摘要
太赫兹波通常是指频率位于0.1THz-10THz (1THz=1012Hz)的电磁波，它在电磁波谱中位于微波和红外之间，因此也称为“太赫兹波间隙”。本论文以粒子模拟(particle-in-cell，PIC)和飞秒激光实验为基础，研究了超短激光脉冲与气体作用产生的太赫兹波辐射的一些规律和物理机理。论文主要有以下三部分组成：
第一部分(第二章至第三章)介绍了太赫兹波的常用探测方法和以超短激光技术得到的太赫兹波辐射源。探测方法包括电光取样、光电导天线、空气探测、傅立叶变换红外光谱以及单发探测，其中电光取样和空气探测是本论文中采用的主要探测方法，因此对它们的介绍比较详细。同时讨论了各个探测方法的特点，比较了它们的不同用处。本文还介绍了以超短激光脉冲技术得到的三种太赫兹波辐射源：光电导天线、光整流和激光等离子体。我们在实验上对这三种方法进行了初步的研究，探测了它们的一些辐射规律。
第二部分(第四章)以飞秒激光脉冲与气体靶作用产生的离化电流及其太赫兹波辐射为理论模型，采用半经典解析理论结合粒子模拟，详细研究了这种机制产生太赫兹波辐射的规律和特点。根据该理论，激光脉冲在气体靶中传输时可以产生离化电流，分布在气体与真空的边界的离化电流可以向外辐射出等离子体本征频率附近的电磁波。因此当等离子体密度在适当范围内时，离化电流可以向外辐射太赫兹波。较大的离化电流可以产生较强的太赫兹波。双色激光脉冲(基频光和倍频光)和少周期激光脉冲是两种提高离化电流的可行方案。对于双色激光脉冲方法，太赫兹波辐射的产生辐射效率与基频光和倍频光的振幅密切相关，同时与二者的比值相关。当二者比值为~1.5时，可以达到较高的转换效率。太赫兹波辐射效率也是基频光和倍频光的相位差的周期性函数。在少周期激光脉冲方法中，我们以脉宽为三个光周期的激光脉冲为例，详细研究了产生这种辐射的规律。对于这两种情况，当气体靶密度分布不均匀时，对太赫兹波产生有一定影响，即梯度长度增长，产生的太赫兹波振幅降低，相应的太赫兹波辐射脉宽边长，同时频谱更为光滑。模拟发现，以~1016W/cm2的激光光强可以产生场强在MV/cm量级的太赫兹波脉冲。
第三部分(第五章)讨论了飞秒激光与空气等离子体作用产生太赫兹波的实验研究。首先是激光与空气等离子体作用产生和检测太赫兹辐射产生的光学系统的搭建，主要以电光取样和空气探测为太赫兹波探测手段。在此基础上研究了系统产生太赫兹波辐射的一些规律。这里实验主要包括三种：单色激光脉冲与空气等离子体作用，双色激光脉冲和空气等离子体作用，以及二者在外加偏置电场作用产生太赫兹波辐射的规律。双色激光产生的太赫兹波振幅较大，频谱较宽。在本实验中所用激光脉冲宽度为100飞秒，其产生的太赫兹波谱宽可达10THz。单色激光产生的太赫兹波随偏置电场的增加线性增加，而其谱线变化不明显；在本论文给定的实验参数条件下，外加偏置电场对双色激光作用下的太赫兹波辐射没有明显影响。
A terahertz (THz) wave is an electromagnetic wave, which usually has a frequencylocated between0.1THz-10THz (1THz=1012Hz). Since it is between the microwave andthe optical wave in the whole electromagnetic wave spectrum, which is used to be difficultto generate either in electronic ways or optical ways, sometimes it is called as a “THzGap”. In this thesis, THz wave generation from laser plasma interaction is studied withparticle-in-cell (PIC) numerical simulations and laser interaction with air-plasmaexperiments. The thesis is composed of three parts.
Firstly, THz wave detection methods and three kind of THz optical sources areintroduced. The detection methods include free space electro-optic (EO) sampling method,semiconductor antenna, air-biased-coherent-detection (ABCD), Fourier-transform-infrared(FTIR) and single-shot methods, in which EO and ABCD are described in detailed sincethey are mainly used in our experiment. The THz wave sources as well as their mainfeatures from semiconductor emission, optical rectification and laser plasma interactionare introduced.
Secondly, ionization currents and the corresponding THz emission from laserinteraction with gas targets are investigated theoretically and numerically. Here the theoryis semi-classical and it is confirmed by one-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC). Accordingto the model the ionization current can emit an electromagnetic wave with its frequencyclose to the electron plasma frequency. A large net ionization current can generate a strongTHz wave when the electron plasma density is in a proper range. The schemes with two-color laser pulses (fundamental pulses and its second harmonic) and few-cycle laser pulsesare two efficient methods to produce large ionization currents. In the former, the THzwave amplitude depends upon the amplitudes of the two color lasers as well as theiramplitude ratio of the fundamental laser pulse to the second harmonic pulse. When theratio is about the1.5, the THz wave generation efficiency is relatively high. The THz waveamplitude changes periodically with the phase difference of the two pulses. For the few-cycle laser pulses, the THz generation is also a function of the laser pulse phase. For bothcases, the THz emission also depends upon the density profiles at the vacuum-gasboundaries. When the density gradient length is longer, the produced THz wave is weaker and the frequency spectrum becomes much smoother. With the laser intensity~1016w/cm2,one is able to produce strong THz emission with the field strength up to several MV/cm.
In the last part of the thesis, we have investigated experimentally the THz wavegeneration from the laser interaction with air-plasma. A THz TDS system is set up andboth EO and ABCD methods are used to detect THz pulses. THz wave generation fromeither a single color laser pulse or two-color laser pulses in air-plasma is studied. It isfound that the two-color laser method can generate much stronger THz pulses than thatwith single-color lasers, consistent with previous theoretical and numerical investigation.Even though the laser pulses have duration about100femtosecond in our experiments, thebandwidth of THz pulses measured is up to10THz. With a bias dc field, the THzamplitude increases linearly with the bias field in the single color laser scheme, which is,however, not the case with the two-color laser scheme.
引文
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