摘要
约翰逊(Samuel Johnson,1709-1784)是英国文学史上与莎士比亚齐名的文学泰斗,代表着一个时代。在英国文学史上,人把这个时期称作“约翰逊时代”。除了文学上的声望在其生前就已达到巅峰之外,他还是词典学家、文学批评家、道德家和谈话家。在社会生活中,他也是个引人注目的人物,他在英国民间被看作是“典型的英国人”,成了“民族偶像”,几乎成为“英国的圣人”。
约翰逊的名望,首先建立在其文学成就上,但是其《英语词典》也是一部不朽的作品。在其生前,正是这部词典奠定了其文坛上的霸主地位。《英语词典》(1755)在其后一个半世纪、在《牛津英语词典》诞生前一直是英语世界最权威的词典,其中的编纂思想和诸多方法可谓承先启后、继往开来,代表着前人所难以企及的成就,逐步演变成为英语世界词典编纂的传统的组成部分。
英语世界对这部《英语词典》的研究一直在继续,国内学界、尤其是外语界对约翰逊的研究也很早就有人涉足。但是相关的学术研究远远不够深入。尤其相对于对约翰逊文学成就的研究来说,对其词典学方面的成就的研究更显不足。相对于《牛津英语词典》来说,学界对《英语词典》的重视还不够。相对于《英语词典》的语言学研究来说,对其中的文化信息的研究尚显不足。
约翰逊的词典学思想和实践不仅在18世纪的英国是难能可贵的,即使在21世纪的中国也有很多值得借鉴的地方。如今,国内的词典学研究正在经历空前的发展,我们考察约翰逊当年编纂《英语词典》的历史,研究约翰逊编纂词典的理论和实践,总结其经验教训,对于借鉴它山之石丰富我们的词典编纂理论、指导我们的词典编纂实践以至词典学教学都是具有重要现实意义的课题。
本文拟以历史材料、尤其是大量词典的历史文本为依据,利用语言学和词典学基础知识来评判词典学的各类相关问题。比较重要的语言学方面的理论如与意义的相关理论、描写语言学和规定语言学的理论、语言和言语的理论等。另一方面本文也争取把现代词典学理论、尤其是文化词典学思想、宏观结构和微观结构的理论、与语料库相关的理论等与语言学的基础理论相结合,这样更有利于找到把握问题的角度,更容易展开评述。本文主要探讨以下问题,以求对约翰逊的《英语词典》进行较为全面和系统的审视：(1)《英语词典》主要有哪些特色?其形式和内容反映了怎样的词典学、语言学思想?传达了怎样的历史和文化信息?(2)《英语词典》在哪些方面存在不足之处?其根源何在?(3)该词典对当前的词典编纂者有什么启示?应该如何批评、借鉴和超越约翰逊的词典学思想?
《英语词典》的内容可谓包罗万象,所以对《英语词典》的研究,假如局限于词典本身而不考虑其所处时代的历史文化现象,则不能全面深刻了解词典。而文化历史的研究可能涉及的议题和细节较多,假如面面俱到,则很难突出主题和主线。所以笔者一方面试图在18世纪英国的特定历史背景下探讨约翰逊在词典编纂方面的历史贡献,另一方面既要力求总结其理论和实践对前人的借鉴,又要考察其对后来的词典编纂产生的影响,包括对今天的词典编纂在理论和实践方面的影响。
出于这样的思考,本文首先结合国内外相关研究现状,以英语词典学的历史为背景,尤其是参照《英语词典》(包括《英语词典》的初版本、编者生前参与修订的第四版和精编版)和其前后相关的词典的文本,对其主要特色进行较为深入的分析和研究。其中主要从其词典的收词立目、释义(包括词源和用法)和例证这些方面来展现编者的思考和处理情况。这里主要是基于历史文本的研究,即一方面充分展示该词典在这几个方面的主要做法,另一方面把这些做法与前人的做法相比较,并随时对其做法的优缺点给以相关的评述。其中多方考察了编者参考的理论和资料来源和历史依据,从而说明编者在全面细致考察前人词典编纂传统的基础上,充分发挥自己的才智并利用在语言、文学、科学等方面的知识,对词典各个方面进行了全新的思考和相当程度的创新,故而能够在特定的历史条件下完成《英语词典》这样一件伟大的创举。本文认为,《英语词典》最鲜明的特色包括收词立目重视普通词汇和动词短语、习语等常见结构,释义受到编者文风的影响而表现了浓重的言语倾向,用法说明中则表现了编者的语言道德家角色,例证则包含了语言学和文化学的双重含义。
本文在仔细分析《英语词典》的文本结构、评述其各个部分的优劣的基础上,本着系统考察约翰逊的词典编纂思想的目的,整理和归纳编者与词典有关的语言观和文化观。其语言观影响着《英语词典》的词目、释义和例证诸方面,文化观则影响词典中表现的文化信息,在此以知识和教育、宗教和道德、国家和民族、语言和文学、个人和社会等方面的表现为例加以阐述。这些方面的信息也表明《英语词典》具有很强的百科性质,尤其是具有很强的文化内涵。最后,本文结合前文的探讨,综述约翰逊的词典编纂思想对现代词典编纂等方面的启示。其中涉及编者的主体性与用户视角的关系、语言系统与词典文本的实现的关系、词典功能的文化取向问题等方面。本文表明,《英语词典》在编纂方法、词典的形式和内容等方面对今天的词典编纂都有借鉴价值。
本文还提供了丰富而有特色的附录,与正文密切结合,为文中的问题提供背景知识和佐证。首先提供了《英语词典》等几部重要词典的版面图片,以求为对比各书中的词条提供佐证。《约翰逊年表》着重记录了约翰逊的生平及其研究领域、尤其是文化和社交方面的大事,其中也照顾到了与中国历史和文化相关的大事。《约翰逊部分绰号一览表》主要收录了本文研究过程中所遇到的他人赋予约翰逊的绰号,其中有褒扬的也有贬抑的,从中可略见他人对约翰逊自身及其各个方面才能的评价,为综合考察编者的素质提供了借鉴。《索引》中则包括了本文涉及的部分人名、主要主题和引用各种词典文本中的词头,以便检索。
本文的研究主要有四个创新点。一是在研究对象方面,突出文本。由于词典形式的繁琐和复杂,应结合词典文本来分析总结词典的得失。要充分挖掘文本资料,分析约翰逊的《英语词典》的初版和其他版本的具体实例,并借鉴约翰逊同时代人的分析和评述,以实证方法克服后人不见词典而人云亦云的做法。二是在研究手法方面,突出历史。由于词典产生于特定的历史时期的英国,有必要在突出约翰逊的《英语词典》的个性的同时,以英语词典史为背景,参照约翰逊前后类似英语词典的文本,力求对语言学、词典学的有关概念和现象进行较为细致的考证,从而跨过时空的隔阂而客观全面地比较和分析《英语词典》的个案,也借此个案更加深刻地了解英语和英语词典的历史。三是在研究视角方面,突出文化。如果说历史的研究在于探索研究对象在一个纵向轴上的地位,那么文化的研究就在于探索研究对象在一个横向轴上的地位。由于词典内容的包罗万象,可说是那个时代英国的百科全书,因而在充分利用语言学、词典学和语料库科学的基础上,努力以文化词典学视角来全面分析词典各个组成部分的意义,有利于跨文化地理解和评判这本词典,对通过这本词典用以了解当时英国的社会文学文化有一定借鉴作用。所谓文化词典学,就是以文化学的视角来研究词典,即把词典放在其产生的时代背景下,探讨词典文本所反映的社会文化现象,或者研究词典中的内容与文化各个组成部分之间的互相联系,并在此基础上反过来求得对词典本身更为全面深刻的了解。文化词典学的研究,可以看作是新时代词典学发展的最新阶段。四是在研究成果的呈现方式方面,突出系统。由于本文的研究是对词典这种复杂文本的历史的、文化的研究,其内容涉及很多层次的很多元素,有必要把这些元素系统的梳理和串联,以便清晰地展示对《英语词典》的研究成果。且《英语词典》是个内容纷繁复杂的整体,无论如何分类归纳,都可能有互相交叉的成分。从一定程度上说,只有一部百科全书才可以全面揭示这部词典及其编者的学术成果。约翰逊自己也赞成在书中添加索引。本文中除了穿插较为详细的参考文献外,特地添加必要的脚注,设置周密的参见系统,编制较为全面的主题索引和大事年表。这是借鉴约翰逊时代以来国外学术著作的惯例,对词典这种复杂文本的历史和文化的研究来说是尤为重要的,也可以看作本文研究方法的一项创新。
《英语词典》承上启下,继往开来,是英语词典史乃至英语发展史上非常重要的环节。它总结和继承了此前150年左右英语词典编纂和语言研究的经验,将其集中、完整、系统地展现出来,使之成为英语词典编纂和语言研究的光荣传统。在此后150年左右,相关的学者将其奉为圭臬,不断地学习和研究,使之为英语和英语词典做出了不可磨灭的贡献。《英语词典》是一个内容丰富的个案。狭义地说,它演示了对词典编纂相关问题的探索和回答,对于现代词典学理论与实践,对于外语教学和跨文化交流都有重要意义。广义地说,它记录了文学和历史,记录了编者的个人经历和社会生活,可谓博大精深。单单把他看作一本书是远远不够的。它不光在词典学方面是一部集大成的作品,其中反映的内容也是社会文化的缩影,因而它也是社会文化史上的巨著,可以说是反映当时社会文化现实的一部百科全书。本文证明,像《英语词典》这样一部文化信息丰富、文化特色鲜明、文化影响深远的作品,必须结合它与文化史各个方面的互动来研究,即以文化词典学的方法来认真研究。
Samuel Johnson (1709-1784), well-known in the English world as "a true-born Englishman" and "an English saint", has also lent his name to an important period in the history of English literature. Among his manifold achievements, A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) is popularly believed to be the most capital monument of human genius.
Much research has been done on Samuel Johnson in the last two centuries. But a general review of related literature shows an inadequacy of research on his dictionary in comparison with his literary works. In comparison with The Oxford English Dictionary, his dictionary is a much less studied subject. Within the research of his dictionary, much less emphasis has been put on cultural factors than on linguistic ones. With the rapid development of lexicography in China as well as in the West, it is important for us to review the facts and features of Johnson's dictionary with implications for the new century.
With a solid background of the history of English lexicography, the present paper tries to make a comparison of the texts of different versions (the first edition, the revised fourth edition, and the first abstracted edition) of A Dictionary of the English Language, as well as a comparison of these texts and the texts of earlier English dictionaries. Within the framework of cultural lexicography, the present author tries to review the strong and weak points of the dictionary, with the help of theories of meaning, linguistic description and prescription, langue and parole, the macrostructure and microstructure, and corpus linguistics. He tries to answer such questions as (a) What are the important features of A Dictionary of the English Language? What kind of lexicographical and cultural ideas can be inferred from the form and contents of the dictionary?(b) What are some of its strong and weak points, and what are the possible causes of these points?(c) How to evaluate the dictionary and how to learn from Samuel Johnson so as to produce better lexicographical works?
So, after a general review of the literature in English lexicography and especially in the study of A Dictionary of the English Language, the author offers some examples to show how some of the features of the dictionary have been preceded by pioneers in lexicography and how Samuel Johnson has improved the techniques and established a tradition for others to follow. It can be shown that in his dictionary, in the word list, more emphasis has been put on common English words and their common usage; in definition, the literary style of the compiler has exerted much influence, and he often acts as a linguistic moralist in prescribing the usage of the language; and in verbal illustrations, great emphasis has been put on the cultural information as well as the linguistic information. All these features has made the Johnson's dictionary a very unique cultural product in the history of English lexicography.
After the illustration and comments on the main features of the components of the dictionary, the author summaries the linguistic and cultural ideas that can be inferred from the great work. The linguistic ideas has guided the compiler in carrying out the corresponding job on each of the components of the dictionary. The cultural ideas, as manifested in the areas of knowledge and education, religion and morals, country and nation, language and literature, and the individual and the society, have made the dictionary a comprehensive encyclopedia of the eighteenth-century English society. Finally the paper discusses the dictionary's example in demonstrating the relationship between the compiler and the user, the relationship between the language system and the way of realization, and the cultural orientation of the main function of the dictionary. It is proved that the dictionary offers some very positive implications for the new century compiler in ways concerning the guideline of the project, and the form and content of the dictionary.
In carrying out the present research, the author aims at four aspects of innovation. Firstly, the research is text based. This is supposed to be more persuasive than those done by writers who have never set their eyes on the pages of Samuel Johnson's dictionary, let alone earlier ones. Secondly, it is grounded in history. Everything about the dictionary should be analysed in the historical context so as to see its succession from the past or innovation for the future. Thirdly, it takes on a cultural perspective. The dictionary carries much cultural information, and it is necessary to know the cultural significance of the dictionary associated with such information. Fourthly, it is presented through a systemic method. The dictionary is a collection of all kinds of encyclopedic pieces of information. The reader will find the cross-references, footnotes, and index in the paper a rewarding guide in the circle of knowledge. Such knowledge will help the reader get a thorough understanding of Samuel Johnson and his dictionary.
Johnson's dictionary has been a culmination of the150years of tradition in English lexicography before him, and has enlightened every compiler of English dictionaries for the coming150years. It is a wonderful case that demonstrates almost all the problems of a lexicographer and the possible ways of answer them. It deserves a cultural lexicographical study to give it full credit.
引文
①Hartmann,Teaching 39-47.
②Hartmann,Teaching 112-113.
① DOL, s.v. "cultural lexicography".
②游汝杰,《中国文化语言学引论》,北京：高等教育出版社,1993年版,第15页。
①Lynch and McDermott 2.
①Johnsonese, n. The language or style of Dr. Johnson, or an imitation of it. (OED2CD).
①蔡田明,“译者序”,《约翰生传》,北京：国际文化出版公司,2005年版,第1页。
②曾虚白,《英国文学ABC》,上海：世界书局,1928年版,第62-63页。
③梁实秋编,《约翰孙》,上海：国立编译馆、商务印书馆,中华民国二十三年[1934]版,序第2页。
④蔡田明,“译者序”,《约翰生传》,北京：国际文化出版公司,2005年版,第1页。
①如批评家Joseph Wood Krutch所著Samuel Johnson(1944)从心理学的角度展开研究,Walter Jackson Bate的Samuel Johnson(1977)从全面深入的学术角度研究,后者获普利策奖。
②如2008年新出的传记还有Peter Martin 的 Samuel Johnson(2009再版)和Jeffrey Meyers 的 Samuel Johnson: The Struggle.
③Lynch and McDermott 1.
①兰多著,章宜华、夏立新译,《词典编纂的艺术与技巧(第二版)》,北京：商务印书馆,2005年版,第73-78页；参见Micklethwait173-176和Reed95-105。
①McDermott, Anne, and Rosamund Moon. "Introduction:Johnson in Context." IJL 18.2 (2005):153.
①Horgan viii.
①兹古斯塔主编,林书武等译,胡明扬校,《词典学概论》,北京：商务印书馆,1983年版,第260页：参见Zgusta 188.
②转引自兹古斯塔,第337页；参见Zgusta 246.
③参见Steger 1.
④Preface,par 72.
⑤Plan,par.7.
①Pref_ace,par 28.
②参见§3.3.1。
③Preface,pars.59,62；Plan,par. 63.
④Preface,par. 41.
⑤Catharina M.de Vries的数据。转引自Hitchings 75 n2,仅供参考。
⑥Pref.ace,par. 41.
⑦DeMaria,"Johnson's Dictionary"114；JOTEL 30 n3.
⑧Plan,par. 9单词pompous的语义已有变化。参见§3.2.8。
① Preface, par.31.
②陆谷孙本中的“进口货物”也难说已经包含此句中foreigner的意义。值得注意的是,foreigner n.s [Q1]和[Q4-3]包含了该词释义中未见的引申意义。
③见§3.2.4.1。参见：parallelism 2.b An instance of correspondence or analogy; a parallel case, passage, etc. (Usually in pl.) (OED2CD),
④ Love's Labour Lost 5.1.
④本句在莎士比亚全集的电子版中未见,如The Project Gutenberg的两个电子版,来源于和.但是有证据表明是他的用法(参见McCrum, Cran, and MacNeil 100; Alec Gill, "Shakespeare")-而且他也有类似的用法,如Grace me no grace, nor uncle me no uncle(King Richard the Second 2.3) 。
⑥ Schmidt, s.v. "will."
①见§3.1.5.1。
②见§3.1.1。
③ Life 1:256.
④ Preface, par.62.
⑤兹古斯塔,第40页注1。
⑥ Read和Skeat所述鬼词(或称伪词(phony word)、怪字(bogey))的来源,实为鬼词种类,包括(1)临时词汇(nonce word)：(2)潜在词汇(latent word);(3)温室词汇(hothouse word)，即词典词；(4)个人用词(individualism);(5)机会主义词汇(opportunistic word);(6)独现词汇(hapax legomenon);(7)生理词汇(physiological word);(8)含糊其辞的词汇(double talk word);(9)梦中造词(dreamed word或dream neologism)。其实还可以加上(10)错生词汇(如鲁鱼亥豕之类,包括misprint, misspelling, malapropism, spoonerism等)和(11)无意义词汇(nonsense word)。词典史上最大的鬼词集合即《牛津英语词典》补编中的几页“假词一览表”("List of Spurious Words", NED Supplement 327-330),主要是由印刷错误或阅读错误催生的单词。参见Read, "Sources" 95-99.
①参见Horgan 18 n63; Life 4:46。
② Sir Thomas Browne著有《流行谬误》(Pseudodoxia Epidemica,即Vulgar Errours)一书,展现和揭示大量民间谬误。《英语词典》引用该书的例证多达近2000条,其中包括不少由Browne首先使用的单词(Hitchings198-202)。
③Life4：293 n2；2：278.鲍斯威尔也因为约翰逊而造词。他曾自豪地说,“我让整个国家约翰逊化(Johnsonise)了”(Life1：14)。像这样以Johnson为名祖(eponym)进入英语的单词还有Johnsonianism (或 Johnsonism，约翰逊主义；约翰逊风格),Johnsoniana (约翰逊文献汇编),Johnsoniad (约翰逊迷),Johnsonissimus(极端的约翰逊主义者)等。与鲍斯威尔相关的词有Boswell, Boswellian, Boswelliana, Boswellianize等。
④ Life 5:148-149.
⑤见§4.2.4。
⑥ Works 6.181.
⑦In lapidary inscriptions a man is not upon oath(Life 2:466).
⑧ One who holds mechanical theories; a mechanical physiologist, rare. OED2CD, s.v. "mechanick" n.4.
⑨ JOTEL 278 n9.
①Preface,par. 33.
① JOTEL 271.
②DJD 34.
③兰多,第68页。
④词典中的重音符号始于Bailey的词典系列,约翰逊只是沿袭前人的做法。后来的William Kenrick (1773), Thomas Sheridan(1780)等人的先后努力,到了John Walker(1791)的词典才逐步成熟。为行文方便,本文其他地方的引用不再标注多音节单词的重音。
⑤如§3.2.4.1之cough n.s.。
①据Harold B. Allen统计,约翰逊在词典中有13次批评拉丁语用法(JDLL113 n2)。
②参见JOTEL 265-266; JDLL 113.
③比较JohnsonAbs:to pretend. v.a. [praetendo, Latin.] 1. To hold out; to stretch forward. Dry.2. To portend; to foreshow. Hayward.3. To make any appearance of having; to allege falsly. Milton.4. To show hypocritically. D. of Piety.5. To hold out as a delusive appearance. Milton.6. To claim. Dryden可以发现,其简编本除了最明显的略去了例证之外,还删减了词源信息,压缩了个别释义,尤其是把原有的4条用法说明略去了(且把falsely拼成了falsly).
④ Weinreich 26.
① a. A precise statement of the essential nature of a thing; a statement or form of words by which anything is defined, b. A declaration or formal explanation of the signification of a word or phrase. [Not recognized by Johnson.](OED2CD, s.v. "definition")
②兹古斯塔,第25页。
③转引自魏向清,《双语词典译义研究》,上海：上海译文出版社,2005年版,第20页；参见Sager 1-2.
④转引自魏向清,第20页。
⑤ DOL, s.v. "definition."
⑥ Zgusta 27;兹古斯塔,第29-30页；原文在(3)前附加了possibly一词,表明作者对这类信息还不确定,这一部分很大程度上就属于语用信息的范围。
① Hitchings 88-89.
②见§3.2.2。
①见§3.1.5.4。
②该词的词源信息与Bailey(1736)比较接近,与现代的词源不一致。
③ Preface, par.43词典中未收synonimes。收录了synonyma. n.s. [...] Names which signify the same thing. [QO.]
④Preface, par.48词典中未收synonimouso收录的是synonymous, adj. [...] Expressing the same thing by different words. [Q3-3] When tow or more words signify the same thing, as wave and billow, mead and meadow, they are usually called synonymous words. Watts's Logick.
⑤ Life 4:239.
⑥参见§3.2.2之man n.s的释义。
①Watts的释义式例证还见于apprehension,essence等条。
① Cymbeline 3.3.
② Bailey (1736)的 BOOK [boc, probably of bocce, Sax. a BEECH tree, the Ancients using to write on plates of beech, bog, Dan. book, Sued, boeck, Du. O. and L. G buch, H. G BOC, or BOEC, Sax. bok or boks, Goth.] a Thing to read in well known只有一个义项。其相关习语To learn without BOOK, or by Heart./To be in any one's BOOKS, or to be in their Debt.解释也很简单。
③ Scott-Bailey(1755)中该例BOOK [boc, probably of bocce, Sax. a beech-tree; the ancients using to write on plates or boards of beech, as liber, Lat. from the rind of a tree, bog, Dan. book, Su. boeck, Du. O. and L. Ger. buch, H. Ger. boc, or boec, Sax. bok or boks, Goth.] 1. A volume to read or write in.2. A particular part of a work; as, the first book we divide into sections.3. The register in which a trader keeps an account of his debts. [Q1-1] Such gain the cap of him that makes them fine,/Yet keeps his books uncross'd. Shakespeare显然是参考了Bailey(1736)的词源。其中一个释义是根据Bailey的唯一释义和约翰逊的相应释义重写的,另外两个释义则直接来自后者。释义2.后半段的举例则是后者例证的半截,释义3.的例证则是直接截取的后者相应例证五行中的两行。
④此处其释义中所用单词Ianthom与立目用词lantern不一致。见§3.1.5.3。这种情况词典中很多。
⑤ Bailey(1736)收录了SCABIOSA [with Botanists] scabious, L却没有scabious。
⑥比较：SAW WORT, an herb, having leaves notched about like the teech of a saw. (Bailey 1736)。 学术名著丛书”,北京,商务印书馆,1999年版,第41-42页。
①即后人所说的“约翰逊文风”(Johnsonese，Johnsonian style)。
② As You Like It,3.2.238.
③ Life 3:290.
④ Life 4:445; 446-447.
②钱钟书在《全陈文卷七》中谈到骈文之患时指出,“[骈语]两语当一语,叠屋堆床”。又谈骈文之胜处指出,“培根教人辑集反对以积学练才；莱辛谓锐识深究每发为反对；或且以为行文多作反对者,其人构思,必擅辩证,如约翰生是。故于骈俪文体,过而废之可也；若骈语俪词,虽欲废之,乌得而废哉?”见《钱钟书集·管锥编(四)》,北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店,2001版,第441-443页。
⑥ Life1:363n2.
⑦ C. S. Lewis把平行结构的原则描述为“用不同的词句把同样的内容说两遍的做法”。严格说来并非如此。平行结构也有多种形式,如synonymous parallelism, antithetic parallelism, synthetic parallelism, climactic parallelism。参见Ryken 181-185；岳清华、季凤文,《犹太民俗》,南京：南京大学出版社,1993年版,第216-220页。约翰逊也并非一味重复。
⑧转引自Hill的评述,见Johnson, Select Essays I:Introduction xix。
①约翰逊伽《序言》中提及自己工作过程中曾发现忘记给sea一词释义的情况(Preface, par.81)。
②语出Winter's Tale 4.2.梁实秋译为“弹子戏的玩具。”比较OED2CD,s.v. "troll-madam".
③Preface, par.47.
④ Preface, pars.55,56.
①这里缺少词性标注和词源信息。
②这里wanton n.s和libidinous n.s的词性标注错误,都应为adj.。wanton adj的释义用词letcherous和lecherousadj.的释义用词leud与其立目的形式都不一致(词典中lecherous的派生词释义也用了相应的leud形式的派生词)。
③ Life 3:278.
①Preface, par.93.
①2000年,为了克林顿总统下令空袭南斯拉夫联邦共和国之事,国会有人捧出《英语词典》来溯本求源,讨论总统是否有“宣战”的权利,“战争”的意义如何等等(Hitchings 249-250)。
②参见§4.2.2。
③《英语词典》中其他有语义变化的词汇可参考Hitchings 255。
① "Preface", Richardson (1838) 37-38.
②参见Bambrook, "Usage Notes" 200 。
③ "Rambler 93", Works 3:142.
①参见§3.1.5.3之lantern n.s.。
①DJD25.
②语出Edmund Spenser所著Faerie Queene, Ⅳ.2.32.8原文为Dan Chaucer, well of English undefyled.(JOTEL 95 n1)
③ Preface, par.61实际执行过程中有一定偏差。词典中的例证来源从时间上说以1650年以后的为多(Miyoshi198)。像Robert Burton这样的文艺复兴时期的作家只有少数,而且源于其作品中的例证比文艺复兴后的作家如Dryden, Pope和Swift的要少得多。所以Kolb和Kolb说约翰逊在此源泉中时而“浅尝而止”(Kolb and Kolb 67) 。
④Plan, par.68.
⑤Preface, par.62.
⑥Preface, par.59.
⑦参见§3.2.10.3。
⑧Bloom 183.
⑨Preface, par.28.
⑩McDemott 65.
① Preface, pars.43,56.
② Preface, par.63.
③ Preface, pars.59,76.
④ Preface, par.59.
⑤ Preface, pars.57,76,67.
⑥ Preface, par.57.
⑦ Preface, par.65.
①Plan,pars.70,71.
②Plefae,par 56.
③见§3.3.2。
④Locke 4.6.5.
⑤参见§4.2.2。
⑥Locke 4.3.22.
⑦Locke 3.11.5.
① Locke 3.11.5.
②参见Clingham 94;JDLL17.
③这种词在英语中的名称尚未统一,有的将其称作antilogy或autoantonym,也有人称之为模棱两可词(amphibolous word)、双面词(Janus word)、自反词(self-antonym)、矛盾词(self-contradicting word)等。Carl Abel(1884)在研究埃及象形文字时发现这种现象。英语中类似的还有to dust the cake with icing sugar和to dust the books中的dust, for your headhead和for your health中的for等。参见Karaman。词典中往往收录了意义相反的义项而不加说明,如：to dust. v.a. [from the noun.] To free from dust; to sprinkle with dust. [Q0.]再如toskin v.a.等。
①转引自Hanks, "Definitions" 121.
②转引自Stauffer 364。
③ Bloomfield 274.
④Gleason 90,92.
⑤见§3.3.2。
① JOTEL 375 n2.
②转引自JOTEL 375 n2.
③参见Reddick, Making 89-169; Lynch and McDermott 48-53。
① Life 4:239.
②据圣经记载,诺亚(Noah)的后代在示拿地拟建通天塔以求扬名,上帝责其狂妄而变乱其口音,人间语言不通,塔遂不成。见《创世记》11：1-9。
③ Locke 3.1.1参见§4.1.1.2中lexicon条Milton的话。
④Locke 3.11.1.3.11.5.
⑤DeMaria,"Theory"159.
⑥Locke 4.21.4:参见McLaverty 384.
①Preface,par.17.
②DeMaria认为这一计划直接来源于Baeon的著作。参见DeMaria."Johnson's Dictionary"11 n12.
③据McLaverty的查点,词典中标明属于Locke的引语有3241条,其中直接与语言和Locke的知识理论相关的至少有160句fMcLaverty384)。据Lewis M.Freed统计,词典上部引用Locke的例证总数为1674条(转引自Wimsatt 34 n17..
④Plan,par.41.
⑤如,Sir John Cheke于16世纪就看到拉丁语和希腊语的轮回变化(DJD 29)。
⑥Preface,par.91.
⑦Life 5:256.
⑧Preface,par.16.
⑨Plan,pars.21,72.
⑩Preface,par.84；参见兰多,第66-67灭。
11Preface,pars.72,85,91.
①.Preface,par.31.
②Preface,par.90.
⑤据Harold B.Allen统计,词典中有17处批评法国用语(JDLL172 n13)。Kolb和DeMaria则发现至少有24次(JOTEL 95-96 n2).有关担心法语影响英语的忧虑,参见Gilmore 244 n4.
④Hayashi 2:29.
⑤Korshin 306.
⑥虽然历史上有过多次“词典大战”,也有的出版商被判定犯下“词典罪行”(dictionary criminality),各位实践者出于自己的经历,先后也冠之于“单调乏味”("dull".语出约翰逊,见下文)、“乐在其中”("enjoyable", James R.Hulbert语,亦见于Svensenl)、“令人兴奋”("exciting",Eric Partridge语)等说法,或说词典编纂工作“像搞工程”("like engineering",Charles McGregor语),是语言学工作中一个“非常困难的领域”("a very diifficult sphere'',Zgusta 15),或认为它是一种对工作能力和身体状况要求很高的"费时而费力的"(“long andlaborious")“群体活计’'("team work",Svensen 236),是极端“令人厌烦"("tedious")而“要求苛刻”(exacting)
①参见§3.2.4.1。
② Preface,par 94.
③Plan,par. 7；参见兰多,第62页。
④Letters 2:415.
⑤"The Preface".JohnsonAbs.
⑥Preface,par.84.
①Preface, par.93.
① Life 5:17.
②语出Malcolm Muggeridge;转引自Aeschliman 49
①陆谷孙,“代序”,《英汉大词典(第2版)》,上海:上海译文出版社,2007年版,第4页。
② Preface, par.57约翰逊阅读并标记过的参考书现存13种,参阅Hitchings 79 n1.约翰逊在Robert Burton所著Anatomy of Melancholy(1676)中选定了55条,实际上词典中只收录了16条(Hitchings 124n.).另据Kolb和Kolb的研究,有六种书中作好标记、原计划收录在词典的A, E, P, U-V部分的例证共有1 031条,实际上收录了477条(Kolb and Kolb 62-65) o Bacon的Apophthegms和Ornamenta Rationalia(1740)也表明他当初选定的很多例证没有收录到词典中(Wimsatt, "Johnson's Dictionary" 80)。
③ Works 5:459.
④王译本,第102页。
⑤转引自Aeschliman 50 。
⑥王译本,第177页,第174页。
①见§3.3.3.2之index n.s.3.[Q2].
② Life 2:200 n1.
③ Locke,3.11.1,3.11.5
④ JDLL 16-17.本章多处文化主题与词典例证的联系得益十此书,笔者已经尽可能与原文校对。
⑤Preface,pars.40,57.
⑥Hitchings 133.
⑦词条中提到：2The philosophers are now endeavouring to intercept the strokes of Iightning.
⑧Preface.par,67.
⑨ Life 1:328-329.
⑩Preface,pars.67,92.
11DeMaria认为这种计划直接源于Bacon(JDLL 11 n12.,间接源于文艺复兴时期的词典学思想(JDLL 187)；参见Korshin,"Johnson and the Renaissance Dictionary"306。约翰逊在《哈雷藏书目录》序言中、在所著《拉塞拉斯》中都高度赞扬智慧史的研究(JOTEL 98 n1)。
①Lynch 13.
②见§3.1.4.2。
①Locke 4.3.24.
①语出2Henry VI4:7.约翰逊截取了原文的中间部分,使其主题更加突出,并用于ignorance. n.s.1. [Q5-2]和knowledge. n.s.1. [Q1-I]。
②参见§3.3.3.2之incurably adv. 。
③文中讲述朝圣者欲通过Mountain of Existence上天堂,先后指引他们的有Innocence, Education, Reason和Religion,只有Religion才能保证他们幸福。参见DeMaria 20-21.
①见§3.2.2。
①他在《序言》中称Hooker是神学语言的最佳来源。见Preface, par.62。
② Aeschliman 49.
③词典中的宗教论断俯拾皆是,比如在S部分可以参考science, sect, senselessly, sensuality, seriously, settle, shallowbrained, shrewdly, shrink, slip, sottishly, spirtle, struggle, sum, surmise, syllogism等条下的例证。
① Life 3:460.
② Life 1:513.
③ Preface.par.92.
④ Life 2:105.
⑤ Lynch，"Ground-Work."
⑥ Preface，par.92.
⑦ Preface，par.92.
⑧ Life 2:343.
⑨ Life 4:194.
① Life 2:343-344；王译本,第166页。
②Works 12:357.
③王译本,第63页。
④参见§3.2.4.2。
⑤所以约翰逊和Wilkes也以攻击苏格兰“莫须有”的贫穷状况为乐,嘲笑鲍斯威尔这个辩护律师的年收入2000英镑在苏格兰花不掉而只好拿到伦敦来花。鲍斯威尔等则认为他们的话“不值得辩驳”(Life 4:117).约翰逊和鲍斯威尔谈话中指苏格兰时还是说“你们的国家”、“我们的同胞”。Piozzi夫人在日记中说,“众所周知,我们都爱骂苏格兰人,也爱给他们回骂”(转引自Lynch 5901.
⑥Life 5:20.
⑦他说,“人要是厌倦了伦敦,必是厌倦了人生；人生的赋予,伦敦应有尽有”(Life 3:202).
①JFLL 160 n6.
②Works 6:79.
③参见§3.2.4.1。
④参见§3.2.9。
①转引自Read, "History" 88。
②但丁著,朱维基译,《神曲：地狱篇》,上海：上海译文出版社,1984年版,第3页。
③典出《圣经·旧约全书·诗篇》90：10：“我们一生的年日是七十岁。”但丁生于1265年,有学者依此推测,《神曲》描述的想象的日期当是1300年
④英文见DeMaria 117 n14:Three decades and twice three years did the heavenly augurs fix as the measure of my life. I am content therewith. Greek Anthology 7:157.引文中的数字与约翰逊的年龄不符,此处引自《圣经·诗篇》的例证可证,他在此思索的是身后的事情：measure n.s.12. [Q1-1] Lord, make me to know mine end, and the measure of my days what it is, that I may know how frial I am. Psal.
⑤ Hitchings 158.
⑥ Life 1:94 n3.
⑦ Preface, par.94.
①Anecdotes 211.
②Life 1:506.
③Hitchings 17.
④根据DeMaria提供的英语(JDLL 26)。)可以转译为“我为Ithaca欢呼!艰苦磨难终究去,所幸今日返乡来!”
⑤拉丁语,“祝福光荣的母亲”(JDLL 26)。这句在JohnsonAbs中略去了。
① Hitchings 43; Lynch, Samuel Johnson's Dictionary 587.
②川北稔,第95-101页。
③葛桂录,《雾外的远音：英国作家与中国文化》,银川：宁夏人民出版社,2002年版,第162-164页。
①Life 1:120 n2.
②Lynch, Samuel Johnson's Dictionary 597
③DeMaria,"Politics"64.
④见§3.3.1和上文。
④ Dmaria,"Politics"69.
①见§3.2.4.2。
②语出Basil Stafford Jr., "Spin Doctor Johnson."文中所据为Richard Cumberland的回忆。其中说Goldsmith的剧作《委曲求全》初上舞台时,约翰逊在剧场安排他指挥专人在演出过程中引人发笑,以此造成轰动效应。见Napier 216-218。Hill等表示Cumberland的回忆不足为信。见JM2：73。
③兰多,第450页。
④ Green 23。
⑤ JDLL 109.
⑥ Green 278参见§3.2.4之canoe no
① Landau的例子,转引自Green 378.Landau曾调查Thorndike-Barnhart Beginning Dictionnary系列不同版本中的例证,考察其中的文化偏见(参见兰多,第452-454页)。
①Atkins and Rundell 2.
②李荫华,“不朽的‘苦力’——塞缪尔·约翰逊传略”,《辞书研究》,1981年04期,第243页。
①参见Hitchings 5-6; 247-249
② Preface, par.92.
①Ben Jonson语。见Shnkespeares First Folio.
②Works 10:168.
① Sledd and Kolb. "Johnson's Definitions" 882.
Abrams, M. H., et al, eds. The Norton Anthology of English Literature:The Major Authors.5th ed. New York:W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.,1987. (pp.1164-1291)
Academic Source Premier (in EBSCO host) [EBSCO学术期刊文摘及全文数据库]2010 EBSCO Industries, Inc..
Adelung, John Christopher. "On the Relative Merits and Demerits of Johnson's English Dictionary. " Elements of the Critical Philosophy [···] To Which are Added Three Philological Essays [···]. Tr. A. F. M. Willich. London:Printed for T. N. Longman,1798.
Aeschliman, M. D. "The Good Man Speaking Well. " National Review 37.1 (1985):49-52.
Ainsworth, Robert. Thesaurus Linguae Latinae Compendiarius:Or, A Compendious Dictionary of the Latin Tongue, Designed for the Use of the British Nations: In Three Parts. [···] London:Printed for J. J. and P. Knapton, [···].1736.
Aitchison, Jean. Words in the Mind:An Indroduction to the Mental Lexicon.1987; rpt. Oxford:Basil Blackwell, Ltd.,1990.
Al-Kasimi, AliM. Linguistics and Bilingual Dictionaries. Leiden:E. J. Brill,1983.
Anonymous. A Letter to James Boswell, Esq. With Some Remarks on Johnson's Dictionary and on Language, &c. London:Printed for J. Kirby [...],1792.
Ash, John. The New and Complete Dictionary of the English Language [...].2 vols. London:Printed for Edward and Charles Dilly [...],1775.
Atkins, B. T., and Michael Rundell. The Oxford Guide to Practical Lexicography. Oxford:Oxford University Press,2008.
Augarde, Tony, ed. The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations.7 Mar.2007
Bailey, John. Dr. Johnson and His Circle. London:Williams and Norgate.1913?.
Bailey, Nathan, and Joseph Nicol Scott. A New Universal Etymological English Dictionary [...]. London:Printed for T. Osborne and J. Shipton [...],1755.(略作Scott-Bailey)
Bailey, Nathan, et al. Dictionarium Britannicum:Or A More Compleat Universal Etymological English Dictionary Than Any Extant [...]. London:Printed for T. Cox [...],1730.
Bailey, Nathan, et al. Dictionarium Britannicum:Or A More Compleat Universal Etymological English Dictionary Than Any Extant [...].2nd ed. London:Printed for T. Cox [...],1736.
Bailey, Nathan. An Universal Etymological English Dictionary [...].2nd ed. London: Printed for E. Bell [...],1724.
Bailey, Nathan. An Universal Etymological English Dictionary [...].3rd ed. London: Printed for J. Darby [...],1726.
Baret, John. An Alvearie:Quadruple Dictionarie [...]. N. p.,1580.
Barnbrook, Geoff. "Johnson the Prescriptivist? The Case for the Prosecution. " Lynch and McDermott 92-112.
Barnbrook, Geoff. "Usage Notes in Johnson's Dictionary." IJL 18.2 (2005):189-201.
Bartlett, John. Familiar Quotations.12th ed. Eds. C. Morley and L. D. Everett. Boston:Little, Brown and Company,1950.
Bate, Walter Jackson, Samuel Johnson. Washington, D. C.:Counterpoint,1975.
Bate, Walter Jackson. The achievement of Samuel Johnson. New York:Oxford University Press,1955.
Baugh, Albert C., and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language.5th ed. London:Routledge,2002.
Baynes, Thomas Spencer. Shakespeare Studies and Essay on English Dictionaries. London:Longmans, Green, and Co.,1894.
Bejoint, Henri. Modern Lexicography:An Introduction^现代词典学入门]Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2002.
Benson, Morton, Evelyn Benson, and Robert Ilson. The BBI Combinatory Dictionary of English. Amsterdam & Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Company,1986.
Benson, Phil. Ethnocentrism and the English Dictionary. Routledge Studies in the History of Linguistics. London and New York:Rougledge,2001.
The Bible, Old and New Testaments, King James Version.18 Oct.2009 .
Bierce, Ambrose. The Project GutenbergEtext of The Devil's Dictionary.6 Jan.2006. 7 Jan.2007.
Bierce, Ambrose. The Unabridged Devil's Dictionary. Eds. David E. Shultz and S. T. Joshi. Athens & London:The University of Georgia Press,2000.
Bloom, Harold. The Western Canon:The Books and School of the Ages. New York:Harcourt Brace & Company,1994.
Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. London:George Allen & Unwin, Ltd.,1973.
Blount, Thomas. A World of Errors Discovered in the New World of Words, Or, General English Dictionary [...]. Savoy:Printed by T. N. [...],1673.
Blount, Thomas. Glossographia:Or A Dictionary, Interpreting all such Hard Words [...]. London:Printed by Tho. Newcomb [...],1656.
Boswell, James. A Shorter Boswell. Ed. with Intro. John Bailey. The "Teaching of English" Series. London:Thomas Nelson & Sons, Ltd.,1932.
Boswell, James. Boswell's Life of Johnson and Tour to the Hebrides. Ed. Henry Morley. 5 vols. London:George Routledge and Sons, Limited [...],1891.(略作Morley-Boswell)
Boswell, James. Boswell's Life of Johnson. Ed. Charles Grosvenor Osgood. Modern Student's Library. New York:Charles Scribner's Sons.,1917.
Boswell, James. Boswell's Life of Johnson. Ed. George Birkbeck Hill.6 vols. New York and London:Harper & Brothers Publishers [...],1887(略作Life)
Boswell, James. Boswell's Life of Samuel Johnson. Ed. Edmund Fuller. A Laurel Classic. New York:Dell Publishing Co., Inc.,1960(略作Fuller-Boswell)
Boswell, James. Selections from James Boswell's Life of Samuel Johnson. Ed. R. W. Chapman. Oxford:The Clarendon Press,1919.
Boswell, James. The Pro ject Gutenberg Etext of Life of Johnson. Ed. Charles Grosvenor Osgood. Dec.1998.3 May 2007.
Boulton, James T. Samuel Johnson:the Critical Heritage. London:Routledge,1971.
Bronstein, Arthur J. "The History of Pronunciation in English-Language Dictionaries." Hartmann 2:65-75.
Brown, Keith et al, eds. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics.2nd ed.14 vols. London:Elsevier,2006.
Browne, Thomas. Pseudodoxia Epidemica:Or, Enauiries Into Very Many Received Tenents And Commonly Presumed Truths.6th ed. London:Printed by J. R. for Nath. Ekins, 1672.
Bullokar, John. An English Expositor [...]. London:Printed by Iohn Legatt,1616.
Bullokar, John. The English Expositor Imrpove'd [···].12th ed. Rev. R. Browne. London:Printed for W. Churchill [···],1719.
Burchfield, R. W. "The Oxford English Dictionary. " IIson 17-27.
Burchfield, R. W. "The Story of the English Language. " Dear 3-17.
Burchfield, R. W., ed. A Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary.4 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press,1972-1986(略作SOED)
Burchfield, R. W. Review of "The Evolution of English Lexicography, by James A. H. Murray, The Romanes Lecture,1900.* IJL 6.2 (Summer 1993):89-99.
Burney, Fanny. Dr. Johnson and Fanny Burney. Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library. Feb.1995.27 Mar.2007. Callander, James Thomson. A Critical Review of the works of Dr Samuel Johnson [···]. 2nd ed. London:Printed for the Author [...],1783.
Callander, James Thomson. Deformities of Dr. Samuel Johnson:Selected from His Works. Edinburgh:Printed for the Author [...],1782.
Cameron, Deborah. Verbal Hygiene. The Politics of Language Series. London:Rout ledge, 2005.
Campbell, Archibald. Lexiphanes, A Dialogue. Imitated from Lucian, and Suited to the Present Times [···].3rd ed. London:Printed for R. Faulder & J. Fielding, 1783.
Carey, John. Review of "Dr Johnson's Dictionary, by Henry Hitchings." The Sunday Times.27 March 2005.13 Oct.2005
Carlyle, Thomas. On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History. The World's Classics, LXII. London:Oxford University Press,1904.
Carroll, Lewis. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass. Ed. Hugh Haughton. London:Penguin Books,1998.
Cassidy, Frederic G. "The Rise and Development of Modern Labels in English Dictionaries." Hartmann 3:255-269.
Cawdrey, Robert. A Table Alphabeticall [···]. London:Printed by I. R. for Edmund Weauer [···],1604.
Cawdrey, Robert. A Table Alphabeticall [...]. Rev. Thomas Cawdrey. London:Printed by T. S. for Edmund Weauer [...],1609.
Chambers, Ephraim. Cyclopaedia:or, An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. 4th ed.2 vols. London,1741.
Chapman, R. W. Johnson:Selections and Criticism. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1922.
Chapman, R. W. Johnsonian and Other Essays and Reviews. Oxford:Oxford University Press,1953. (Wang 13)
Chapman, Robert L. Review of "The Story of Webster's Third:Philip Gove's Controversial Dictionary and Its Critics, by Herbet Morton. " IJL 9.4 (December 1996):367-371.
Chaundy, Bob. "The Book That Influenced All Others." BBC News Magazine.15 Sept. 2009.31 Oct.2009.
Clark, Jonathan, and Howard Erskine-Hill, eds. Samuel Johnson in Historical Context. New York:Palgrave Publishers Ltd.,2002.
Clifford, James L., and Donald J. Greene, eds. Samuel Johnson:A Survey and Bibliography of Critical Studies. Minneapolis, MN:University of Minnesota Press,1970.
Clingham, Greg, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Samuel Johnson[剑桥文学指南-塞缪尔·约翰逊]1997. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2000.
Cockeram, Henry. The English Dictionarie:or, An Interpreter of Hard English Words [...]. London:Printed for Edmund Weauer [...],1623.
Coles, Elisha. An English Dictionary, Explaining The Difficult Terms [...]. London: Printed for R. and J. Bonwicke [...],1724.
Collison, Robert L. A History of Foreign-Language Dictionaries. London:Andre Deutsch Limited,1982.
Collison, Robert T. "The Contribution of Historical and Comparative Linguistics. " Hartmann 2:52-64.
Compendio del Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca.5 vols. Firenze:Appresso Domenico Maria Manni,1739.
Considine, John. Dictionaries in Early Modern Europe:Lexicography and the Making of Heritage. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2008.
Cooper, Lane. "Dr. Johnson on Oats and Other Grains. " PMLA 52.3 (Sep.,1937): 785-802.
Coote, Edmund. The English Schoole-maister. London:Printed by the Widow Orwin [...], 1596.
Courtney, William Prideaux. A Bibliography of Samuel Johnson. Rev. David Nichol Smith. Oxford Historical and Literary Studies, vol 4. Oxford:The Clarendon Press,1915.
Cowie, A. P., ed. The Oxford History of English Lexicography.2 vols. Oxford:Oxford University Press,2009.
Crowley, Tony. Standard English and the Politics of Language.2nd ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan,2003.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. London: Cambridge University Press,1995.
Crystal, David. Words, Words, Words. Oxford:Oxford University Press,2006.
Daintith, John et al, eds. Bloomsbury Dictionary of Quotations. London:Bloomsbury Publishing Limited,1987.
Davies, Peter, et al. Reader's Digest Success with Words:A Guide to Modern English Usage. Pleasantville, NY:The Reader's Digest Association, Inc.,1983.
De Selincourt, Aubrey. Six Great Englishmen:Drake, Dr. Johnson, Nelson, Malborough, Keats, Churchill. London:H. Hamilton,1953; rpt. Folcroft, PA:Folcroft Library Editions,1973.
Dear, J. C. B., ed. Oxford English:A Guide to the Language. Oxford:Oxford University Press,1986.
DeMaria, Robert, Jr. "The Politics of Johnson's Dictionary. " PMLA 104.1 (Jan.,1989): 64—74.
DeMaria, Robert, Jr.,,The Theory of Language in Johnson's Dictionary."Korshin 159一174.
DeMaria,Robert,Jr."Johnson's Dictionary."The Life of Samuel Johnson:A Critical Biography. Oxford:Blackwell,1993,110-128.
DeMaria.Robert.Jr,Johnson's Dictionary and the Language of Learning.Oxford: Clarendon Press.1986(略作JDLL)
Derbyshire.John."The Emperor of Common Sense."National Review 60.21(2008): 60-61.
Dolby,Thomas(ed)..Dictionary of Shakespearian Quotations[…].Philadelphia: Claxton,Remsen＆Haffelfinger[...],1877.
Drabble,Margaret,ed.The Oxford Companion to Engljsh Literature.6th ed.Oxford: Oxford University Press,2000.
Dyche,Thomas,and william Pardon.A New General English Dictionary[…].3rd ed. London:Printed for Richard Ware[…],1735.
Dyche,Thomas,and William Pardon.A New General English Dictionary[…].London: Printed for Richard Ware[…],1740.
Dyche,Thomas.A Guide to the English Tongue (In Two Parts).2nd ed.London:Printed for Sam.Butler[…],1710.
Dyche.Thomas.A Guide to the Engljsh Tongue.2nd ed.London:Printed for Sam.Butler [...],1710.
Early English Books Online [EEBO].2003-2010 ProQuest LLC .
Editors of The Encyclopaedia Britannica. Britannica Concjse Encyclopaedia. Encyclopaedia Britannica,Inc.,2006.
Eighteenth Century Col lections Online [ECCO].2009 Gale .
Elyot.Sir Thomas.The Dictionary of syr Thomas Eliot Knyght. LONDINI:In aedibus Thomae Bertheleti typis impress[...,1538].
Encyclopaedia Britannica.11th ed.29 vols.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1910-1911.
Engell,James. Johnson and His Age.Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1984.
"The Famous Dictionary of the Eighteenth Century." Bulletin of the Business Historcal Society 4.5(Oct.,1930):16-18.
Flexner,Stuart Berg.The Random House Dictionary of the English Language.2nd ed. New York:Random House.1987.(略作 RHD2)
Florio,John.A Worlde of Wordes[...].London:Printed by Arnold Hatfield for Edw. Blount,1598.
Florio,John. Qveer Anna's New World of Words[...]. London:Printed by Melch. Bradwood for Edw.Blount and William Barret.1611.
Fowler,H.W.A Dictionary of Modern English Usage. 2nd ed.Ed.Sir Ernest Gowers. New York:Oxford University Ptess,1965.
Galfridus,Anglicus.Promptorium Parvulorum, sjve Clericorum.London:Printed by Richard Pynson for Frederic Egmondt and Petrus Post pascha,1499.
Gill. Alec. "Shakespeare." 25 Dec.2009 .
Gilmore, Thomas B., Jr. "Johnson's Attitudes toward French Influence on the English Language. " Modern Philology 78.3 (Feb.,1981):243-260.
Girard, Denis et al, eds. Cassell's French-English English-French Dictionary. London:Cassell Ltd.,1978.
Gleason, H. A., Jr. "The Relation of Lexicon and Grammar. " Householder and Saporta 85-102.
The Global Language Monitor Home Page.4 Jan.2010.5 Jan.2010 .
Gopnik, Adam. "Man of Fetters." The New Yorker.8 Dec.2008.14 Sept.2009 .
Gove, Philip Babcock. Webster's Third New International Dictionary. Springfield, MA:G. & C. Merriam Company,1961(略作WebsterS)
Green, Johathon. Chasing the Sun:Dictionary-Makers and the Dictionaries They Made. London:Jonathan Cape,1996.
Green, Johathon.'Language:Dictionary Wars.'Critical Quarterly 41.1 (?):127-131.
Greenbaum, Sidney, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik, eds. Studies in English Linguistics for Randolph Quirk. London and New York:Longman Group Ltd.,1983.
Greene, Donald Johnson. Samuel Johnson:A collection of critical essays. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall, Inc.,1965.
Grundy, Isobel. Samuel Johnson:New Critical Essays. London:Vision Press Limited. 1984.
Haas, Mary R. "What Belongs in the Bilingual Dictionary?" Householder and Saporta 45-50.
Hagstrum, Jean H. "Samuel Johnson among the Deconstructionists. " Re-viewing Samuel Johnson. Ed. Nalini Jain. Bombay:Popular Prakashan Private Ltd.,1991.
Hanks, Patrick. "Definitions and Explanations." Sinclair 116-136.
Hanks, Patrick. "English Lexicography." Brown et al.
Hanks, Patrick. "Johnson and Modern Lexicography. " IJL 18.2 (2005):243-266.
Harris, John. Lexicon Technicum:Or, An Universal English Dictionary of the Arts and Sciences [...].3rd ed. London:Printed for Dan. Browne [...],1716.
Hart, Francis R. "Johnson as Philosophic Traveler:The Perfecting of an Idea. " ELH 36.4 (Dec,1969):679-695.
Hartmann, R. R. K. Teaching and Researching Lexicography[词典学教学与研究].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2005.
Hartmann, R. R. K., and Gregory James. Dictionary of Lexicography[词典学词典].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000.(略作 DOL))
Hartmann, R. R. K., ed. Lexicography:Critical Concepts.3 vols. London and New York: Routledge,2003.
Hawkins, Sir John. The Life of Samuel Johnson, LL. D. London:Printed for J. Backland, J. Rivngton and Sons [...],1787.
Hayashi, Tetsuro. "Conclusion [of The Theory of English Lexicography,1530-1791]." Hartmann 2:29-38.
Hedrick, Elizabeth. "Locke's Theory of Language and Johnson's Dictionary." Eighteenth-Century Studies 20.4 (Summer,1987):422-444.
Hill, George Birkbeck, ed. Johnsonian Miscellanies.2 vols. Oxford,1897; rpt. New York:Barnes & Noble,1966.(略作 JM)
Hill, George Birkbeck. Wit and Wisdom of Samuel Johnson. Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1888.
Hilles, Frederick W., ed. New Light on Dr. Johnson:Essays on the Occasion of His 250th Birthday. New Haven:Yale University Press,1959.
Hitchings, Henry. Defining the World:The Extraordinary Story of Dr Johnson's Dictionary. New York:Picador (Farrar, Straus and Giroux),2005.
The Holy Bible, New International Version. Colorado Springs, CO:International Bible Society,1984.
The Holy Bible:Containing the Old and New Testaments, commonly konwn as the Authorized (King James) Version. National Publishing Company,1978.
Horgan, A. D. Johnson on Language:An Introduction. New York:St. Martin's Press, Inc.,1994.
Householder, Fred W., and Sol Saporta, eds. Problems in Lexicogarphy. Bloomington: Indiana University,1967.
Hudson, Nicholas. Samuel Johnson and Eighteenth-Century Thought. Oxford:Clarendon Press,1988.
Hudson, Richard A. Word Meaning. London and New York:Routledge,1995.
Hudson, Wilson M. "Whitaker's Attack on Johnson's Etymologies." The Huntington Library Quarterly 14.3 (May,1951):285-297.
Ilson, Robert, ed. Lexicography:An emerging international profession. Manchester: Manchester University Press,1986.
International Journal of Lexicography. Oxford University .
Internet Archive.
Jansen, F. J. Billeskov, and P. M. Mitchell, eds. Anthology of Danish Literature: Middle Ages to Romanticism. Bilingual ed. Carbondale, IL:Southern Illinois University Press,1972.
Johnson, Samuel. A Dictionary of the English Language [...].4th ed.2 vols. London: Printed for J. Mifflin [...],1777(略作JohnosnE4)
Johnson, Samuel. A Dictionary of the English Language [...]. Abstracted.2 vols. London:Printed for J. Knapton; C. Hitch and L. Hawes; A. Miller; R. and J. Dodsley; and M. and T. Longman,1756(略作JohnsonAbs)
Johnson, Samuel. A Dictionary of the English Language,1755. CD-ROM. Oakland, CA: Octavo Digital Rare Books,2005(略作Johnson 1755)
Johnson, Samuel. Johnson's Dictionary [...]. Ed. James Henry Murray. London and New York:George Routledge and Sons,1874.
Johnson, Samuel. Johnson's Dictionary:A modern selection. Eds. E. L. McAdam, Jr. and George Milne. London:Victor Gollancz, Ltd.,1963.
Johnson, Samuel. Letters of Samuel Johnson. Ed. George Birkbeck Hill.2 vols. New York:Harper& Brothers,1892.
Johnson, Samuel. "Preface." Kolb and DeMaria, Jr., eds.73-113.
Johnson, Samuel. Select Essays of Dr. Johnson. Ed. George Birkbeck Hill.2 vols. London:Dent and Co.,1889.
Johnson, Samuel. The Plan of a Dictionary of the English Language. London:Printed for J. and P. Knapton [...],1747.(略作Plan)
Johnson, Samuel. "The Plan of a Dictionary of the English Language. " Hartmann [2003] 1:29-44.
Johnson, Samuel. The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL. D. Ed. Arthur Murphy.12 vols. London:Printed for F. C. and J. Rivington [...],1823(略作Works)
Johnson, Samuel, John Walker, and R. S. Jameson. A Dictionary of the English Language [...]. With the Pronunciation Greatly Simplified, and on an Entirely New Plan: And with the Addition of Several Thousand Words.2nd ed. London:William Pickering [...],1828.
Johnston, Shirley White. "The Unfurious Critic:Samuel Johnson's Attitude toward His Contemporaries. " Modern Philology 77.1 (Aug.,1979):18-25.
JSTOR[西文过刊全文数据库]2000-2009 Ithaka.
Karaman, Burcu I. "On Contronymy. " IJL 21.2 (May 2008):173-188.
Katre, Sumitra Mangesh. Lexicography. Annamalainagar:Annamalai University,1965.
Kelly-Bootle, Stan. The Computer Contradictionary.2nd ed. Cambridge, Mass.:MIT Press, c1995.
Kenrick, William. A New Dictionary of the English Language [...]. London:Printed for John and Francis Rivington [...],1773.
Kersey, John. A New English Dictionary [:Or, A Compleat Collection Of the Most Proper and Significant Words, and Terms of Art, commonly used in the Language...]. The Fourth Edition, carefully Revised[. [...]. London:Printed for J. and J. Bonwicke [...],1739.
Kersey, John. A New English Dictionary [; Or, A Compleat Collection Of the Most Proper and Significant Words, and Terms of Art commonly used in the Language...]. The Second Edition carefully Revised [...]. London:Printed for Robert Knaplock [...],1713.
Kersey, John. Dictionarium Anglo-Britannicum:Or, A General English Dictionary [...]. London:Printed by J. Wilde [...],1708.
Kersey, John. Dictionarium Anglo-Britannicum:Or, A General English Dictionary [...]. The Secodn Edition Corrected. London:Printed by J. Wilde [...],1715.
Kersey, John. The New World of Words:Or, Universal English Dictionary... Compiled by Edward Phillips, Gent. The Sixth Edition, Revised, Corrected, and Improved...]. London:Printed for J. Phillips [...],1706.
Kirkpatrick, E. M., ed. Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary. New ed.1983. London: W &, R Chambers, Ltd.,1983.
Kirsch, Adam. "Samuel Johnson's Peculiar Dictionary." 13 Oct.2005 .
Knowles, Gerry. A Cultural History of the English Language. London:Arnold,1999.
Kolb, Gwin J., and Robert DeMaria, Jr., eds. Johnson on the English Language. New Haven and London:Yale University Press,2005(略作JOTEL)
Kolb, Gwin J., and Ruth A. Kolb. "The Selection and Use of the Illustrative Quotations in Dr. Johnson's Dictionary. " Weinbrot 61-72.
Korshin, Paul J. "Johnson and the Renaissance Dictionary." Journal of the History of Ideas 35.2 (Apr.-Jun.,1974):300-312.
Korshin, Paul J., ed. Johnson After Two Hundred Years. Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press,1986.
Lagasse, Paul et al, eds. Columbia Encyclopedia.6th ed. New York:Columbia University Press,2007.
Landau, Sidney I. "Johnson's Influence on Webster and Worcester in Early American Lexicography." IJL 18.2 (2005):217-229.
Lawless, Jill. "Samuel Johnson's dictionary still a page-turner 250 years on." Pravda.21 Apr.2005.
Lexicons of Early Modern English [LEME].2010 University of Toronto Press .
Lipking, Lawrence. Samuel Johnson:The Life of an Author. Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1998.
Locke, John. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Ed. Alexander Campbell Fraser. Vol.2. Oxford:The Clarendon Press,1894.2 vols.
Long, Percy W. "English Dictionaries Before Webster." Bibliographical Society of America Papers,4 (1909):25-43.
Lowe, E. Jonathan. Routledge Philosophy GuideBook to Locke on Human Understanding. London and New York:Routledge,2002.
Lynch, Jack, and Anne McDermott, eds. Anniversary Essays on Johnson's Dictonary. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2005.
Lynch, Jack, ed. A Bibliography of Johnsonian Studies 1986-1998. New York:AMS Press, 2000.
Lynch, Jack. "The Ground-Work of Style:Use, Elegance, and National Identity in Johnson's Dictionary. " Jack Lynch's Home Page.29 September 1996.7 June 2007.
Lynch, Jack. Jack Lynch's Home Page..
Lynch, Jack. Samuel Johnson's Dictionary:Selec tions from the 1755 Work Tha t Defined the English Language. Delray Beach, FL:Levenger Press,2002.
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, and Thomas Carlyle. Macaulay's and Carlyle's Essays on Samuel Johnson. Ed. William Strunk, Jr.2nd ed. New York:Henry Holt and Company, 1896.
Macaulay, Thomas Bab ington. Macaulay's Li fe of Samuel Johnson. Ed. William Schuyler. New York:The Macmillan Company,1908.
Macdonald, A. M., ed. Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary. London:W & R Chambers, Ltd.,1972.
Mack, Ruth. "The Historicity of Johnson's Lexicographer." Representations 76 (Autumn,2001):61-87.
Marckwardt, Albert H. Introduction to the English Language. New York:Oxford University,1957.
Martin, Benjamin. Lingua Britannica Reformata:Or, A New English Dictionary [...]. London:Printed for J. Hodges [...],1749.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press,1992.
McCracken, David. "The Drudgery of Defining:Johnson's Debt to Bailey's Dictionarium Britannicum. " Modern Philology 66.4 (May,1969):338-341.
McCrum, Robert, William Cran, and Robert MacNeil. The Story of English. London:BBC Books,1988.
McCue, George S. "Sam. Johnson's Word-Hoard. " Modern Language Notes 63.1 (Jan. 1948):43-45.
McDermott, Anne. "Johnson's Dictionary and the Canon:Authors and Authority. " The Yearbook of English Studies 28 (1998):44-65.
McDermott, Anne, and Rosamund Moon. "Introduction:Johnson in Context." IJL 18.2 (2005):153-155.
McLaverty, James."From Definition to Explanation:Locke's Influence on Johnson's Dictionary."Jouma of the History of Ideas 47.3(Jul.Sep.,1986):377-394.
Micklethwait,David. Noah Webster and the American Dictionary.Jefferson, NC: McFarland＆Company,Inc.,Publishers,2000.
Milton,John.Milton: Poems and Selected Prose. Ed.Marjorie HoDe Nicholson.New York:Bantam Books.1962.
Mish, Frederick C.Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary. Springfield,MA: Merriam-Webster Inc.,1984.
Miyeshi,Kusujiro.Johnson's and Webster's Verbal Examples:With Special Reference to Exemp lifying Usage in Dictionary Entries Lexicograhica Series. Tubingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag,2007.
Mugglestone,Lynda,ed.Lexicography and the OED: Pioneers in the Untrodden Forest. Oxford:Oxford University Press,2000.
Mulcaster, Richard. The Fist Part of the Elementarie[…]. London:Printed by Thomas Vautroull ier[…],1582.
Murphy,Arthur.An Essay on the Life and Genius of Samuel Johnson, LL.D.1793.New. York:Garland Publishing,Inc.,1970.
Murray,James A.H."The Evolution of English Lexicography."IJL 6.2(Summer 1993): 101-122.
Murray,James A.H.The Evolution of English Lexicography.Oxford:At the Clarendon Press.1900.
Murray, James A. H.The Projecf Gutenberg EBook of The evolution of Englist lexicography.24 Mar.2004.18.Tan.2010
Murray, James A. H., Henry Bradley, William A. Craigie, and C. T. Onions, eds. A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles. 10 vols and Supplement. Oxford: Clarendon Press,1888-1928,1933.(略作NED)
Napier,Robina,ed.Johnsoniana: Anecdotes of the Late Samuel Johnson, LL.D.,by Mrs.Piozzi,Richard Cumberland.Bishop Percy and others,Togethor with the Diary of Dr.Campbeii.and Extractsfrom That of Madame D' arbiay.LOndon:George Bell and Sons[…],1892.
Nath.Prem.Fresh reflections on Samuel Johnson:essays in criticism. New York:The Whitston Publshng Company,1987.
Neufeldt. Victoria..Webster's New World Dictionary of American English, Third College Edition.New York:Simon＆Schuster,Inc.,1988.
Newman, Lex, ed. The Cambridge companion to Locke's "Essay Concerning Human Understanding."Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2007.
Osselton,N.E."Dr Johnson and the English phrasal verb."Ilson 7-16.
Osselton,Noel.Review of"The Oxford English Dictionary,Second Edition,prepared by J.A.Simpson and E.S.C.Weiner."IJL 6.2(Summer 1993):124-131.
Ott,Walter R.Locke's Philosophy of Language.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2004.
The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations.London:Oxford University Press,1944.
Oxford English Dictonary Second Edition on CD-ROM(v.4.0).Oxford:Oxford University Press,2009(略作OED2CD
Page, Norman, ed. Dr. Johnson:Interviews and Recollections. London:The MacmilLan Press, Ltd.,1987.
Pearce, Christopher Patrick. "Introduction. " "Terms of corruption:Samuel Johnson's 'Dictionary'in its contexts." Ph. D. diss. The University of Texas at Austin, 2004.1-24.
Phillips, Edward. The New World of English Words:Or, a General Dictionary [...]. London:Printed by E. Tyler, for Nath. Brooke [...],1658.
The Philological Society. Proposal for the Publication of A New English Dictionary. London:Trubner and Co.,60 Paternoster Row,1859.
Piozzi, Hester Lynch. Anecdotes of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. [...]. ANew Edition. London: Printed for T. and J. Allman [...],1826(略作Anecdotes)
Piozzi, Hester Lynch. Letters to and from the Late Samuel Johnson, LL.D.2 vols. Dublin:Printed for Messrs. R. Moncrieffe, L. White [...],1788.
Piozzi, Hester Lynch. The Project Gutenberg Etext of Anecdotes of Johnson. Dec.2000. 5 May 2007.
Pitou, Spire, "Richelet, Forerunner of Samuel Johnson, and de Lormes." Modern Language Notes 64.7 (Nov.1949):474-476.
Prawer, S. S. Karl Marx and World Literature. Oxford, New York, and Melbourne:Oxford University Press,1978.
Quennell, Peter. Samuel Johnson:his friends and enemies. New York:American Heritage Press,1972.
Raleigh, Walter Alexander. Six essays on Johnson. New York:Russell & Russell,1910; rpt.1965.
Read, Allen Walker. "An Obscenity Symbol. " American Speech 9.4 (Dec,1934) 264-278.
Read, Allen Walker. "The History of Dr. Johnson's Definition of'Oats'." Agricultural History 8.3 (Jul.,1934):81-94.
Read, Allen Walker. "The History of Lexicography. " Ilson 28-50.
Read, Allen Walker. "The Sources of Ghost Words in English. " WORD"?(1978):95-104.
Reddick, Allen. Samuel Johnson's Unpublished Revisions to his Dictionary of the English Language. New York:Cambridge University Press,2005.
Reddick, Allen. The Making of Johnson's Dictionary,1746-1773. Rev. ed. New York: Cambridge University Press,1996.
Reed, Joseph W., Jr. "Noah Webster's Debt to Samuel Johnson. " American Speech 37.2 (May,1962):95-105.
Richardson, Charles. A New Dictionary of the English Language.2 vols. London: William Pickering [...],1838.
Richardson, Charles. A New Dictionary of the English Language. London:William Pickering,1839.
Richardson, Charles. Illustrations of English Philology. London:Republished by J. Mawman [...],1826.
Roberts, S. C. An Eighteenth-Century Gentleman and Other Essays. London:Cambridge University Press,1933.
Roberts, S. C. Doctor Johnson, and Others. New York:Octagon Books,1958.
Roberts, S. C. Writers and their Work:Samuel Johnson. London:Longman Group Ltd., 1977.
Rogers, Pat. "Dr Johnson and the English Language." Dear 535-543.
Rogers, Pat. Johnson. Oxford:Oxford University Press,1993.
Ronald A. Wells, ed. Dictionaries and the Authoritarian Tradition:A Study in English Usage and Lexicography. The Hague & Paris:Mouton,1973.
Ryken, Leland. Words of Delight:A Literary Introduction to the Bible. Grand Rapids, MI:Baker Book House,1987.
Sager, Juan C., ed. Essays on Definition. Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Company,2000.
Schmidt, Alexander. Shakespeare Lexicon and Quotation Dictionary.3rd ed.2 vols. Rev. Gregor Sarrazin. New York:Dover Publications, Inc.,1971.
Scott, James, et al. A New General Dictionary of Arts and Sciences:Or Compleat System of Universal Knowledge [...].3 vols. London:Printed for J. Cooke [...],1767.
Seccombe, Thomas. The Age of Johnson (1748-1798). London:George Bell and Sons,1909. (E-text from China-US Million Book Digital Library Project, Carnegie Institute of Technology Library.)
Segar, Mary. "Dictionary Making in the Early Eighteenth Century. " The Review of English Studies 7.26 (Apr.,1931):210-213.
Shakespeare, William. The Complete Works of William Shakespeare. Illustrated. New York:Avenel Books,1975.
Shakespeare, William. The Complete Works of William Shakespeare.8 vols. Ed. Alexander Pope and William Warburton. Dublin:Printed for R. Owen [&c.],1747.
Shakespeare, William. The Project Gutenberg Etext of Shakespeare's First Folio. Jul. 2000 [Etext #2270].1 Nov.2009.
Shakespeare, William. The Project Gutenberg Etext of The Complete Works of William Shakespeare. Jan.1994 [Etext #100].1 Aug.2009 .
Sheidlower, J., and Patrick Hanks. "American Lexicography." Brown et al.
Sherbo, Arthur. "Dr. Johnson's Dictionary and Warburton's Shakespeare." Philological Quarterly 33 (1954):94-96.
Sheridan, Thomas. A General Dictionary of the English Language.2 vols. London: Printed for J. Dodsley [...],1780.
Siebert, Donald T. "Bubbled, Bamboozled, and Bit:'Low Bad'Words in Johnson's Dictionary. " Studies in English Literature,1500-1900 26.3 (Summer,1986): 485-496.
Silva, Penny. "Johnson and the OED. " IJL 18.2 (2005):231-242.
Sinclair, John McH, ed. Looking Up:An Account of the COBUILD Project in Lexical Computing. London and Glasgow:William Collins Sons & Co Ltd,1987.
Skeat, Walter W. An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language.4th ed. Oxford: The Clarendon Press,1910.
Skinner, Stephen [Stephano]. Etymologicon Linguae Anglicanae [...]. London:T. Roycroft [...],1671.
Sledd, James H., and Gwin J. Kolb. Dr. Johnson's Dictionary:Essays in the Biography of a Book. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1955.(略作 DJD)
Sledd, James H., and Gwin J. Kolb. "Johnson's Definitions of Whig and Tory. " PMLA 67.5 (Sep.,1952):882-885.
Sledd, James H., and Wilma R. Ebbitt, eds. Dictionaries and That Dictionary. Glenview, IL:Scott, Foresman and Company,1962.
Smallwood, Philip. Johnson's Critical Presence:Image, History, Judgment. Burlington, VT:Ashgate Publishing Company,2004.
Smith, James W. A Sketch of the History of the Dictionary of English Usage. The Dictionary Society of North America,1979,47-58.
Soukhanov, Anne H., et al, eds. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language.3rd ed. Boston, MA:Houghton Mifflin Co.,1992(略作 AHD3)
Spittal, John Ker, ed. Contemporary Criticisms of Dr. Samuel Johnson [, his works, and his biographers]. London:John Murray,1923.
Stafford, Basil, Jr. "Spin Doctor Johnson." The Johnson Society of Australia Home Page.27 Nov.2005.4 Mar.2009.
Starnes, DeWitt T., and Gertrude E. Noyes. The English Dictionary from Cawdrey to Johnson,1604-1755. Amsterdam and Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Company,1991.
Stauffer, Donald A. Review of "Philosophical Words. " Modern Language Quarterly 11.3 (Sep 1950):363-365.
Steger, Stewart Archer. American Dictionaries. Baltimore:J. H. Furs t Company,1913.
Stephen, Leslie. Samuel Johnson. London and New York:Macmillan and Co.,1888.
Sterkenburg, Piet van. A Practical Guide to Lexicography. Terminology and Lexicography Research and Practice. Amsterdam and Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Company,2003.
Stewart, Stanley. "Wilson's Christian Dictionary and the'Idea'of Marvell's 'Garden.'" Weinbrot 36-57.
Stone, John. "The law, the alphabet, and Samuel Johnson." Lynch and McDermott 147-159.
Svensen, Bo. Practical Lexicography:Principles and Methods of Dictionary-Making. Trans. John Sykes and Kerstin Schofield. Oxford and New York:Oxford University Press,1993.
Swift, Jonathan. "A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue." Ed. Jack Lynch.10 Sept.2008 .
Swift, Jonathan. The Works of the Rev. Jonathan Swift. Eds. Thomas Sheridan and John Nichols. Vol.5. London:Printed for J. Johnson [...],1801.19 vols.
"The A-Z of Samuel Johnson." BBC.30 Mar.2005.31 Oct.2009 .
Thomas, Thomas. Dictionarium Linguae Latinae et Anglicanae [...]. N. p.,1587.
Timmons, Christine, and Frank Gibney. Britannica Book of English Usage. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc.,1980.
Tomaszczyk, Jerzy, and Barbara Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, eds. Meaning and Lexicography. Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Company,1990.
Tooke, John Horne. Epea Pteroenta [On Winged Words]:or, The Diversions of Purley. Rev. Richard Taylor. London:William Tegg & Co.,1857.
Tourette Syndrome Association, Inc. "Samuel Johnson (1709-1784). " The TSA Home Page. 2002.11 Oct.2009.
Trench, Richard Chenevix. On Some Deficiencies in Our English Dictionaries. London: John W. Parker and Son [...],1857./Hartmann 1:171-216.
Urdang, Laurence. Review of "Dictonary of Lexicography, by R.R. K. Hartmann and Gregory James. " IJL 13.1 (2000):35-42.
Urdang, Laurence. Review of "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition, Anne H. Soukhanov, Executive Editor [...]." IJL6.2 (Summer 1993):131-140.
Walker, John. A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English Language [...]. Dublin:Printed for P. Wogan [...],1794.
Walker, John. A Dictionary of the English Language, Answering at once the Purposes of Rhyming, Spelling, and Pronouncing [...]. London:Printed for T. Becket [...], 1775.
Walker, John. A General Idea of a Pronouncing Dictionary of the English Language, on a Plan Entirely New [...]. London:Printed for T. Becket [...],1774.
Walpole, Horace. Walpoliana. Ed. John Pinkerton. Vol 1. Dublin:Printed by B. Smith for the Proprietors,1800.2 vols.
Walzem, Allen George. "The'Vicious Moralist'and His Legacy:Samuel Johnson, Self-Improvement, and the Printed Word in Eighteenth Century Britain."[一个“不道德的道德家”及其传承：赛弥尔强森、修身、与十八世纪英国的文字印刷]Ph.D.diss. National Cheng Kung University,2008.
Ward, A. W., et al, eds. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature: An Encyclopedia in Eighteen Volumes. New York:Putnam,1907-1921. .
Watkins, Morris G., et al. The All Nations English Dictionary. Pasadena, CA:All Nations,1990.
Webster, Noah. An American Dictionary of the English Language.2 vols. New York: S. Converse,1828.
Weinbrot, Howard D. "Samuel Johnson's Plan and Preface to the Dictionary:The Growth of a Lexicographer's Mind. " Weinbrot 73-94.
Weinbrot, Howard D., ed. New Aspects of Lexicography:Literary Criticism, Intellectual History, and Social Change. Carbondale and Edwardsville, IL: Southern Illinois University Press,1972.
Weinriech, Uriel. "Lexicographical Definition in Descriptive Semantics." Householder and Saporta 25-44.
Wesley, John. The Complete English dictionary, Explaining Most of Those Hard Words, Which Are Found in the Best English Writers. London:Printed by W. Strahan [...], 1753.
Willinsky, John. Empire of Words:The Reign of the OED. Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,1994.
Wilson, Thomas, John Bagwell, and Andrew Simson. A Complete Christian Dictionary [...].8th ed. London:Printed for Thomas Williams and Mary Clark [...],1678.
Wilson, Thomas. A Christian Dictionarie [, Opening the signification of the chiefe words dispersed generally through Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testament...]. London:Printed by W. laggard,1612.
Wimsatt, William. K., Jr. "Johnson's Dictionary." Hilles 65-90.
Wimsatt, William. K., Jr. "Johnson's Treatment of Bolingbroke in the Dictionary. " The Modern Language Review 43.1 (Jan.,1948):78-80.
Wimsatt, William. K., Jr. Philosophic Words:A Study of Style and Meaning in the Rambler and Dicaionary of Samuel Johnson. Yale University Press,1948; rpt. Hamden:Archon Books,1968.
Winchester, Simon. The Professor and the Madman:A Tale of Murder, Insanity, and the Making of the Oxford English Dictionary. London:HarperCollins Publishers Ltd,2005.
Withals, John. A Shorte Dictionarie for Yong Beginners. Gathered of good authours specially of Columel, Crapald, and Plini. London:Printed by Thomas Powell, 1562.
Withals, John. A Shorte Dictionarie Most Profitable for Yong Beginners [...]. Rev. Lewys Euans. N. p,1568.
Woodman, Thomas M. A Preface to Samuel Johnson. London:Longman Group UK Limited, 1993.
Worcester, Joseph E. A Dictionary of the English Language. London:Frederick Warne & Co.,1884.
Wright, Joseph. The English Dialect Dictionary [...].6 vols. London:Published by Henry Frowde [...],1898-1905.
Young, B. W. The Victorian Eighteenth Century:An Intellectual History. Oxford: Oxford University Press,2007.
Zgusta, Ladislav. Manual of Lexicography. Praha:Academia,1971.
Zhu, Ji-song. "Solvitur Ambulando:A Critical Portrait of The Oxford English Dictionary from the Perspectives of History and Lexicography. " Ph. D. diss. Fudan University,2008. [朱绩崧,“致知在躬行：从历史与词典学视角评述《牛津英语大词典》”,上海：复旦大学博士论文,2008。]
埃科[Eco, Umberto]著,王天清译,《符号学与语言哲学》,天津：百花文艺出版社,2006。
包斯威尔[Boswell, James]著,罗珞珈、莫洛夫译,《约翰逊传》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,2004。(简称罗、莫译本)
鲍斯威尔[Boswell, James]著,蔡田明译,《约翰生传》,北京：国际文化出版公司,2005。(简称蔡译本)
鲍斯威尔[Boswell, James]著,梁实秋主编,杨锦郁译,《名人伟人传记全集之95——约翰生》,台北：名人出版社,1980年。
鲍斯威尔[Boswell,.James]著,王增澄、史美骅译,《约翰逊博士传》,上海：上海三联书店,2006。(简称王译本)
比尔斯[Bierce, Ambrose]著,莫雅平译,《魔鬼词典》,桂林：漓江出版社,1991。
布龙菲尔德[Bloomfiled, Leonard]著,袁家驿等译,《语言论》,“汉译世界学术名著丛书”,北京：商务印书馆,1997。
蔡田明,“译者序”,《约翰生传》,北京：国际文化出版公司,2005,1-21。
查普曼[Chapman, Robert L.]编,粟旺、徐存尧编审,《美国俚语大全》,北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,1989。
超星数字图书馆南京大学镜像点。.
陈德荣著,《洛克意义理论研究》,长沙：湖南教育出版社,1992。
陈德彰编译,《新英汉幽默词典》,北京,中国书籍出版社,2008。
川北稔著,郑渠译,《砂糖的世界史》,天津：百花文艺出版社,2007。
戴镏龄,“对约翰生《英语词典》的几点看法”,《外国语》,1984年06期,6-10。
但丁著,朱维基译,《神曲：地狱篇》,上海：上海译文出版社,1984。
范存忠,“鲍士韦尔的《约翰逊传》”,英国文学论集,北京：外国文学出版社,1981,47-65。
范存忠,“鲍斯威尔的《约翰逊博士传》”,约翰逊博士传,上海三联书店,2006,1-15。
范存忠,“英美词典及其有关问题”,《外国语》,1981(1),1-11。
范存忠著,《中国文化在启蒙时期的英国》,上海：上海外语教育出版社,1991。
费尔迪南·德·索绪尔[Saussure, Ferdinand de]著,高名凯译,《普通语言学教程》,“汉译世界学术名著丛书”,北京,商务印书馆,1999。
冯春波,“约翰逊与他的《英语词典》”,《辞书研究》,2007年05期,135-140。
傅俊、周燕宏、纪涛,“英国传记文学的丰碑——鲍士韦尔的《约翰逊传》”,《南京师大学报(社会科学版)》,1996年第3期,第72-78页。
高等学校中英文图书数字化国际合作计划[CADAL]。2005 China-US Million Book Digital Library Project.
高灵英,“英美两国英语词典的传统特色”,《郑州大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2001年第3期,123-125。
高永伟,“漫谈第一部英语单语词典”,《辞书研究》,2006年04期,174-182。
葛桂录著,《雾外的远音：英国作家与中国文化》,银川：宁夏人民出版社,2002。
顾犇,“《牛津英语词典》评介”,《北京图书馆馆刊》,1994年报1/2期,137-141。
郭启新,“论语料库与英汉词典配例”,张柏然、魏向清主编,《双语词典学论集》,南京,江苏教育出版社,2001。
郭启新,“重读约翰逊,走进新时代”,魏向清、郭启新主编,《新时代·新理念·新词典：(新时代英汉大词典>全国学术研讨会论文集》,西安：陕西师范大学出版社,2005。151-161
黄建华、陈楚祥主编,《双语词典学专集》,成都：四川教育出版社,1998。
黄建华、陈楚祥著,《双语词典学导论(修订本)》,北京：商务印书馆,2001。
黄建华著,《词典论》,上海：上海辞书出版社,1987。
金常政,“西方词典史话”,《辞书研究》,2004年03期,123-132。
克里斯特尔[Crystal, D.]著,任明等译,《剑桥语言百科全书》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,1995。
夸克[Quirk, Randolph]著,甘民重译,“评《韦氏第三版新国际词典》[Chapter X, The Linguist and the English Language] ",《当代语言学》,1979年05期,34-35。
兰多[Landau,Sidney I.]著,章宜华、夏立新译,《词典编纂的艺术与技巧(第二版)》,北京：商务印书馆,2005。
李尔钢著,《现代辞典学导论》,上海：汉语大词典出版社,2002。
李赋宁著,《英语史》,北京：商务印书馆,1991/1999。
李开著,《现代词典学教程》,南京：南京大学出版社,1990。
李明、周敬华著：《双语词典编纂》,上海：上海外语教育出版社,2002。
李翔,“约翰生《英语词典》词目问题研究”,罗益民、文旭主编,双语词典新论——中国辞书学会双语词典专业委员会第七届年会论文集,重庆：四川人民出版社,2007,335-341。
李翔,“约翰生词典编纂的传统继承与创新”,《辞书研究》,2009年05期,128-135。
李燕姝,“从《韦氏大词典》第三版看现代语言学对词典学的影响”,《外语教学与研究》,1981年03期,33-37。
李荫华,“不朽的‘苦力’——塞缪尔·约翰逊传略”,《辞书研究》,1981年04期,243-252。
李荫华著,《英语词典初探》,商务印书馆,1985。
理查兹[Richards, J. C.]等著,管燕红译,《朗文语言教学及应用语言学辞典(英英·英汉双解)》。北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2000。
利奇[Leech, Geoffrey]著,李瑞华等译,《语义学》,上海：上海外语教育出版社,1987。
梁实秋编,《约翰孙》,上海：国立编译馆、商务印书馆,中华民国二十三年[1934]。
梁实秋主编,《远东英汉大辞典》,台北：远东图书公司,1977。
梁实秋著,“约翰孙的字典”,《雅舍菁华》,湖南文艺出版社,1990。94-101。
刘润清著,《西方语言学流派》,北京：外语教学与研究出版社,1995。
刘叶秋著,《中国字典史略》,北京：中华书局,1983/1992。
陆谷孙,“代序”,《英汉大词典(第2版)》,上海：上海译文出版社,2007。3-8。
陆谷孙主编,《英汉大词典(第2版)》,上海：上海译文出版社,2007。
陆国强著,《现代英语词汇学》,上海：上海外语教育出版社,1983/1999。
罗宾斯[Robins, R. H.]著,上海外国语学院外国语言文学研究所译,《语言学简史》,合肥：安徽教育出版社,1987。
麦皋莱[Macaulay, Thomas Babington]著,裘锴、吴继果译注,《麦皋莱约翰生行述译注》[Macaulay's Life of Samuel Johnson, Translated and Explained],上海：商务印书馆,1935。
毛荣贵,《英语语言学的发展与<英汉大词典)》,《辞书研究》,1995年01期,118-129。
默里[Murray, K. M. Elizabeth]著,魏向清、范红升译,《坠入字网：詹姆斯·A·H·默里和(牛津英语大词典)》,上海：东方出版中心,1999。
欧文[Owen, Jo]著,侯东灼、韩卫平译,《管理魔鬼词典》,北京,中信出版社,2004。
秦秀白著,《英语简史》,湖南教育出版社,1983。
裘克安,“字谜先生传”,《辞书研究》,1979年01期,272-283。
莎士比亚[Shakespeare, William]著,梁实秋译,《莎士比亚全集(上下卷)》,海拉尔：内蒙古文化出版社,1995。
莎士比亚[Shakespeare, William]著,朱生豪、施咸荣译,钱建文E书制作,《莎士比亚全集》。.
上海辞书学会辞书研究编辑部编,《辞书编纂经验荟萃》,上海：上海辞书出版社,1992。
上海译文出版社编,《新英汉词典(世纪版)》,上海：上海译文出版社,2000第1版：2001年第2次印刷。
申小龙,《文化语言学》,南昌：江西教育出版社,1993。
沈家煊,“词典编纂‘规范观’的更新”,《语言教学与研究》,2005年03期,73-78。
《圣经(串珠版)》。南京：中国基督教协会,1996。
盛培林,“关于辞书编纂既规定又描写的原则”,《辞书研究》,1999年03期,53-60。
王坎宁,“《牛津英语词典》编纂史略”,《辞书研究》,1988年04期,93-101。
威特豪尔[Whitehall, Harold]著,董孝感译,“英语词典发展概述”,《国外语言学》,1980(4),16-18。
魏向清,《双语词典译义研究》,上海：上海译文出版社,2005。
魏向清,“英语语言学的发展与英语词典”,《解放军外国语学院学报》,1998年01期,13-18。
温切斯特[Winchester, Simon]著,魏向清译,《万物之要义——<牛津英语词典)编纂记》,北京：商务印书馆,2009。
吴莹,“纵观英美语文词典的编写”,《辞书研究》,1980年04期,95-106。
萧莎,“写在辞典深处的自传”,《外国文学评论》,2006(3),150-152。
谢宗昭、郑庆耆,“韦伯斯特和韦氏词典”,《新世纪图书馆》,1980年02期,49-52。
《新英汉词典》编写组编,《新英汉词典(缩印本)》,香港：三联书店香港分店,1975年香港第一版；1985年第十四次印刷。
《新英汉词典》编写组编,《新英汉词典(增补本)》,上海：上海译文出版社,1985年新2版；1995年第28次印刷。
《新英汉词典》编写组编,《新英汉词典》。上海：上海人民出版社,1976年第1版第1次 印刷。
熊锟、胡天赋,“谈韦伯斯特对美国英语的贡献”,《信阳师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版)》,15(2),1995-04,108-110。
徐海,“塞缪尔·约翰逊词典编纂思想探析”,《学术研究》,2007年第11期,136-139。
徐汝舟,“约翰逊和他的《英文词典》”,College English,2006年4期,24-26。
许国璋著,《许国璋文集1》,北京：商务印书馆,1997。(规定语法445/论词典510/OED2不足522)
杨文秀,《英汉学习词典中的语用信息研究》,上海：上海译文出版社,2005。
雍和明、罗振跃、张相明著,《中国辞典史论》,北京：中华书局,2006。
游汝杰,《中国文化语言学引论》,北京：高等教育出版社,1993。
袁亦宁,韦伯斯特规定主义语言态度及其词典编纂实践,《北京航空航天大学学报(社会科学版)》,1996年02期,24-27。
岳清华、季凤文,《犹太民俗》,南京：南京大学出版社,1993。
曾东京主编,《双语词典研究》,上海：上海外语教育出版社,2003。
曾虚白,《英国文学ABC》,上海：世界书局,1928。
张柏然,“导读”,Hartmann and James F9-F11。
张柏然、魏向清主编,《双语词典学论集》,南京：江苏教育出版社,2001。
张柏然主编,《双语词典研究》,北京：商务印书馆,1993。
张柏然主编,《新时代英汉大词典》,北京：商务印书馆,2004。
章宜华,“西方词典释义类型和释义结构研究”,《辞书研究》,2001年01期,39-50。
章宜华、黄建华,“语言学理论对词典释义的影响”,《现代外语(季刊)》,2000年第1期,67-76。
郑述谱,“约翰逊与他的词典”,《辞书研究》,1998年04期,124-129。
中国知网(CNKI)南京大学镜像站点。2008中国学术期刊(光盘版)电子杂志社。
周忠杰,“‘美国词典之父’韦伯斯特”,《辞书研究》,1980年04期,271-277。
兹古斯塔[Zgusta, Ladislav]主编,林书武等译,胡明扬校,《词典学概论》,北京：商务印书馆,1983。