以上。对未来一百年的模拟结果显示，在灌溉条件下（irrigated）：郑州，昌平，杨凌和乌鲁木齐最大生物量分别可以达到30(29)，20.8，27.5和15.4t/ha；相应的籽粒产量是14.7(14)，8.6,12.4和6.90t/ha。相应的平均施N量分别是：350(在R0即秸秆不还田下300)，150,200和250kg/ha。在雨养条件下(rainfed)：郑州，昌平，杨凌和乌鲁木齐其平均最高生物量分别为18.7，6.6，5.1，和2.8t/ha。相应的籽粒产量分别为8.5,2.6，2.1和0.2t/ha。对一百年土壤有机碳变化模拟结果显示，在最大产量施肥条件下，秸秆不还田，郑州点，雨养和灌溉条件下都能维持土壤现有有机碳，而昌平有增加的趋势，杨凌稍微减少趋势。乌鲁木齐，显著下降，并且灌溉加速了这一进程。需要秸秆100%还田才能缓解土壤有机碳下降的趋势。
Using the monitoring data from “National Soil Fertility and Fertilizers Effects Net”, thebalance of nitrogen and carbon in various soils and climates in wheat-maize rotation system wasstudied. The present study mainly focused on the budget and long-term efficiencies of nitrogenand temporal and spatial variation of total aerial nitrogen deposition, which were used for nitrogenfertilization recommendation and validation; also on biomass, yield, nitrogen uptake of wheat andmaize and the soil carbon dynamic in response to agricultural management practices and climateswere simulated using the Agricultural Production Systems Simulation (APSIM) in order toincrease efficiency and management of nitrogen in agri-ecosystem. The mainly results are:
1. Under zero-nitrogen application (only phosphorus and potassium applied as PK), averagebiomass of wheat and maize for15years was2454and5844kg/ha, respectively, andcorresponding grain yield was1387and3555kg/ha. Under balance fertilization (NPK, FS, FMand HF), average biomass of wheat and maize for15years was10302and11503kg/ha,respectively, and corresponding grain yield was4230and5931kg/ha. The results showed that soilsuffer nitrogen deficiation and nitrogen fertilization is a way of food security in China.
2During15years, contribution of nitrogen to grain yield of wheat and maize were between61%and325%and24and199%, respectively. Corresponding average values are199%and126%.The highest grain yield increment of wheat and maize attributed to nitrogen were at Zhengzhousite (4459kg/ha) and at Yangling (3965kg/ha), respectively. It is suggested that wheat could begiven priority over maize when nitrogen fertilization as a result from contributions of nitrogen tograin yield of wheat be more than that of maize.
3The nitrogen physiological efficiencies of wheat varied from12.3and95.7kg grain per kgnitrogen with36.9kg grain per kg nitrogen on average. For maize they varied from5.5and87.8kg grain per kg nitrogen with48.1kg grain per kg nitrogen on average. Generally,1kilogramnitrogen absorbed in biomass could produce35.6and39.5kilogram grain yield for wheat andmaize, respectively.
4. Apparent accumulated nitrogen recovery efficiencies (NREac) varied4%and90%in alltreatment in all sites. The variation of NREacfrom normal nitrogen fertilization (NP, NPK, FS andFM) was between44%and90%with71%on average, in which from one rotation system per yearthe variation was narrative with81%on average that could be used in nitrogen fertilizationrecommendation, which was validated by data derived from3414field experiments.
5. Combination of data published about3414experiments and the phenomena of nitrateaccumulated in the soil profit in wheat-maize cropping system, some equations used by nitrogenfertilization recommendation were deducted in order to use nitrate in soil profits as well asdecreasing pollution. Furthermore, the nitrogen fertilization recommendation of system based onyield goal was amended contributed to easy performance in field.
6. Temporal and spatial variations of total aerial nitrogen deposition (TND) were studiedusing biomass nitrogen in zero-nitrogen treatment (PK). The result showed that TND amounts ofannual average were76,80and94kg nitrogen for Changping, Zhengzhou and Yangling,respectively with increasing in Yangling. And there were no correlations between TND amountsand precipitations and also suggested that dry deposition were main pattern in this system.Amounts of TND from NPK treatment accounted for17~21%of total nitrogen input that wasequal to loss rate by way of volatilization and leaching of nitrogen in wheat-maize croppingsystem.
7Agricultural Production System Simulator (APSIM) well simulated the biomass and yieldin wheat-maize cropping system besides in Urumchi with0.65of R2. Simulating under automaticirrigation in100year, the highest biomass were30,29,20.8,27.5and15.4t/ha in Zhengzhou,Changping, Yangling and Urumchi, respectively. Corresponding grain yield were14.7,8.6,12.4and6.9t/ha with350,150,200and250kg/ha of nitrogen. Simulating under rainfed in100year, thehighest biomass were18.7,6.6,5.1and2.8t/ha in Zhengzhou, Changping, Yangling and Urumchi,respectively. Corresponding grain yields were8.5,2.6,2.1and0.2t/ha. Simulating soil carbondynamic under nitrogen rate when highest grain yield in100years, soil carbon could bemaintained without straw return under both automatic irrigation and rainfed in Zhengzhou, butincreasing in Changping and decreasing in Yangling. Soil carbon was significant deceasing inUrumchi. Furthermore, the trend could be accelerated by irrigation and stop by100%straw return.
引文
1.王伯仁,徐明岗等(2005)."长期不同施肥对旱地红壤性质和作物生长的影响."水土保持学报(01):97-100.
2.王迎春(2009).华北平原典型农田生态系统氮磷平衡动态模拟研究,中国农业科学院.
3.王琳(2007). APSIM模型应用于华北平原作物生产潜力和节水优化模式,南京信息工程大学.
4.王亚丽,林位夫等(2003)."氮肥使用中的污染问题及其解决途径."热带农业科学23(1):67-72.
5.曲环,赵秉强等(2004)."灰漠土长期定位施肥对小麦品质和产量的影响."植物营养与肥料学报(01):12-17.
6.艾娜,周建斌等(2008)."长期施肥及撂荒土壤对不同外源氮素固持及转化的影响."中国农业科学(12):4109-4118.
7.何平安,李荣(1999).中国有机肥料养分志,北京:中国农业出版社.
8.李世清,李生秀(2000)."旱地农田生态系统氮肥利用率的评价."中国农业科学33(1):76-81.
9.李秀英,李燕婷等(2006)."褐潮土长期定位不同施肥制度土壤生产功能演化研究."作物学报(05):683-689.
10.高超,张桃林等(2002)."1980年以来我国农业氮素管理的现状与问题."南京大学学报(自然科学版)38(5):6.
11.曹宏鑫,赵锁劳等(2011)."作物模型发展探讨."中国农业科学44(17):3520-3528.
12.潘根兴,赵其国(2005)."我国农田土壤碳库演变研究:全球变化和国家粮食安全."地球科学进展20(4):384-393.
13.刘学军,张福锁(2009)."环境养分及其在生态系统养分资源管理中的作用——以大气氮沉降为例."干旱区研究(03):306-311.
14.刘巽浩陈阜（1990）."对氮肥利用效率若干传统观念的质疑."农业现代化研究11（4）：28-34
15.国家统计年鉴(2008).国家统计局印刷，北京.
16.孙瑞莲,赵秉强等(2003)."长期定位施肥对土壤酶活性的影响及其调控土壤肥力的作用."植物营养与肥料学报(04):406-410.
17.宝德俊,黄绍敏等(2002)."长期施肥对河南潮土土壤NO-3-迁移与分布的影响."植物营养与肥料学报8（增刊）:117-120.
18.张云贵,刘宏斌等(2005)."长期施肥条件下华北平原农田硝态氮淋失风险的研究."植物营养与肥料学报11(6):711-716.
19.张福锁,王激清等(2008)."中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径."土壤学报(05):915-924.
20.张福锁,崔振岭等(2007)."中国土壤和植物养分管理现状与改进策略."植物学通报24(6):687-694.
21.张颖(2009)."中国不同地区氮沉降测定与华北地区氮沉降模拟."中国农业大学博士学位论文，中国，北京.
22.张颖,刘学军等(2006)."华北平原大气氮素沉降的时空变异."生态学报26(6):1633-1639.
23.杨学云,同延安等(2002)."长期定位施肥对塿土剖面硝态氮分布于累积的影响."植物营养与肥料学报8（增刊）:42-46.
24.杨学云,孙本华等(2007)."长期施肥磷素盈亏及其对土壤磷素状况的影响."西北农业学报(05):118-123.
25.赵荣芳,陈新平等(2009)."华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系的氮素循环与平衡."土壤学报(004):684-697.
26.赵荣芳,陈新平等(2009)."华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系的氮素循环与平衡."土壤学报(04):684-697.
27.钦绳武和顾益初(1998)."潮土肥力演变与施肥作用的长期定位试验初报."土壤学报35(3):367-375.
28.陈新平,张福锁(2006)."通过“3414”试验建立测土配方施肥技术指标体系."中国农技推广(04):36-39.
29.鲁如坤(2000).土壤农业化学分析方法,中国农业科技出版社.
30.黄耀,孙文娟(2006)."近20年来中国大陆农田表土有机碳含量的变化趋势."科学通报(07):750-763.
31.黄绍敏,宝德俊等(2006)."长期施肥对潮土土壤磷素利用与积累的影响."中国农业科学(01):102-108.
32.黄绍敏,宝德俊等(2006)."长期定位施肥小麦的肥料利用率研究."麦类作物学报(02):121-126.
33. Addiscott, T. M.(1996)."Fertilizers and nitrate leaching." Issues in environmental science andtechnology5:1-26.
34. Agrawal, G., S. Lunkad, et al.(1999)."Diffuse agricultural nitrate pollution of groundwaters inIndia." Water science and technology39(3):67-75.
35. Alva, A., S. Paramasivam, et al.(2006)."Nitrogen best management practice for citrus trees: II.Nitrogen fate, transport, and components of N budget." Scientia horticulturae109(3):223-233.
36. Alvino, A., D. Henderson, et al.(1988)."Interactive water and nitrogen effects on senescence ofmaize. II. Photosynthetic decline and longevity of individual leaves." Agronomy Journal80(6):865-870.
37. Andraski, T. W. and L. G. Bundy (2005)."Recovery of fertilizer nitrogen in crop residues andcover crops on an irrigated sandy soil." Soil Science Society of America Journal69(3):640-648.
38. Angus, J., J. Bowden, et al.(1993)."Modelling nutrient responses in the field." Plant and soil155(1):57-66.
39. árendás, T. and P. Csathó (2002)."Comparison of the effect of equivalent nutrients given in theform of farmyard manure or fertilizers in Hungarian long-term field trials." Communications in soilscience and plant analysis33(15-18):2861-2878.
40. Asseng, S., B. Keating, et al.(1998)."Performance of the APSIM-wheat model in WesternAustralia." Field Crops Research57(2):163-179.
41. Barak, P., B. O. Jobe, et al.(1997)."Effects of long-term soil acidification due to nitrogen fertilizerinputs in Wisconsin." Plant and soil197(1):61-69.
42. Beegle, D. and A. M. Wolf (2000)."Soil test recommendations handbook for agronomic crops."Analytis serv Lab, Pennsylvania State Univ, University Park.
43. Benbi, D. and C. Biswas (1996)."Nitrogen balance and N recovery after22years ofmaize-wheat-cowpea cropping in a long-term experiment." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems47(2):107-114.
44. Black, C. A., A. S. o. Agronomy, et al.(1965). Methods of soil analysis, American Society ofAgronomy Madison, WI.
45. Blackmer, T. M., J. S. Schepers, et al.(1994)."Liight Reflectance Compared with Other NitrogenStress Measurements in Corn Leaves." Agronomy--Faculty Publications:324.
46. Blankenau, K. and H. Kuhlmann (2000)."Effect of N supply on apparent recovery of fertilizer Nas crop N and Nmin in soil during and after cultivation of winter cereals." Journal of PlantNutrition and Soil Science163(1):91-100.
47. Bowman, W. D. and C. C. Cleveland (2008)."Negative impact of nitrogen deposition on soilbuffering capacity." Nature Geoscience1(11):767-770.
48. Brown, J., C. Mitchell, et al.(1991)."Overview of long-term agronomic research." AgronomyJournal83(1):24-29.
49. Bruulsema, T., P. Fixen, et al.(2004)."Fertilizer nutrient recovery in sustainable croppingsystems." Better Crops88(4):15-17.
50. Cai, G., D. Chen, et al.(2002)."Nitrogen losses from fertilizers applied to maize, wheat and rice inthe North China Plain." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems63(2):187-195.
51. Camara, K., W. Payne, et al.(2003)."Long-term effects of tillage, nitrogen, and rainfall on winterwheat yields in the Pacific Northwest." Agronomy Journal95(4):828-835.
52. Carpenter, S. R., N. F. Caraco, et al.(1998)."Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorusand nitrogen." Ecological applications8(3):559-568.
53. Cassman, K. G., A. Dobermann, et al.(2002)."Agroecosystems, nitrogen-use efficiency, andnitrogen management." AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment31(2):132-140.
54. Chen, C., E. Wang, et al.(2010)."Modelling the effects of climate variability and watermanagement on crop water productivity and water balance in the North China Plain." AgriculturalWater Management97(8):1175-1184.
55. Chun-E, H., L. Xuejun, et al.(2010)."Determining Total N Deposition using15N DilutionTechnique in the North China Plain." Journal of Resources and Ecology1(1):75-82.
56. Cochran, W. G. and G. M. Cox (1957)."Experimental designs."
57. Conley, D. J., H. W. Paerl, et al.(2009)."Controlling eutrophication: nitrogen and phosphorus."Science (Washington)323(5917).
58. Cui, Z., F. Zhang, et al.(2008)."On-farm evaluation of an in-season nitrogen management strategybased on soil Nmin test." Field Crops Research105(1-2):48-55.
59. Cui, Z., F. Zhang, et al.(2008)."Soil nitrate-N levels required for high yield maize production inthe North China Plain." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems82(2):187-196.
60. Dahnke, W. C., C. Fanning, et al.(1992)."Fertilizing corn frain, popcorn, silage corn and sweetcorn." Publ SF-722. North Dakota State Univ Ext Serv, Fargo.
61. Davidson, E. A.(2009)."The contribution of manure and fertilizer nitrogen to atmospheric nitrousoxide since1860." Nature Geoscience2(9):659-662.
62. Davidson, E. A. and I. L. Ackerman (1993)."Changes in soil carbon inventories followingcultivation of previously untilled soils." Biogeochemistry20(3):161-193.
63. Defoer, T. and A. Budelman (2000). Managing soil fertility in the tropics: A resource guide forparticipatory learning and action research, Royal Tropical Institute.
64. Dentener, F. J. and P. J. Crutzen (1994)."A three-dimensional model of the global ammonia cycle."Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry19(4):331-369.
65. Dibb, D. W.(2000)."The mysteries (myths) of nutrient use efficiency." Better Crops84(3):3-5.
66. Dobermann, A. and K. G. Cassman (2005)."Cereal area and nitrogen use efficiency are drivers offuture nitrogen fertilizer consumption." Science in China Series C: Life Sciences48:745-758.
67. El-Hout, N., A. Blackmer, et al.(1990)."Tissue test for excess nitrogen during corn production."Agronomy Journal82(1):124-129.
68. Ellsworth, T., S. Khan, et al.(2007)."The myth of nitrogen fertilization for soil carbonsequestration." Journal of Environmental Quality36(6):1821-1832.
69. Eno, C. F.(1960)."Nitrate production in the field by incubating the soil in polyethylene bags." SoilScience Society of America Journal24(4):277-279.
70. Europe, W. H. O. R. O. f.(1970). European standards for drinking-water, WHO Regional Officefor Europe.
71. Evenson, R. E. and D. Gollin (2003)."Assessing the impact of the Green Revolution,1960to
2000." Science300(5620):758-762.
72. Faillat, J. P.(1990)."Sources of nitrates in fissure groundwater in the humid tropical zone-theexample of Ivory coast." Journal of Hydrology (Amsterdam)113(1-4):231-264.
73. Fang, Q., Q. Yu, et al.(2006)."Soil nitrate accumulation, leaching and crop nitrogen use asinfluenced by fertilization and irrigation in an intensive wheat–maize double cropping system inthe North China Plain." Plant and soil284(1):335-350.
74. FAO., J. and M. H. I. N. FOODS (2004). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,FAO.
75. Farquhar, G. D., D. R. Dubbe, et al.(1978)."Gain of the Feedback Loop Involving Carbon Dioxideand Stomata: Theory and Measurement1." Plant Physiology62(3):406.
76. Fixen, P. E. and F. B. West (2002)."Nitrogen fertilizers: meeting contemporary challenges."AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment31(2):169-176.
77. Follett, R.(2001)."Nitrogen transformation and transport processes." RF Follett and J.Hatfield.(eds.):17-44.
78. Follett, R., S. Gupta, et al.(1987)."Conservation practices: Relation to the management of plantnutrients for crop production." Soil fertility and organic matter as critical components ofproduction systems. SSSA Spec. Publ19:19-51.
79. Fox, R., W. Piekielek, et al.(1994)."Using a chlorophyll meter to predict nitrogen fertilizer needsof winter wheat." Communications in Soil Science&Plant Analysis25(3-4):171-181.
80. Frink, C. R., P. E. Waggoner, et al.(1999)."Nitrogen fertilizer: retrospect and prospect."Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences96(4):1175.
81. Gaffke, N. and O. Krafft (1982)."Exact D-optimum designs for quadratic regression." Journal ofthe Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological):394-397.
82. Galloway, J. N., W. H. Schlesinger, et al.(1995)."Nitrogen fixation: anthropogenicenhancement-environmental response." Global Biogeochemical Cycles9(2):235-252.
83. Gardner, F. P., R. B. Pearce, et al.(2003)."Physiology of crop plants." Physiology of crop plants.
84. Goulding, K., N. Bailey, et al.(1998)."Nitrogen deposition and its contribution to nitrogen cyclingand associated soil processes." New Phytologist139(1):49-58.
85. Goulding, K. W. T.(1990)."Nitrogen deposition to land from the atmosphere." Soil Use andManagement6(2):61-63.
86. Guo, J., X. Liu, et al.(2010)."Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands." Science327(5968):1008-1010.
87. Harmsen, K. and J. Moraghan (1988)."A comparison of the isotope recovery and differencemethods for determining nitrogen fertilizer efficiency." Plant and soil105(1):55-67.
88. Hassink, J.(1994)."Effects of soil texture and grassland management on soil organic C and N andrates of C and N mineralization." Soil Biology and Biochemistry26(9):1221-1231.
89. Hatfield, J. and J. Prueger (2004). Nitrogen over-use, under-use, and efficiency.
90. Heady, E. O., C. CURTISS, et al.(1960)."Agricultural production funcitons." Agriculturalproduction funcitons.
91. Hergert, G. W., R. B. Fergurson, et al.(1995)."Fertilizer suggestions for corn." NebguideG74-174-A. Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln.
92. Holland, E. A., F. J. Dentener, et al.(1999)."Contemporary and pre-industrial global reactivenitrogen budgets." Biogeochemistry46(1):7-43.
93. Hudak, P.(2000)."Regional trends in nitrate content of Texas groundwater." Journal of Hydrology228(1):37-47.
94. Hunter, A. S. and G. Stanford (1973)."Nitrogen Requirements of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum,L.) Varieties ‘Blueboy’and ‘Redcoat’." Agronomy Journal65(3):442-447.
95. Jenny, H.(1981)."The Soil Resource-Origin and Behavior. Ecological Studies37." Soil Science132(5):380.
96. Ju, X., C. Kou, et al.(2006)."Nitrogen balance and groundwater nitrate contamination:Comparison among three intensive cropping systems on the North China Plain." EnvironmentalPollution143(1):117-125.
97. Ju, X., X. Liu, et al.(2004)."Nitrogen fertilization, soil nitrate accumulation, and policyrecommendations in several agricultural regions of China." AMBIO: A Journal of the HumanEnvironment33(6):300-305.
98. K rschens, M., A. Weigel, et al.(1998)."Turnover of soil organic matter (SOM) and long‐termbalances—tools for evaluating sustainable productivity of soils." Zeitschrift für Pflanzenern hrungund Bodenkunde161(4):409-424.
99. Keating, B. A., P. Carberry, et al.(2003)."An overview of APSIM, a model designed for farmingsystems simulation." European journal of agronomy18(3-4):267-288.
100. Keating, B. A., H. Meinke, et al.(2001)."Nwheat: documentation and performance of a wheat
101. module for APSIM." Tropical Agriculture Technical Memorandum No.9. CSIRO, TropicalAgriculture.
102. Khan, S., R. Mulvaney, et al.(2009)."Synthetic nitrogen fertilizers deplete soil nitrogen: A globaldilemma for sustainable cereal production." Journal of Environmental Quality38(6):2295-2314.
103. Kramer, A. W., T. A. Doane, et al.(2002)."Short-term nitrogen-15recovery vs. long-term total soilN gains in conventional and alternative cropping systems." Soil Biology and Biochemistry34(1):43-50.
104. Kroeze, C., A. Mosier, et al.(1999)."Closing the global N2O budget: A retrospective analysis1500–1994." Global Biogeochemical Cycles13(1):1-8.
105. Kumar, K. and K. Goh (2002)."Recovery of15N-labelled fertilizer applied to winter wheat andperennial ryegrass crops and residual15N recovery by succeeding wheat crops under differentcrop residue management practices." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems62(2):123-130.
106. Lü, C. and H. Tian (2007)."Spatial and temporal patterns of nitrogen deposition in China:synthesis of observational data." Journal of Geophysical Research112(D22): D22S05.
107. Lal, R.(1999)."Soil management and restoration for C sequestration to mitigate the acceleratedgreenhouse effect." Progress in Environmental Science1(4):307-326.
108. Lal, R.(2004)."Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security."Science304(5677):1623-1627.
109. Lal, R.(2004)."Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change." Geoderma123(1):1-22.
110. Li, C., Y. Zhuang, et al.(2003)."Modeling soil organic carbon change in croplands of China."Ecological applications13(2):327-336.
111. Liu, C., F. Li, et al.(2008)."On-farm evaluation of winter wheat yield response to residual soilnitrate-N in North China Plain." Agronomy Journal100(6):1527-1534.
112. Liu, C., M. Watanabe, et al.(2008)."Changes in nitrogen budgets and nitrogen use efficiency inthe agroecosystems of the Changjiang River basin between1980and2000." Nutrient Cycling inAgroecosystems80(1):19-37.
113. Liu, G., W. Wu, et al.(2005)."Regional differentiation of non-point source pollution ofagriculture-derived nitrate nitrogen in groundwater in northern China." Agriculture, ecosystems&environment107(2):211-220.
114. Liu, J., H. Liu, et al.(2010)."Nitrogen efficiency in long-term wheat–maize cropping systemsunder diverse field sites in China." Field Crops Research118(2):145-151.
115. Liu, M., Z. Yu, et al.(2006)."Fertilizer requirements for wheat and maize in China: the QUEFTSapproach." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems74(3):245-258.
116. Liu, X., L. Duan, et al.(2010)."Nitrogen deposition and its ecological impact in China: anoverview." Environmental Pollution.
117. Liu, X., X. Ju, et al.(2003)."Nitrogen dynamics and budgets in a winter wheat-maize croppingsystem in the North China Plain." Field Crops Research83(2):111-124.
118. Lund, L.(1982)."Variations in nitrate and chloride concentrations below selected agriculturalfields." Soil Science Society of America Journal46(5):1062-1066.
119. Luo, Z., E. Wang, et al.(2011)."Modeling long-term soil carbon dynamics and sequestrationpotential in semi-arid agro-ecosystems." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology.
120. Magdoff, F., D. Ross, et al.(1984)."A soil test for nitrogen availability to corn." Soil ScienceSociety of America Journal48(6):1301-1304.
121. Malhi, S., S. Brandt, et al.(2002)."Accumulation and distribution of nitrate-nitrogen in the soilprofile under various alternnative cropping systems." Journal of plant nutrition25(11):2499-2520.
122. Malhi, S., J. Harapiak, et al.(1991)."Soil chemical properties after long‐term n fertilization ofbromegrass: Nitrogen rate." Communications in Soil Science&Plant Analysis22(13-14):1447-1458.
123. Meek, D., D. Jaynes, et al.(2001)."Nitrate loss in subsurface drainage as affected by nitrogenfertilizer rate." Journal of Environmental Quality30(4):1305-1314.
124. Mengel, K., B. Hütsch, et al.(2006)."Nitrogen fertilizer application rates on cereal cropsaccording to available mineral and organic soil nitrogen." European journal of agronomy24(4):343-348.
125. Moiser, A.(2008)."Exchange of gaseous nitrogen compounds between terrestrial systems and theatmosphere." Nitrogen in the environment: Sources, problems, and management. Elsevier, SanDiego, CA:443-462.
126. Nolan, B. T., B. C. Ruddy, et al.(1997)."Risk of Nitrate in Groundwaters of the United States ANational Perspective." Environmental science&technology31(8):2229-2236.
127. Novoa, R. and R. Loomis (1981)."Nitrogen and plant production." Plant and soil58(1):177-204.
128. Page, A. L.(1982). Methods of soil analysis. Part2. Chemical and microbiological properties,American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America.
129. Pan, G., P. Smith, et al.(2009)."The role of soil organic matter in maintaining the productivity andyield stability of cereals in China." Agriculture, ecosystems&environment129(1-3):344-348.
130. Pathak, H., P. Aggarwal, et al.(2003)."Modelling the quantitative evaluation of soil nutrient supply,nutrient use efficiency, and fertilizer requirements of wheat in India." Nutrient Cycling inAgroecosystems65(2):105-113.
131. Peterson, T. A. and G. Varvel (1989)."Crop yield as affected by rotation and nitrogen rate. I.Soybean."
132. Pietrzyk, S. W., G. F. Griffin, et al.(1995)."Nitrogen utilization of selected cropping systems in theUS Northeast: II. Soil profile nitrate distribution and accumulation." Agronomy Journal87(2):199-207.
133. Poulton, P.(1996)."The Rothamsted long-term experiments: Are they still relevant?" Canadianjournal of plant science76(4):559-571.
134. Probert, M., R. Delve, et al.(2005)."Modelling nitrogen mineralization from manures:representing quality aspects by varying C: N ratio of sub-pools." Soil Biology and Biochemistry37(2):279-287.
135. Qin, R. and F. Chen (2005)."Amelioration of aluminum toxicity in red soil through use ofbarnyard and green manure." Communications in soil science and plant analysis36(13-14):1875-1889.
136. Rao, A., J. Smith, et al.(1992)."Considerations in estimating nitrogen recovery efficiency by thedifference and isotopic dilution methods." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems33(3):209-217.
137. Raper, R. L., J. M. Novak, et al.(2009)."Assessing indices for predicting potential nitrogenmineralization in soils under different management systems." Soil Science Society of AmericaJournal73(5):1575-1586.
138. Reay, D. S., F. Dentener, et al.(2008)."Global nitrogen deposition and carbon sinks." NatureGeoscience1(7):430-437.
139. Rees, R. and B. Ball (2010)."Soils and nitrous oxide research." Soil Use and Management26(2):193-195.
140. Rengel, Z.(1993)."Mechanistic simulation models of nutrient uptake: A review." Plant and soil152(2):161-173.
141. Rice, C. and J. Havlin (1994)."Integrating mineralizable nitrogen indices into fertilizer nitrogenrecommendations." Soil testing: Prospects for improving nutrient recommendations:1-13.
142. Rodriguez, D. and J. Nuttall (2003). Adaptation of the APSIM-Wheat module to simulate thegrowth and production of wheat on hostile soils.
143. Rodriguez, D., J. Nuttall, et al.(2006)."Impact of subsoil constraints on wheat yield and grossmargin on fine-textured soils of the southern Victorian Mallee." Australian Journal of AgriculturalResearch57(3):355-365.
144. Samac, D. A. and M. Tesfaye (2003)."Plant improvement for tolerance to aluminum in acid soils–areview." Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture75(3):189-207.
145. Sanchez, J. E. W., T. C. Kizilkaya, et al.(2001)."Enhancing the mineralizable nitrogen poolthrough substrate diversity in long term cropping systems." Soil Science Society of AmericaJournal65(5):1442.
146. Sanderman, J. and J. A. Baldock (2010)."Accounting for soil carbon sequestration in nationalinventories: a soil scientist's perspective." Environmental Research Letters5:034003.
147. Schnabel, R.(1983)."Measuring nitrogen leaching with ion exchange resin: A laboratoryassessment." Soil Science Society of America Journal47(5):1041-1042.
148. Schroder, J., H. Zhang, et al.(2007)."Animal manure reduces aluminum toxicity in an acid soil."Soil Science Society of America Journal71(6):1699-1707.
149. Smil, V.(2002)."Nitrogen and food production: proteins for human diets." AMBIO: A Journal ofthe Human Environment31(2):126-131.
150. Smith, P.(2004)."Carbon sequestration in croplands: the potential in Europe and the globalcontext." European journal of agronomy20(3):229-236.
151. Smith, S. and G. Stanford (1972)."Nitrogen mineralization potentials of soils." Soil ScienceSociety of America Journal36(3):465-472.
152. Stanford, G.(1973)."Rationale for optimum nitrogen fertilization in corn production." Journal ofEnvironmental Quality2(2):159-166.
153. Stanford, G. and J. Legg (1968)."Correlation of soil N availability indexes with N uptake byplants." Soil Science105(5):320.
154. Stevens, W., R. Hoeft, et al.(2005)."Fate of nitrogen-15in a long-term nitrogen rate study: II.Nitrogen uptake efficiency." Agronomy Journal97(4):1046-1053.
155. Storrier, R., A. Hanly, et al.(1970)."An evaluation of indices of available soil nitrogen." AustralianJournal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry10(42):89-94.
156. Tang, X., J. Li, et al.(2008)."Phosphorus efficiency in long-term (15years) wheat–maize croppingsystems with various soil and climate conditions." Field Crops Research108(3):231-237.
157. Tilman, D., K. G. Cassman, et al.(2002)."Agricultural sustainability and intensive productionpractices." Nature418(6898):671-677.
158. Truog, E.(1960)." Fifty years of soil testing."7th Intern. Congr Soil Sci IV7:46-53.
159. Valle, S. R., D. Pinochet, et al.(2009)."Al toxicity effects on radiation interception and radiationuse efficiency of Al-tolerant and Al-sensitive wheat cultivars under field conditions." Field CropsResearch114(3):343-350.
160. Van De Pol, R. M., M. Fried, et al.(1977)."A steady-state conceptual nitrogen model forestimating nitrogen emissions from cropped lands." Journal of Environmental Quality6(2):155-159.
161. Vanlauwe, B.(2002). Integrated plant nutrient management in Sub-Saharan Africa: From conceptto practice, CABI.
162. Wang, E. and T. Engel (2002)."Simulation of growth, water and nitrogen uptake of a wheat cropusing the SPASS model." Environmental Modelling&Software17(4):387-402.
163. Wang, E., E. Van Oosterom, et al.(2003). The new APSIM-Wheat Model performance and futureimprovements.
164. Wang, E., Q. Yu, et al.(2008)."Climate, agricultural production and hydrological balance in theNorth China Plain." International Journal of Climatology28(14):1959-1970.
165. Wang, L., Y. Zheng, et al.(2007)."Applicability of agricultural production systems simulator(APSIM) in simulating the production and water use of wheat-maize continuous cropping systemin North China Plain." The journal of applied ecology18(11):2480.
166. Weigel, A., R. Russow, et al.(2000)."Quantification of airborne N‐input in long‐term fieldexperiments and its validation through measurements using15N isotope dilution." Journal of PlantNutrition and Soil Science163(3):261-265.
167. Yang, S., D. Suo, et al.(2004)."Long-term fertilization effects on crop yield and nitrate nitrogenaccumulation in soil in northwestern China." Agronomy Journal96(4):1039-1049.
168. Yang, X., C. Chen, et al.(2011)."Climate change effects on wheat yield and water use in oasiscropland." Int. J. Plant Production5(1):83-94.
169. Zhu, Z. and D. Chen (2002)."Nitrogen fertilizer use in China–Contributions to food production,impacts on the environment and best management strategies." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems63(2):117-127.
2.王迎春(2009).华北平原典型农田生态系统氮磷平衡动态模拟研究,中国农业科学院.
3.王琳(2007). APSIM模型应用于华北平原作物生产潜力和节水优化模式,南京信息工程大学.
4.王亚丽,林位夫等(2003)."氮肥使用中的污染问题及其解决途径."热带农业科学23(1):67-72.
5.曲环,赵秉强等(2004)."灰漠土长期定位施肥对小麦品质和产量的影响."植物营养与肥料学报(01):12-17.
6.艾娜,周建斌等(2008)."长期施肥及撂荒土壤对不同外源氮素固持及转化的影响."中国农业科学(12):4109-4118.
7.何平安,李荣(1999).中国有机肥料养分志,北京:中国农业出版社.
8.李世清,李生秀(2000)."旱地农田生态系统氮肥利用率的评价."中国农业科学33(1):76-81.
9.李秀英,李燕婷等(2006)."褐潮土长期定位不同施肥制度土壤生产功能演化研究."作物学报(05):683-689.
10.高超,张桃林等(2002)."1980年以来我国农业氮素管理的现状与问题."南京大学学报(自然科学版)38(5):6.
11.曹宏鑫,赵锁劳等(2011)."作物模型发展探讨."中国农业科学44(17):3520-3528.
12.潘根兴,赵其国(2005)."我国农田土壤碳库演变研究:全球变化和国家粮食安全."地球科学进展20(4):384-393.
13.刘学军,张福锁(2009)."环境养分及其在生态系统养分资源管理中的作用——以大气氮沉降为例."干旱区研究(03):306-311.
14.刘巽浩陈阜（1990）."对氮肥利用效率若干传统观念的质疑."农业现代化研究11（4）：28-34
15.国家统计年鉴(2008).国家统计局印刷，北京.
16.孙瑞莲,赵秉强等(2003)."长期定位施肥对土壤酶活性的影响及其调控土壤肥力的作用."植物营养与肥料学报(04):406-410.
17.宝德俊,黄绍敏等(2002)."长期施肥对河南潮土土壤NO-3-迁移与分布的影响."植物营养与肥料学报8（增刊）:117-120.
18.张云贵,刘宏斌等(2005)."长期施肥条件下华北平原农田硝态氮淋失风险的研究."植物营养与肥料学报11(6):711-716.
19.张福锁,王激清等(2008)."中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径."土壤学报(05):915-924.
20.张福锁,崔振岭等(2007)."中国土壤和植物养分管理现状与改进策略."植物学通报24(6):687-694.
21.张颖(2009)."中国不同地区氮沉降测定与华北地区氮沉降模拟."中国农业大学博士学位论文，中国，北京.
22.张颖,刘学军等(2006)."华北平原大气氮素沉降的时空变异."生态学报26(6):1633-1639.
23.杨学云,同延安等(2002)."长期定位施肥对塿土剖面硝态氮分布于累积的影响."植物营养与肥料学报8（增刊）:42-46.
24.杨学云,孙本华等(2007)."长期施肥磷素盈亏及其对土壤磷素状况的影响."西北农业学报(05):118-123.
25.赵荣芳,陈新平等(2009)."华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系的氮素循环与平衡."土壤学报(004):684-697.
26.赵荣芳,陈新平等(2009)."华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系的氮素循环与平衡."土壤学报(04):684-697.
27.钦绳武和顾益初(1998)."潮土肥力演变与施肥作用的长期定位试验初报."土壤学报35(3):367-375.
28.陈新平,张福锁(2006)."通过“3414”试验建立测土配方施肥技术指标体系."中国农技推广(04):36-39.
29.鲁如坤(2000).土壤农业化学分析方法,中国农业科技出版社.
30.黄耀,孙文娟(2006)."近20年来中国大陆农田表土有机碳含量的变化趋势."科学通报(07):750-763.
31.黄绍敏,宝德俊等(2006)."长期施肥对潮土土壤磷素利用与积累的影响."中国农业科学(01):102-108.
32.黄绍敏,宝德俊等(2006)."长期定位施肥小麦的肥料利用率研究."麦类作物学报(02):121-126.
33. Addiscott, T. M.(1996)."Fertilizers and nitrate leaching." Issues in environmental science andtechnology5:1-26.
34. Agrawal, G., S. Lunkad, et al.(1999)."Diffuse agricultural nitrate pollution of groundwaters inIndia." Water science and technology39(3):67-75.
35. Alva, A., S. Paramasivam, et al.(2006)."Nitrogen best management practice for citrus trees: II.Nitrogen fate, transport, and components of N budget." Scientia horticulturae109(3):223-233.
36. Alvino, A., D. Henderson, et al.(1988)."Interactive water and nitrogen effects on senescence ofmaize. II. Photosynthetic decline and longevity of individual leaves." Agronomy Journal80(6):865-870.
37. Andraski, T. W. and L. G. Bundy (2005)."Recovery of fertilizer nitrogen in crop residues andcover crops on an irrigated sandy soil." Soil Science Society of America Journal69(3):640-648.
38. Angus, J., J. Bowden, et al.(1993)."Modelling nutrient responses in the field." Plant and soil155(1):57-66.
39. árendás, T. and P. Csathó (2002)."Comparison of the effect of equivalent nutrients given in theform of farmyard manure or fertilizers in Hungarian long-term field trials." Communications in soilscience and plant analysis33(15-18):2861-2878.
40. Asseng, S., B. Keating, et al.(1998)."Performance of the APSIM-wheat model in WesternAustralia." Field Crops Research57(2):163-179.
41. Barak, P., B. O. Jobe, et al.(1997)."Effects of long-term soil acidification due to nitrogen fertilizerinputs in Wisconsin." Plant and soil197(1):61-69.
42. Beegle, D. and A. M. Wolf (2000)."Soil test recommendations handbook for agronomic crops."Analytis serv Lab, Pennsylvania State Univ, University Park.
43. Benbi, D. and C. Biswas (1996)."Nitrogen balance and N recovery after22years ofmaize-wheat-cowpea cropping in a long-term experiment." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems47(2):107-114.
44. Black, C. A., A. S. o. Agronomy, et al.(1965). Methods of soil analysis, American Society ofAgronomy Madison, WI.
45. Blackmer, T. M., J. S. Schepers, et al.(1994)."Liight Reflectance Compared with Other NitrogenStress Measurements in Corn Leaves." Agronomy--Faculty Publications:324.
46. Blankenau, K. and H. Kuhlmann (2000)."Effect of N supply on apparent recovery of fertilizer Nas crop N and Nmin in soil during and after cultivation of winter cereals." Journal of PlantNutrition and Soil Science163(1):91-100.
47. Bowman, W. D. and C. C. Cleveland (2008)."Negative impact of nitrogen deposition on soilbuffering capacity." Nature Geoscience1(11):767-770.
48. Brown, J., C. Mitchell, et al.(1991)."Overview of long-term agronomic research." AgronomyJournal83(1):24-29.
49. Bruulsema, T., P. Fixen, et al.(2004)."Fertilizer nutrient recovery in sustainable croppingsystems." Better Crops88(4):15-17.
50. Cai, G., D. Chen, et al.(2002)."Nitrogen losses from fertilizers applied to maize, wheat and rice inthe North China Plain." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems63(2):187-195.
51. Camara, K., W. Payne, et al.(2003)."Long-term effects of tillage, nitrogen, and rainfall on winterwheat yields in the Pacific Northwest." Agronomy Journal95(4):828-835.
52. Carpenter, S. R., N. F. Caraco, et al.(1998)."Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorusand nitrogen." Ecological applications8(3):559-568.
53. Cassman, K. G., A. Dobermann, et al.(2002)."Agroecosystems, nitrogen-use efficiency, andnitrogen management." AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment31(2):132-140.
54. Chen, C., E. Wang, et al.(2010)."Modelling the effects of climate variability and watermanagement on crop water productivity and water balance in the North China Plain." AgriculturalWater Management97(8):1175-1184.
55. Chun-E, H., L. Xuejun, et al.(2010)."Determining Total N Deposition using15N DilutionTechnique in the North China Plain." Journal of Resources and Ecology1(1):75-82.
56. Cochran, W. G. and G. M. Cox (1957)."Experimental designs."
57. Conley, D. J., H. W. Paerl, et al.(2009)."Controlling eutrophication: nitrogen and phosphorus."Science (Washington)323(5917).
58. Cui, Z., F. Zhang, et al.(2008)."On-farm evaluation of an in-season nitrogen management strategybased on soil Nmin test." Field Crops Research105(1-2):48-55.
59. Cui, Z., F. Zhang, et al.(2008)."Soil nitrate-N levels required for high yield maize production inthe North China Plain." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems82(2):187-196.
60. Dahnke, W. C., C. Fanning, et al.(1992)."Fertilizing corn frain, popcorn, silage corn and sweetcorn." Publ SF-722. North Dakota State Univ Ext Serv, Fargo.
61. Davidson, E. A.(2009)."The contribution of manure and fertilizer nitrogen to atmospheric nitrousoxide since1860." Nature Geoscience2(9):659-662.
62. Davidson, E. A. and I. L. Ackerman (1993)."Changes in soil carbon inventories followingcultivation of previously untilled soils." Biogeochemistry20(3):161-193.
63. Defoer, T. and A. Budelman (2000). Managing soil fertility in the tropics: A resource guide forparticipatory learning and action research, Royal Tropical Institute.
64. Dentener, F. J. and P. J. Crutzen (1994)."A three-dimensional model of the global ammonia cycle."Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry19(4):331-369.
65. Dibb, D. W.(2000)."The mysteries (myths) of nutrient use efficiency." Better Crops84(3):3-5.
66. Dobermann, A. and K. G. Cassman (2005)."Cereal area and nitrogen use efficiency are drivers offuture nitrogen fertilizer consumption." Science in China Series C: Life Sciences48:745-758.
67. El-Hout, N., A. Blackmer, et al.(1990)."Tissue test for excess nitrogen during corn production."Agronomy Journal82(1):124-129.
68. Ellsworth, T., S. Khan, et al.(2007)."The myth of nitrogen fertilization for soil carbonsequestration." Journal of Environmental Quality36(6):1821-1832.
69. Eno, C. F.(1960)."Nitrate production in the field by incubating the soil in polyethylene bags." SoilScience Society of America Journal24(4):277-279.
70. Europe, W. H. O. R. O. f.(1970). European standards for drinking-water, WHO Regional Officefor Europe.
71. Evenson, R. E. and D. Gollin (2003)."Assessing the impact of the Green Revolution,1960to
2000." Science300(5620):758-762.
72. Faillat, J. P.(1990)."Sources of nitrates in fissure groundwater in the humid tropical zone-theexample of Ivory coast." Journal of Hydrology (Amsterdam)113(1-4):231-264.
73. Fang, Q., Q. Yu, et al.(2006)."Soil nitrate accumulation, leaching and crop nitrogen use asinfluenced by fertilization and irrigation in an intensive wheat–maize double cropping system inthe North China Plain." Plant and soil284(1):335-350.
74. FAO., J. and M. H. I. N. FOODS (2004). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,FAO.
75. Farquhar, G. D., D. R. Dubbe, et al.(1978)."Gain of the Feedback Loop Involving Carbon Dioxideand Stomata: Theory and Measurement1." Plant Physiology62(3):406.
76. Fixen, P. E. and F. B. West (2002)."Nitrogen fertilizers: meeting contemporary challenges."AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment31(2):169-176.
77. Follett, R.(2001)."Nitrogen transformation and transport processes." RF Follett and J.Hatfield.(eds.):17-44.
78. Follett, R., S. Gupta, et al.(1987)."Conservation practices: Relation to the management of plantnutrients for crop production." Soil fertility and organic matter as critical components ofproduction systems. SSSA Spec. Publ19:19-51.
79. Fox, R., W. Piekielek, et al.(1994)."Using a chlorophyll meter to predict nitrogen fertilizer needsof winter wheat." Communications in Soil Science&Plant Analysis25(3-4):171-181.
80. Frink, C. R., P. E. Waggoner, et al.(1999)."Nitrogen fertilizer: retrospect and prospect."Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences96(4):1175.
81. Gaffke, N. and O. Krafft (1982)."Exact D-optimum designs for quadratic regression." Journal ofthe Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological):394-397.
82. Galloway, J. N., W. H. Schlesinger, et al.(1995)."Nitrogen fixation: anthropogenicenhancement-environmental response." Global Biogeochemical Cycles9(2):235-252.
83. Gardner, F. P., R. B. Pearce, et al.(2003)."Physiology of crop plants." Physiology of crop plants.
84. Goulding, K., N. Bailey, et al.(1998)."Nitrogen deposition and its contribution to nitrogen cyclingand associated soil processes." New Phytologist139(1):49-58.
85. Goulding, K. W. T.(1990)."Nitrogen deposition to land from the atmosphere." Soil Use andManagement6(2):61-63.
86. Guo, J., X. Liu, et al.(2010)."Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands." Science327(5968):1008-1010.
87. Harmsen, K. and J. Moraghan (1988)."A comparison of the isotope recovery and differencemethods for determining nitrogen fertilizer efficiency." Plant and soil105(1):55-67.
88. Hassink, J.(1994)."Effects of soil texture and grassland management on soil organic C and N andrates of C and N mineralization." Soil Biology and Biochemistry26(9):1221-1231.
89. Hatfield, J. and J. Prueger (2004). Nitrogen over-use, under-use, and efficiency.
90. Heady, E. O., C. CURTISS, et al.(1960)."Agricultural production funcitons." Agriculturalproduction funcitons.
91. Hergert, G. W., R. B. Fergurson, et al.(1995)."Fertilizer suggestions for corn." NebguideG74-174-A. Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln.
92. Holland, E. A., F. J. Dentener, et al.(1999)."Contemporary and pre-industrial global reactivenitrogen budgets." Biogeochemistry46(1):7-43.
93. Hudak, P.(2000)."Regional trends in nitrate content of Texas groundwater." Journal of Hydrology228(1):37-47.
94. Hunter, A. S. and G. Stanford (1973)."Nitrogen Requirements of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum,L.) Varieties ‘Blueboy’and ‘Redcoat’." Agronomy Journal65(3):442-447.
95. Jenny, H.(1981)."The Soil Resource-Origin and Behavior. Ecological Studies37." Soil Science132(5):380.
96. Ju, X., C. Kou, et al.(2006)."Nitrogen balance and groundwater nitrate contamination:Comparison among three intensive cropping systems on the North China Plain." EnvironmentalPollution143(1):117-125.
97. Ju, X., X. Liu, et al.(2004)."Nitrogen fertilization, soil nitrate accumulation, and policyrecommendations in several agricultural regions of China." AMBIO: A Journal of the HumanEnvironment33(6):300-305.
98. K rschens, M., A. Weigel, et al.(1998)."Turnover of soil organic matter (SOM) and long‐termbalances—tools for evaluating sustainable productivity of soils." Zeitschrift für Pflanzenern hrungund Bodenkunde161(4):409-424.
99. Keating, B. A., P. Carberry, et al.(2003)."An overview of APSIM, a model designed for farmingsystems simulation." European journal of agronomy18(3-4):267-288.
100. Keating, B. A., H. Meinke, et al.(2001)."Nwheat: documentation and performance of a wheat
101. module for APSIM." Tropical Agriculture Technical Memorandum No.9. CSIRO, TropicalAgriculture.
102. Khan, S., R. Mulvaney, et al.(2009)."Synthetic nitrogen fertilizers deplete soil nitrogen: A globaldilemma for sustainable cereal production." Journal of Environmental Quality38(6):2295-2314.
103. Kramer, A. W., T. A. Doane, et al.(2002)."Short-term nitrogen-15recovery vs. long-term total soilN gains in conventional and alternative cropping systems." Soil Biology and Biochemistry34(1):43-50.
104. Kroeze, C., A. Mosier, et al.(1999)."Closing the global N2O budget: A retrospective analysis1500–1994." Global Biogeochemical Cycles13(1):1-8.
105. Kumar, K. and K. Goh (2002)."Recovery of15N-labelled fertilizer applied to winter wheat andperennial ryegrass crops and residual15N recovery by succeeding wheat crops under differentcrop residue management practices." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems62(2):123-130.
106. Lü, C. and H. Tian (2007)."Spatial and temporal patterns of nitrogen deposition in China:synthesis of observational data." Journal of Geophysical Research112(D22): D22S05.
107. Lal, R.(1999)."Soil management and restoration for C sequestration to mitigate the acceleratedgreenhouse effect." Progress in Environmental Science1(4):307-326.
108. Lal, R.(2004)."Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security."Science304(5677):1623-1627.
109. Lal, R.(2004)."Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change." Geoderma123(1):1-22.
110. Li, C., Y. Zhuang, et al.(2003)."Modeling soil organic carbon change in croplands of China."Ecological applications13(2):327-336.
111. Liu, C., F. Li, et al.(2008)."On-farm evaluation of winter wheat yield response to residual soilnitrate-N in North China Plain." Agronomy Journal100(6):1527-1534.
112. Liu, C., M. Watanabe, et al.(2008)."Changes in nitrogen budgets and nitrogen use efficiency inthe agroecosystems of the Changjiang River basin between1980and2000." Nutrient Cycling inAgroecosystems80(1):19-37.
113. Liu, G., W. Wu, et al.(2005)."Regional differentiation of non-point source pollution ofagriculture-derived nitrate nitrogen in groundwater in northern China." Agriculture, ecosystems&environment107(2):211-220.
114. Liu, J., H. Liu, et al.(2010)."Nitrogen efficiency in long-term wheat–maize cropping systemsunder diverse field sites in China." Field Crops Research118(2):145-151.
115. Liu, M., Z. Yu, et al.(2006)."Fertilizer requirements for wheat and maize in China: the QUEFTSapproach." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems74(3):245-258.
116. Liu, X., L. Duan, et al.(2010)."Nitrogen deposition and its ecological impact in China: anoverview." Environmental Pollution.
117. Liu, X., X. Ju, et al.(2003)."Nitrogen dynamics and budgets in a winter wheat-maize croppingsystem in the North China Plain." Field Crops Research83(2):111-124.
118. Lund, L.(1982)."Variations in nitrate and chloride concentrations below selected agriculturalfields." Soil Science Society of America Journal46(5):1062-1066.
119. Luo, Z., E. Wang, et al.(2011)."Modeling long-term soil carbon dynamics and sequestrationpotential in semi-arid agro-ecosystems." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology.
120. Magdoff, F., D. Ross, et al.(1984)."A soil test for nitrogen availability to corn." Soil ScienceSociety of America Journal48(6):1301-1304.
121. Malhi, S., S. Brandt, et al.(2002)."Accumulation and distribution of nitrate-nitrogen in the soilprofile under various alternnative cropping systems." Journal of plant nutrition25(11):2499-2520.
122. Malhi, S., J. Harapiak, et al.(1991)."Soil chemical properties after long‐term n fertilization ofbromegrass: Nitrogen rate." Communications in Soil Science&Plant Analysis22(13-14):1447-1458.
123. Meek, D., D. Jaynes, et al.(2001)."Nitrate loss in subsurface drainage as affected by nitrogenfertilizer rate." Journal of Environmental Quality30(4):1305-1314.
124. Mengel, K., B. Hütsch, et al.(2006)."Nitrogen fertilizer application rates on cereal cropsaccording to available mineral and organic soil nitrogen." European journal of agronomy24(4):343-348.
125. Moiser, A.(2008)."Exchange of gaseous nitrogen compounds between terrestrial systems and theatmosphere." Nitrogen in the environment: Sources, problems, and management. Elsevier, SanDiego, CA:443-462.
126. Nolan, B. T., B. C. Ruddy, et al.(1997)."Risk of Nitrate in Groundwaters of the United States ANational Perspective." Environmental science&technology31(8):2229-2236.
127. Novoa, R. and R. Loomis (1981)."Nitrogen and plant production." Plant and soil58(1):177-204.
128. Page, A. L.(1982). Methods of soil analysis. Part2. Chemical and microbiological properties,American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America.
129. Pan, G., P. Smith, et al.(2009)."The role of soil organic matter in maintaining the productivity andyield stability of cereals in China." Agriculture, ecosystems&environment129(1-3):344-348.
130. Pathak, H., P. Aggarwal, et al.(2003)."Modelling the quantitative evaluation of soil nutrient supply,nutrient use efficiency, and fertilizer requirements of wheat in India." Nutrient Cycling inAgroecosystems65(2):105-113.
131. Peterson, T. A. and G. Varvel (1989)."Crop yield as affected by rotation and nitrogen rate. I.Soybean."
132. Pietrzyk, S. W., G. F. Griffin, et al.(1995)."Nitrogen utilization of selected cropping systems in theUS Northeast: II. Soil profile nitrate distribution and accumulation." Agronomy Journal87(2):199-207.
133. Poulton, P.(1996)."The Rothamsted long-term experiments: Are they still relevant?" Canadianjournal of plant science76(4):559-571.
134. Probert, M., R. Delve, et al.(2005)."Modelling nitrogen mineralization from manures:representing quality aspects by varying C: N ratio of sub-pools." Soil Biology and Biochemistry37(2):279-287.
135. Qin, R. and F. Chen (2005)."Amelioration of aluminum toxicity in red soil through use ofbarnyard and green manure." Communications in soil science and plant analysis36(13-14):1875-1889.
136. Rao, A., J. Smith, et al.(1992)."Considerations in estimating nitrogen recovery efficiency by thedifference and isotopic dilution methods." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems33(3):209-217.
137. Raper, R. L., J. M. Novak, et al.(2009)."Assessing indices for predicting potential nitrogenmineralization in soils under different management systems." Soil Science Society of AmericaJournal73(5):1575-1586.
138. Reay, D. S., F. Dentener, et al.(2008)."Global nitrogen deposition and carbon sinks." NatureGeoscience1(7):430-437.
139. Rees, R. and B. Ball (2010)."Soils and nitrous oxide research." Soil Use and Management26(2):193-195.
140. Rengel, Z.(1993)."Mechanistic simulation models of nutrient uptake: A review." Plant and soil152(2):161-173.
141. Rice, C. and J. Havlin (1994)."Integrating mineralizable nitrogen indices into fertilizer nitrogenrecommendations." Soil testing: Prospects for improving nutrient recommendations:1-13.
142. Rodriguez, D. and J. Nuttall (2003). Adaptation of the APSIM-Wheat module to simulate thegrowth and production of wheat on hostile soils.
143. Rodriguez, D., J. Nuttall, et al.(2006)."Impact of subsoil constraints on wheat yield and grossmargin on fine-textured soils of the southern Victorian Mallee." Australian Journal of AgriculturalResearch57(3):355-365.
144. Samac, D. A. and M. Tesfaye (2003)."Plant improvement for tolerance to aluminum in acid soils–areview." Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture75(3):189-207.
145. Sanchez, J. E. W., T. C. Kizilkaya, et al.(2001)."Enhancing the mineralizable nitrogen poolthrough substrate diversity in long term cropping systems." Soil Science Society of AmericaJournal65(5):1442.
146. Sanderman, J. and J. A. Baldock (2010)."Accounting for soil carbon sequestration in nationalinventories: a soil scientist's perspective." Environmental Research Letters5:034003.
147. Schnabel, R.(1983)."Measuring nitrogen leaching with ion exchange resin: A laboratoryassessment." Soil Science Society of America Journal47(5):1041-1042.
148. Schroder, J., H. Zhang, et al.(2007)."Animal manure reduces aluminum toxicity in an acid soil."Soil Science Society of America Journal71(6):1699-1707.
149. Smil, V.(2002)."Nitrogen and food production: proteins for human diets." AMBIO: A Journal ofthe Human Environment31(2):126-131.
150. Smith, P.(2004)."Carbon sequestration in croplands: the potential in Europe and the globalcontext." European journal of agronomy20(3):229-236.
151. Smith, S. and G. Stanford (1972)."Nitrogen mineralization potentials of soils." Soil ScienceSociety of America Journal36(3):465-472.
152. Stanford, G.(1973)."Rationale for optimum nitrogen fertilization in corn production." Journal ofEnvironmental Quality2(2):159-166.
153. Stanford, G. and J. Legg (1968)."Correlation of soil N availability indexes with N uptake byplants." Soil Science105(5):320.
154. Stevens, W., R. Hoeft, et al.(2005)."Fate of nitrogen-15in a long-term nitrogen rate study: II.Nitrogen uptake efficiency." Agronomy Journal97(4):1046-1053.
155. Storrier, R., A. Hanly, et al.(1970)."An evaluation of indices of available soil nitrogen." AustralianJournal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry10(42):89-94.
156. Tang, X., J. Li, et al.(2008)."Phosphorus efficiency in long-term (15years) wheat–maize croppingsystems with various soil and climate conditions." Field Crops Research108(3):231-237.
157. Tilman, D., K. G. Cassman, et al.(2002)."Agricultural sustainability and intensive productionpractices." Nature418(6898):671-677.
158. Truog, E.(1960)." Fifty years of soil testing."7th Intern. Congr Soil Sci IV7:46-53.
159. Valle, S. R., D. Pinochet, et al.(2009)."Al toxicity effects on radiation interception and radiationuse efficiency of Al-tolerant and Al-sensitive wheat cultivars under field conditions." Field CropsResearch114(3):343-350.
160. Van De Pol, R. M., M. Fried, et al.(1977)."A steady-state conceptual nitrogen model forestimating nitrogen emissions from cropped lands." Journal of Environmental Quality6(2):155-159.
161. Vanlauwe, B.(2002). Integrated plant nutrient management in Sub-Saharan Africa: From conceptto practice, CABI.
162. Wang, E. and T. Engel (2002)."Simulation of growth, water and nitrogen uptake of a wheat cropusing the SPASS model." Environmental Modelling&Software17(4):387-402.
163. Wang, E., E. Van Oosterom, et al.(2003). The new APSIM-Wheat Model performance and futureimprovements.
164. Wang, E., Q. Yu, et al.(2008)."Climate, agricultural production and hydrological balance in theNorth China Plain." International Journal of Climatology28(14):1959-1970.
165. Wang, L., Y. Zheng, et al.(2007)."Applicability of agricultural production systems simulator(APSIM) in simulating the production and water use of wheat-maize continuous cropping systemin North China Plain." The journal of applied ecology18(11):2480.
166. Weigel, A., R. Russow, et al.(2000)."Quantification of airborne N‐input in long‐term fieldexperiments and its validation through measurements using15N isotope dilution." Journal of PlantNutrition and Soil Science163(3):261-265.
167. Yang, S., D. Suo, et al.(2004)."Long-term fertilization effects on crop yield and nitrate nitrogenaccumulation in soil in northwestern China." Agronomy Journal96(4):1039-1049.
168. Yang, X., C. Chen, et al.(2011)."Climate change effects on wheat yield and water use in oasiscropland." Int. J. Plant Production5(1):83-94.
169. Zhu, Z. and D. Chen (2002)."Nitrogen fertilizer use in China–Contributions to food production,impacts on the environment and best management strategies." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems63(2):117-127.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |