摘要
煤炭在我国的能源战略上举足轻重,在S02得到有效控制的同时,NOx的污染严重性日渐显现,于是大量控制煤粉氮氧化物排放的方法与技术出现,但燃用无烟煤的W型火焰锅炉的NOx排放量远高于一般燃煤锅炉,由于无烟煤的燃烧特性和W炉的燃烧特点,还未出现有效的控制方法,于是了解无烟煤的燃烧和NOx排放特性,寻找有效的控制W型火焰锅炉燃用无烟煤的高NOx排放量的燃烧技术十分必要。
本文按照“无烟煤燃烧和NOx生成机理研究—无烟煤一维悬浮燃烧试验——W炉冷态模化试验和数值模拟计算—W炉热态模化试验”的研究思路探究了无烟煤和W炉内的燃烧特性以及W炉燃用无烟煤时NOx的生成与控制方法。
在热天平试验台上进行无烟煤燃烧动力学特性研究,并建立了综合燃烧评价模型,发现煤粉挥发分析出主要受煤质本身特性的影响,粒径对其影响甚微；无烟煤着火温度高,稳燃和燃尽性能一般,可燃性差；通过综合判别模型认定无烟煤为劣等燃烧效果的煤种。
在固定床试验台上进行了无烟煤燃烧特性和NOx生成规律研究。无烟煤的燃烧速度很慢,其NO生成率随温度的升高而降低；无烟煤本身的挥发分含量是其煤质特性中影响其NO生成率最关键的因素,其N含量与NO生成率并没有必然的联系,O含量对NO生成率的影响规律与挥发分类似。
利用固定床试验台对无烟煤燃料N的转化规律和其焦炭对NO的还原规律进行了研究,并对不同的研究方法进行了比对。在本文试验条件下,在1200℃,6%氧浓度和200-250目的煤粉粒径下,无烟煤挥发分N的转化率最低,而对于焦炭N来说,在1200℃,1%氧浓度和粒径为250-300目的条件下时转化率最低,1000℃的制焦温度对于控制NO生成来说是最差的；无烟煤燃料型NO中,焦炭NO占绝大部分；煤粉挥发分N向NO的转化率要高于燃料N,焦炭N最低；在800℃下制得的无烟煤焦炭在1200℃和粒径为200-250目条件下时还原活性最强；燃烧排放气体中的CO/CO2值越大表明焦炭还原效果越差；在条件相同的情况下,烟煤焦炭对NO的还原效果要优于无烟煤焦炭,这是同等工况下无烟煤燃烧NO生成率要高于烟煤的关键原因。
基于固定床试验结论,建立了简化的燃料N转化模型和焦炭还原NO模型。燃料N转化模型可以准确地定性预测不同燃烧条件下燃料N的转化规律,发现在不同的燃烧条件下,对燃料N转化起主导作用的反应不相同；在焦炭还原NO模型中,发现公式RNO=4.18×10-4exp(-17500/T)A(?) PNO更适合用于计算焦炭还原NO量。
在一维沉降炉试验台上,对无烟煤在实际悬浮燃烧过程中的燃烧特性及NOx排放特性进行试验研究。燃用无烟煤时,最佳的炉内温度在1400-C左右,如采用空气分级燃烧,主燃烧区域过量空气系数应选择0.8-0.9附近,燃尽区域则应选择在1.1附近；采用一维沉降炉燃用无烟煤燃尽率低,可通过增加炉内停留时间来提高燃尽率,因而W炉是燃用无烟煤的最优选炉型。
根据机理研究和一维燃烧试验,简化燃料N转化过程中的复杂反应,建立了无烟煤一维燃烧燃料N的转化模型,得到的计算结果与实测结果较为吻和。通过该模型的应用发现,无烟煤粉粒径的变化对NO排放量的影响较小,在空气分级燃烧中主燃区过量空气系数控制在0.8-0.9之间较为适宜。
针对W炉燃烧特性,提出HAP低NOx燃烧技术。利用FLUENT计算软件,对采用该技术的W炉内流场进行模拟计算,并进行热态计算观察其对炉内温度场及NOx排放的效果,同时根据数值模拟计算结果选择性进行了冷态模化试验。试验结果认为HAP低NOx燃烧技术较一般W炉燃烧方法有效优化炉内流场,改善炉内结渣情况,并可较大幅度降低NOx排放量；侧墙风喷口处于较高位置,下倾角度为36°,冷灰斗风喷口处于较低位置,上倾角度为90°时既可得到较长的主气流射流深度和较高的下炉膛充满度,又可以尽可能减少炉内结渣危险性。
在国内最大的3.5MWe W炉热态模化试验台上,改造后进行热态模化试验,研究各种因素对炉内燃烧和NOx排放的影响,并对不同的W炉空气分级燃烧技术进行对比。不同的W炉空气分级燃烧技术中,带有OFA独立布置的燃烧技术要优于将乏气喷口置于上炉膛侧墙的燃烧技术,除去极限工况的情况下,通过燃烧调整NOx排放量最多可降低33.39%。HAP低NOx燃烧技术是一种适用于W炉燃用无烟煤且可在不降低燃烧效率的情况下有效降低NOx排放量的技术。
Coal is important to the energy strategy in our country. While the SO2was effectively controlled, the pollution of NOx is becoming more and more serious. Then a lot of method and technique of controlling the emission of coal NOx was coming to the fore. Howere, the emission of NOx by the down fired boiler burning anthracite is much higher than the general. Due to the complexity of burning anthracite and the down fired boiler, the effective control method has not been found yet. Thus it is necessary to know the characters of burning anthracite and the emission of NOx, and to look for the burning technique which can effectively control the high emission of NOx by down fired boiler with anthracite.
The article investigated the combustion characteristics of anthracite and the down fired boiler, and technology to control NOx emission of the down fired boiler, in according with research idea of "anthracite combustion and NOx generation mechanism-one-dimensional combustion test of anthracite-numerical simulation and cold state modeling test of down fired boiler-thermal modeling test of down fired boiler".
Investigation on coal combustion effect is carried out with a thermogravimetry analysis test bed, and on basis of existing combustion indexes, a model for synthesized combustion effect based on attribute mathematics and connection mathematics was built. It's found that pyrolysis of volatile is affected by coal quality mostly and the particle size has little influence on it; anthracite has high ignition temperature, common stable combustion and burn-off performance, and bad flammability; the anthracite was identified to be low-grade coal on combustion effect.
Combustion characteristics and NOx formation mechanism of anthracite were investigated on a fixed bed test bed. The combustion velocity of anthracite is small, and NO generation reduces with higher temperature; the content of anthracite volatile is the key factor in coal quality, the content of N has no inevitable relationship with NO generation, and the influence of O on NO generation is similar with volatile.
The transformation rule of anthracite fuel-N and NO reduction rule of anthracite char were investigated on a fixed bed system, and different research methods were compared. Under the test condition of this article, in1200℃,6%of O2concentration and66.5μm of particle size, the conversion rate of anthracite fuel-N is the lowest, but for char-N, the lowest point appears in1200℃,1%of O2concentration and44um of particle size; to make char in1000℃is the worst to control NO formation; char-NO takes up most of anthracite fuel-NO; conversion rate of volatile-N is bigger than fuel-N, which is bigger than char-N; the anthracite char made in800℃has the best NO reduction activity in condition of1200℃and66.5μm of particle size; the bigger value of CO/CO2could indicate worse NO reduction activity of the char; in the same condition, NO reduction activity of bituminite char is better than anthracite char, which is the key reason to that anthracite NO conversion rate is higher than bituminite NO conversion rate under the same condition. Based on the conclusion of the fixed bed experiment, a simplified conversion model of fuel-N and a simplified char-NO reduction model were built. The fuel-N conversion model can forecast the fuel-N conversion rule in different combustion conditions qualitatively, and it's found that in different combustion conditions, different reactions play a leading role in fuel-N conversion; in the char-NO reduction model, the formula RNO=4.18×10-4exp(-17500/T)AcPNO is more appropriate to calculate the quantity of NO reduction.
The combustion and NOx emission characteristics of anthracite in suspension burning were studied in a subsiding furnace. The best temperature for lowest NOx emission for anthracite is about1400℃, if air-staged combustion technology is adopted, a of the main combustion area should be0.8-0.9, and a of the burn-out area should be about1.1; burn-off rate of anthracite in a subsiding is low, and could be increased by more residence time in the furnace, therefore, a down fired boiler is the best furnace for anthracite combustion.
On the basis of mechanism study and subsiding furnace combustion test, a fuel-N conversion model of anthracite in one-dimensional combustion was built, which simplified complex reactions in fuel-N conversion, and the calculated results were close to the actual measurement result. By the application of the model, it's found that particle size had little influence to NO emission, and in air-staged technology, a of the main combustion area should be controlled in about0.8-0.9.
A new technology-HAP low NOx combustion technology was proposed for combustion characteristics of the down fired boiler. The flow field of the boiler was calculated by FLUENT, and thermal calculation is adopted to watch the influence of HAP technology on furnace temperature and NOx emission, and at the same time, a cold state modeling test bed was set up in according with the results of calculation results, and some tests were carried on the test bed selectively. It's found that HAP technology could optimize the flow field of the boiler, improve the slagging, and reduce NOx emission greatly; in the state of higher side wall nozzle of36°down declination angle and lower bottom ash hopper nozzle of90°up declination angle, jet flow depth of the primary air could be longer, the fullness of the down furnace would be higher, and the slagging danger would be decreased as possibly.
On the largest3.5Me down fired boiler test bed in the country, a thermal modeling test was carried out after transformation, the influence of factors on combustion and NOX emission was investigated, and different air-staged technologies of down fired boiler were compared. The technology with independent OFA is better than the technology with exhaust air nozzle on side wall of the upper furnace; for the technology with independent OFA, the NOx emission would be decreased33.39%by adjustment of combustion. HAP low NOx combustion technology is suitable for a down fired boiler burning anthracite, and could reduce NOx emission with high combustion efficiency.
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