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大型复杂物体组合测量方法研究
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摘要
随着机械制造尺度增加,大尺度空间内复杂物体的形貌尺寸测量问题,已成为制约大型装备研制与技术进步的瓶颈。大型复杂物体测量面临着空间尺寸大、相对精度要求高、被测特征结构复杂等问题,目前还没有形成完善的测量理论和方法。现有的单站式测量方法,测量效率低,适应性差,无法满足大尺寸现场测量效率、精度统一及误差控制等方面所需要求。
     本文针对当前制造领域内以重大装备为代表的大型复杂物体精密测量问题,研究一种系统、创新的组合测量方法。论文提出了组合测量方法的研究思路,阐明了组合测量基本原理、主要问题和关键技术,给出了明确的研究体系框架。随后以其中的关键环节——“空间误差”为线索,分析研究了空间非均匀误差的分布与表达、全局精密测量控制场的构建、激光跟踪仪性能指标的现场评价以及坐标系转站精度等重要问题,并完成了实验验证工作。最后结合国家“大飞机”重大科技专项,首次在外场环境、无特殊辅助工装设施条件下实施了大型飞机全机尺寸数字化测量,将整机测量时间缩短至1~2天,并取得高质量的数模结果。论文主要研究内容和工作如下:
     1、总结了大型复杂物体测量的工程需求和研究现状,结合应用背景,分析单站测量模式的缺陷,提出一种以远距离全局控制结合近距离终端测量的组合测量方法,并以此开展理论和应用研究。
     2、从非正交坐标测量导致的非均匀性空间误差出发,分析了空间误差的分布规律和表达方式,利用多测量单元(观测量)交会测量原理,采用数学解析、蒙特卡洛仿真以及可视化误差椭圆(球)等数值仿真方法来对空间非均匀误差进行准确表达。
     3、全局测量控制场是决定整体测量精度和性能的关键,研究了利用冗余测距约束来构建精密坐标全局测量控制场的方法。通过跟踪仪多站位下的高精度测长值建立误差方程,结合测长方向位移矢量约束来解算并优化跟踪仪测角误差,以此评价跟踪仪现场测量性能,实验表明测量场精度在20m范围内优于0.1mm。
     4、分析了组合测量中坐标系变换的转站精度问题,转站精度分布涉及空间误差传递规律,是空间误差分析的基础。通过坐标变换误差传播理论结合转站参数最小二乘估计方法,推导出转站精度分布模型及精度影响因素,利用该模型可以估计空间任意被测点转站精度,并对公共点进行合理配置。
With the size increasing of machinery manufacturing, dimensions measurementof large complex obj ects ha s be come a bot tleneck r estricting i n manufacture andtechnological progress of large e quipments. T he dimension measurement o f l argecomplex obj ects f aces plenty of di fficulties, s uch a s l arge s patial di mensions,relatively high measuring accuracy, complex structures, etc. And there are no perfectmeasurement theories and m ethods t o solve these problems. T he e xistingmeasurement methods are mostly based on single-station measurement, which cannotmeet the requirements of overall error control, unity of overall and partial accuracyand efficiency in large-scale measurement.
     This dissertation presents a s ystematic an d i nnovative co mbined m easurementmethod t o s olve pr ecision m easurement pr oblems of l arge complex o bjects, asrepresented b y large equipments i n t he m anufacturing i ndustry. It a lso pr esents aresearch idea of combined measurement, at the same time, basic principles and keytechnologies of combined m easurement m ethod are i ntroduced, as w ell as a clearresearch framework is provided. The dissertation uses the key link——"spatial error"as a clue to research the important issues, including the expression and distribution ofspatial non-uniform error, the establishment of global precision measurement controlfield, the evaluating method of laser tracker performance on site, and the accuracyanalysis of coordinate system transformation. The experimental work in Laboratory isalso completed, though which a mature combined measurement method of large-scalespace i s f ormed f inally. C ombined w ith t he na tional ke y s cience a nd technologyprograms o f “l arge ai rcraft”, th is me thod i s applied in th e w hole size d igitalmeasurement of large aircrafts successfully, especially in the conditions of externalfield environment and none special tooling. It also shortens the measurement time to1~2days, and obtains lots of high-quality digital model results. The main contents ofthis dissertation are described as follows:
     1. The r esearch s tatus o f p recision m easurement m ethods o f l arge co mplexobjects i s s ummarized. C ombined w ith a pplication ba ckground, t he de fects o fsingle-station measurement are analyzed, and a combined measurement method based on overall control and terminal measurement is proposed. As the basis, theoretical andapplied research is carried out.
     2. According to spatial non-uniform error is caused by non-orthogonal coordinatemeasuring, t he e xpression a nd di stribution r egularity o f spatial errors are studied.Based on the multi-measurement units (observed quantities) intersection principle, thenumerical simulation methods of theoretical analysis,Monte-Carlo simulations andthe error ellipse (ellipsoid) visualization are used to express the spatial non-uniformerror.
     3. A m ethod t o establish pr ecision coordinate c ontrol f ield w ith m easuringdistance c onstraints i s de veloped. U sing hi gh-precision d istance values o fmulti-station t rackers t o e stablish e rror equations. M oreover, di splacement ve ctorconstraints in the radial directions are also taken into consideration, and then correctedthree-dimensional coordinates of fixed targets are optimized to evaluate the trackermeasuring performance on site. The experimental results show that the accuracy ofthe coordinate control field accuracy is better than0.1mm in20m measuring range.
     4. The s tation-transfer accuracy ba sed on c oordinate s ystem tr ansformation isanalyzed. The station-transfer accuracy distribution model is established by the theoryof coordinate system transformation and the least square algorithm of station-transferparameters. It could be used to analyze the main factors affecting the accuracy ofstation-transfer—the measuring a ccuracy o f t he reference f rame and the geometricdistribution of common points. The station-transfer accuracy of any measured pointcan be estimated by the model, and common points can be deployed reasonably.
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