工业节水项目评价及其技术效率研究
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摘要
当前,经济和社会发展面临着严重的水危机,节水成为解决矛盾的重要举措,工业节水便是这其中的重要环节。在工业节水中,不断实施的工业节水项目是解决工业用水问题的重要途径。对工业节水及项目进行经济评价及技术效率的研究具有重要的理论和实践意义,可为工业节水及管理提供参考。本文以经济学、管理学等理论为指导,从不同的角度对工业节水及节水项目的效益和技术效率进行深入的研究,主要内容如下:
     (1)结合系统观点,构建基于主体视角的节水方法措施的层次结构:从节水行为主体、节水方法措施类别、用水过程和时间四个维度,分析现有的节水体系,提出节水方法措施的“四维”层次结构。以天津市和PS电厂为案例,汇总分析二者对所管辖主体、用水过程上采取的节水方法措施,阐述节水系统在时间维度上的变化。为综合考察节水系统提供一种认识工具,便于进一步谋划节水工作。
     (2)针对较为全面的工业节水项目经济评价的理论与案例较少的情况,在技术经济学和工程经济学等理论指导下,详细地分析工业节水项目及其特点,阐述工业节水项目国民经济评价的一般原理,工业节水项目的费用效益识别原则、工业节水项目费用效益核算及其过程。在此基础上,以某化工厂辅助生产环节的节水项目为案例,进行较为详细的国民经济评价:分析节水项目的单方节水成本,考察节水项目的经济效益;进行节水项目的单因素敏感性分析,考察节水项目的抗风险能力。结果表明,节水项目经济效益较好,抗风险能力强,对国民经济和社会有较大贡献。
     (3)在阐述数据包络分析的CCR和CCGSS模型基础上,使用4个企业的6个节水项目为案例,分析节水项目间相对效率及节水项目的产出不足和投入剩余。结果显示,生产环节节水效率较高,数据包络分析方法能分析样本间的产出不足和投入剩余情况,便于分析多投入多产出评价单元相对效率。
     (4)为了评估工业节水活动所创造工业增加值,对比分析C-D生产函数、索罗增长方程和管理创新生产函数模型,有针对性的使用加入水要素的C-D生产函数,结合工业增加值率,得到水在天津市工业增加值中的边际产出贡献,进而使用工业用水重复利用率核算工业节水活动创造的工业增加值。以2008年为例,该年工业节水活动创造工业增加值56.52亿元,可为工业生产和节水管理提供参考。
     (5)针对工业节水宏观指导上的不足,在阐述基于SFA和DEA方法的技术效率分析模型的基础上,考察天津市2001-2008年60个工业节水项目的技术效率,分析工业节水项目技术效率及其变化趋势,并与节水投资比进行对比;分析基于技术效率方法的工业节水项目选择与导向;对比分析SFA和DEA在处理多投入多产出节水项目中的适用性。
     研究显示,工业节水项目技术效率呈下降趋势,节水难度加大,符合边际效益递减法则;技术效率方法可提供较为综合的评价结果,为工业企业具体选择节水技术提供导向,应优先选择那些技术效率较高的行业和节水环节开展工业节水活动;SFA和DEA的对比显示,DEA在分析工业节水项目上更有优势。
     总之,工业节水项目经济效益较好,抗风险能力强;工业节水在工业生产中作用重要,工业节水活动创造效益明显;工业节水项目技术效率总体趋于下降,节水难度加大;技术效率方法可以为工业节水项目选择提供参考;在处理多投入多产出节水项目技术效率上,DEA更有优势。
As water crisis is a severe challenge nowadays for the development of economyand society, water saving has been being one very important way to solve thechallenge and industrial water saving is one important part of water saving projects.For industrial water saving, the continuously applied water saving projects areimportant measures to solve the problem of water usage in industry. Thus, study onthe economic evaluation and technical efficiency of industrial water saving andprojects are quite important for both theoretical and practical applications.Furthermore, it can also provide the reference for making decision on industrial watersaving projects and water saving management. In this thesis, the water saving projectsand the according economic benefits together with technical efficiency have beenstudied systematically based on theories arisen from economic and managementscience. The main contents are summarized as follows:
     (1) According to the systematic theory, the hierarchy of the water-saving methodsand measures based on the perspective of the behavior main bodies was established.The existing water saving methods were analyzed from the four dimensions includingacting bodies, water used process, the type of water saving methods and measures,and time as well. Then the “four-dimensional” hierarchical structure of water-savingmethods and measures was proposed. With the established system, water savingmethods in Tianjin and PS power plant as examples were analyzed in detail: watersaving systems as a function of time was described based on the investigation ofjurisdiction of main bodies and the methods taken during water saving process. The“four-dimensional” hierarchical structure provides a tool to comprehensivelyinvestigate the water saving system, which is convenient for further according plan ofwater saving.
     (2) There is few theoretical description and practical case regarding tocomprehensive economic evaluation of industrial water saving projects. Under theguidance of technical and engineering economics, the water saving projects, theircharacters, the general principles of economic evaluation, the principles ofcost-benefit identification of industrial water saving projects, the cost-benefit countingand process were introduced. Based on this, the national economy evaluation wasmade on taking the water saving project of secondary production processes in a chemical plant as an example: to survey the cost of saving water per cubic meter andthe economic benefits in the water saving project. And the single factor sensitivityanalysis was researched to survey the anti-risk ability of water-saving project. Theresults showed that the economic benefits of the water saving project was better, andit had strong anti-risk ability and a greater contribution to national economy andsociety.
     (3) Based on the introduction of the CCR and CCGSS models of DEA, therelative efficiency, the lack of output, the surplus of input in water saving projectswere analyzed using six water saving projects in four enterprises as examples. Theresults showed that the efficiency of water saving is high during the productionprocesses. The DEA method can analyze the lack of output and the surplus of input ofthe samples, and it is convenient to analyze the relative efficiency of the multi-inputmulti-output evaluation units.
     (4) In order to assess the industrial added value created during the industrialwater-saving activities, comparison of different production function models includingC-D production function, Solow growth equation, and management innovationproduction function has been made. The marginal output contribution of water inTianjin industrial added value was obtained using the C-D production function withadditional water element, together with the rate of industrial added value. Furthermorethe industrial added value created by water-saving activities was calculated using theindustrial water recycling rate. In2008, for example, the industrial added value ofindustrial water-saving activities was5.652billion Yuan, which can provide thereference for the industrial production and conservation management.
     (5) Aiming at the insufficiency of macro instruction in industrial water savingprojects, the technical efficiency of60water saving projects in Tianjin from2001to2008were studied using the technical efficiency models of the SFA and DEA: toanalyze the technical efficiency of water saving projects and their tendency, to analyzethe comparison between the technical efficiency and the saving water quantityinvestment rate, to survey the choice and instruction of water saving projects based onthe technical efficiency method, to study the applicability of SFA and DEA inhandling multi-input/multi-output water-saving projects.
     It was shown that the technical efficiency of industrial water-saving projects hasthe decreased tendency and saving water became more difficult, in line with law ofdiminishing marginal utility. Technical efficiency method can provide comprehensive results for evaluation of water saving and provide the guidance for choosing watersaving techniques in industrial enterprise. The water saving projects should be madefirst in the enterprise having high technical efficiency in their field and greatexperience in water saving activities. The comparison of SFA and DEA indicated thatDEA had advantage in the analysis of industrial water-saving projects.
     In short, the industrial water saving projects had good economic benefits andstrong anti-risk ability; industrial saving water plays an important role in industrialproduction; the industrial water saving activities produces significant and apparentbenefits; the technical efficiency of industrial water projects decreased and industrialsaving water became more difficult; the technical efficiency method can provide theoriented guidance for industrial saving water; DEA had more advantage in theanalysis of industrial water-saving projects.
引文
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