大亚湾反应堆中微子实验离线软件和中子本底研究
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摘要
中微子味混合和振荡是目前唯一得到诸多实验结果支持的超出粒子物理标准模型的现象,被认为是发现新物理的突破口。经过半个多世纪的进展,中微子实验已经从发现振荡现象进入到精确测量振荡参数的时代。中微子振荡参数θ13是参数化振荡矩阵的六个基本参数之一,其值对未来的中微子实验,如测量混合相位角δ或者中微子质量等级具有重要意义。大亚湾反应堆中微子实验的物理目标是精确测量中微子混合角参数sin22θ13到0.01或更好。按照这一物理目标的要求,大亚湾反应堆中微子实验的远近三个实验点共有8个全同的探测器模块,每个模块系统误差小于0.38%,靶质量大于20吨,能量分辨好于15%/(?)。
作为国内第一个反应堆中微子物理实验,为了配合实验物理数据的特点,大亚湾的在线实时数据获取和离线数据分析软件系统采用了新的技术设计和实现,如面向对象的软件设计模式、粒子物理实验先进软件框架Gaudi的使用,动态弱语言python作为脚本配置语言的应用,在软件重用、模块化的设计和开发以及数据质量监测,软件系统维护等多方面带来了新的用户体验。
访问原始数据作为离线数据处理的第一环节,是整个离线物理数据处理的基础。我们开发了基于Gaudi的原始数据转换服务,它为用户隐藏了原始数据格式相关的复杂细节,而提供了一致的数据访问接口。它主要用于完成对来自DAQ系统的二进制原始数据的解码,将电子学压缩信息还原为灵敏探测器击中信息的时间和电荷信号,并存储为离线系统中标准的数据对象,供后续用户分析使用。利用原始数据转换服务模块,我们完成了对探测器性能调试数据的分析工作,完成了对探测器电子学通道台阶和阈值的刻度。
反应堆中微子实验数据中含有大量带有时间关联的符合与反符合信号,时间关联分析是反应堆中微子物理分析中的重要部分,这一点尤其不同于对撞物理的实验数据。为产生可用于物理分析的蒙特卡洛模拟样本,需要按照物理事例的时间分布和探测器对物理事例的响应时间分布特点,重新构建各模拟样本中的时间关联信息。为此,我们扩展了高能物理通用软件框架Gaudi中的标准数据I/O方式,添加了多格式,多数据流并行输入的接口,重新设计了带有事例回溯的数据循环机制,开发了事例抽样混合的高性能"Interleaving"算法,改进了电子学模拟的整个架构：包括灵敏探测器击中信息的划分和电子学信号在不同模拟模块中的传输方式,提升了蒙卡模拟的效率和可靠性。在上述基础上,完成了在探测器击中级别(SimHit)和电子学读出级别(Readout)上对不同模拟样本的混合,产生了几十TB可用做物理分析的蒙特卡洛数据,并以此完成了初步的信号事例挑选和本底分析。
大亚湾反应堆中微子实验作为低本底、低能量、高精度的实验,需要对各种可能本底进行仔细研究,其中,宇宙线μ子产生的一系列关联本底尤其重要。本论文基于线性外推法对大亚湾三个月数据中,由宇宙线μ子产生的快中子本底进行了估算,并根据挑选得到的快中子样本,证明了线性外推法的可行性。我们还通过对来自宇宙线μ子的散裂中子的研究,计算得出大亚湾三个实验大厅测得的“μ子致散裂中子”的产额与μ子能量的关系,并与之前的其他地下实验和唯象模型进行了对比。
Neutrino flavor mixing and oscillation is the only evidence of physics beyond the standard model in particle physics supported by various experimental results and con-sidered as the key to search for new physics. After the development in more than half a century, neutrino experiments has come to a era of precise measurements of the oscilla-tion parameters from the discovery of neutrino oscillation phenomena. Among the six parameters of the neutrino mixing matrix, the value of θ13is important to the future neu-trino experiments such as the measurement the mixing phase angle δ or neutrino mass hierarchy. The physics goal of Day a Bay reactor neutrino experiment is to measure sin22θ13to a precision of0.01or better. To reach this physics goal, there are totally8identical detector modules with systematic error less than0.38%and target mass lager than20tons at three experiment sites in Daya Bay reactor neutrino experiment. The energy resolution of each module is better than15%/(?).
As the first reactor neutrino experiments in China, in order to adapt to the proper-ties of the physics data, the Daya Bay online data acquisition and offline data analysis software system are implemented by new technology, such as design patterns in object-oriented software, advanced Gaudi framework for particle physics experiments, and the python language in configuration scripts, which brought new client experiences in cal-1of software modules, modular design and development, data quality monitoring and maintenance of software system.
As the first step of the off-line data processing, the raw data access is the basis of the entire offline physics data analysis. We have developed raw data conversion service in Gaudi, which hid the trivial details about the raw data format to clients and provided uniform interfaces for data accessing. This service was mainly used to decode the binary raw data from the DAQ system, restored the compressed information into time and charge for the hits in sensors. And these information are stored as the standard data object in offline system for subsequent analysis. Using the raw data conversion service module, we analyzed the data from the anti-neutrino detector commissioning, calibrated the pedestal and threshold of each channel in FEEs for the AD modules.
Lots of events are time correlated in the data of reactor neutrino experiment. Anal-ysis of time correlation between different events is an important task in physics data analysis, which is different from data analysis in collision physics experiments. To get the MC samples suitable for physics analysis, time correlations from different MC sam- pies should be reconstructed according to the time distributions of the physics events. With regards to this, we have upgraded the standard data I/O module in Gaudi frame-work by adding interfaces for the input of multi-format, multi-stream data in parallel and redesigned new data cycling mechanism based on event backtracking. We finally developed the "Interleaving" algorithm with high performance for MC events mixing. To enhance the efficiency and reliability of the MC simulation, we improved the archi-tecture of the digitization simulation by reorganizing the hits from sensors and changing the transmission way for events between different modules. Based on the above works, we mixed different MC samples at both SimHit level and Readout level, and generat-ed-102TB MC data for physics analysis. Based on the data, the preliminary events selection and background estimation were finished.
All possible backgrounds should be investigated carefully in Daya Bay reactor neutrino experiment for such a low background, low energy, high precision experimen-t. Among all the backgrounds, series related backgrounds caused by cosmic ray are particularly important. In this thesis, we have used linear extrapolation method to esti-mate the fast neutron background from cosmic μ based on three month data. We have checked the energy spectrum of fast neutron events to confirm the linear extrapolation method. We also have calculated the spallation neutron yielded from cosmic ray μ, as the function of μ energy at the three different experimental site, and compared the results with that of other underground experiments and the expectation of phenomenological models.
作为国内第一个反应堆中微子物理实验,为了配合实验物理数据的特点,大亚湾的在线实时数据获取和离线数据分析软件系统采用了新的技术设计和实现,如面向对象的软件设计模式、粒子物理实验先进软件框架Gaudi的使用,动态弱语言python作为脚本配置语言的应用,在软件重用、模块化的设计和开发以及数据质量监测,软件系统维护等多方面带来了新的用户体验。
访问原始数据作为离线数据处理的第一环节,是整个离线物理数据处理的基础。我们开发了基于Gaudi的原始数据转换服务,它为用户隐藏了原始数据格式相关的复杂细节,而提供了一致的数据访问接口。它主要用于完成对来自DAQ系统的二进制原始数据的解码,将电子学压缩信息还原为灵敏探测器击中信息的时间和电荷信号,并存储为离线系统中标准的数据对象,供后续用户分析使用。利用原始数据转换服务模块,我们完成了对探测器性能调试数据的分析工作,完成了对探测器电子学通道台阶和阈值的刻度。
反应堆中微子实验数据中含有大量带有时间关联的符合与反符合信号,时间关联分析是反应堆中微子物理分析中的重要部分,这一点尤其不同于对撞物理的实验数据。为产生可用于物理分析的蒙特卡洛模拟样本,需要按照物理事例的时间分布和探测器对物理事例的响应时间分布特点,重新构建各模拟样本中的时间关联信息。为此,我们扩展了高能物理通用软件框架Gaudi中的标准数据I/O方式,添加了多格式,多数据流并行输入的接口,重新设计了带有事例回溯的数据循环机制,开发了事例抽样混合的高性能"Interleaving"算法,改进了电子学模拟的整个架构：包括灵敏探测器击中信息的划分和电子学信号在不同模拟模块中的传输方式,提升了蒙卡模拟的效率和可靠性。在上述基础上,完成了在探测器击中级别(SimHit)和电子学读出级别(Readout)上对不同模拟样本的混合,产生了几十TB可用做物理分析的蒙特卡洛数据,并以此完成了初步的信号事例挑选和本底分析。
大亚湾反应堆中微子实验作为低本底、低能量、高精度的实验,需要对各种可能本底进行仔细研究,其中,宇宙线μ子产生的一系列关联本底尤其重要。本论文基于线性外推法对大亚湾三个月数据中,由宇宙线μ子产生的快中子本底进行了估算,并根据挑选得到的快中子样本,证明了线性外推法的可行性。我们还通过对来自宇宙线μ子的散裂中子的研究,计算得出大亚湾三个实验大厅测得的“μ子致散裂中子”的产额与μ子能量的关系,并与之前的其他地下实验和唯象模型进行了对比。
Neutrino flavor mixing and oscillation is the only evidence of physics beyond the standard model in particle physics supported by various experimental results and con-sidered as the key to search for new physics. After the development in more than half a century, neutrino experiments has come to a era of precise measurements of the oscilla-tion parameters from the discovery of neutrino oscillation phenomena. Among the six parameters of the neutrino mixing matrix, the value of θ13is important to the future neu-trino experiments such as the measurement the mixing phase angle δ or neutrino mass hierarchy. The physics goal of Day a Bay reactor neutrino experiment is to measure sin22θ13to a precision of0.01or better. To reach this physics goal, there are totally8identical detector modules with systematic error less than0.38%and target mass lager than20tons at three experiment sites in Daya Bay reactor neutrino experiment. The energy resolution of each module is better than15%/(?).
As the first reactor neutrino experiments in China, in order to adapt to the proper-ties of the physics data, the Daya Bay online data acquisition and offline data analysis software system are implemented by new technology, such as design patterns in object-oriented software, advanced Gaudi framework for particle physics experiments, and the python language in configuration scripts, which brought new client experiences in cal-1of software modules, modular design and development, data quality monitoring and maintenance of software system.
As the first step of the off-line data processing, the raw data access is the basis of the entire offline physics data analysis. We have developed raw data conversion service in Gaudi, which hid the trivial details about the raw data format to clients and provided uniform interfaces for data accessing. This service was mainly used to decode the binary raw data from the DAQ system, restored the compressed information into time and charge for the hits in sensors. And these information are stored as the standard data object in offline system for subsequent analysis. Using the raw data conversion service module, we analyzed the data from the anti-neutrino detector commissioning, calibrated the pedestal and threshold of each channel in FEEs for the AD modules.
Lots of events are time correlated in the data of reactor neutrino experiment. Anal-ysis of time correlation between different events is an important task in physics data analysis, which is different from data analysis in collision physics experiments. To get the MC samples suitable for physics analysis, time correlations from different MC sam- pies should be reconstructed according to the time distributions of the physics events. With regards to this, we have upgraded the standard data I/O module in Gaudi frame-work by adding interfaces for the input of multi-format, multi-stream data in parallel and redesigned new data cycling mechanism based on event backtracking. We finally developed the "Interleaving" algorithm with high performance for MC events mixing. To enhance the efficiency and reliability of the MC simulation, we improved the archi-tecture of the digitization simulation by reorganizing the hits from sensors and changing the transmission way for events between different modules. Based on the above works, we mixed different MC samples at both SimHit level and Readout level, and generat-ed-102TB MC data for physics analysis. Based on the data, the preliminary events selection and background estimation were finished.
All possible backgrounds should be investigated carefully in Daya Bay reactor neutrino experiment for such a low background, low energy, high precision experimen-t. Among all the backgrounds, series related backgrounds caused by cosmic ray are particularly important. In this thesis, we have used linear extrapolation method to esti-mate the fast neutron background from cosmic μ based on three month data. We have checked the energy spectrum of fast neutron events to confirm the linear extrapolation method. We also have calculated the spallation neutron yielded from cosmic ray μ, as the function of μ energy at the three different experimental site, and compared the results with that of other underground experiments and the expectation of phenomenological models.
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