无线传感网络定位与追踪技术及其安全策略研究
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摘要
微传感器技术、微电子技术、无线通信技术以及计算技术发展,极大地推动了集信息采集、处理、无线传输等功能于一体的无线传感器网络的发展,随着无线传感器网络研究的深入,其应用愈加广泛。
无线传感器网络由具有感知、计算和通信能力的无线传感器节点组成。在各种应用研究中,节点定位是无线传感器网络应用的主要支撑技术,是实现无线传感器网络众多应用的前提。但无线传感器网络能量有限、低成本、自组织、多跳中继、分布式处理、容错性等特点,给定位技术的研究带来了一定的难度。本文深入的总结了无线传感器网络的定位技术,围绕安全定位、静态节点的定位、移动节点追踪三个方面展开了研究,并进行了实际应用的探索,取得了一定的成果。
(1)针对无线传感器节点小型化、微型化的发展趋势。设计了一种新的共面波导反馈结构的印刷天线,工作频率为2.4GHz,采用单层基片,通过CPW线进行馈电,专用软件的仿真结果表明,该天线在较宽的频率范围内能取得较好的阻抗匹配,具有高增益、全向性、紧凑、易于制作和低成本等特性。
(2)针对RSSI测距误差大,易受干扰的特点,在自制的实验平台上通过大范围测距实验,提出了提高RSSI(?)|距精度和稳定性的高斯拟合处理方法,与常用的处理方法相比,能大幅提高测距精度,搞干扰能力也得到增强。
(3)针对基于RSSI技术的静态权重定位算法不能同时解决定位的平均误差和最大误差的缺陷,提出一种新的结合RSSI测距数据处理的高斯拟合动态权重定位算法GFDWCL,引入区分函数实现动态权重,从而提高定位精度,在实验平台上实现了该算法。算法不需附加设备,成本低,使用方便,对锚节点规则分布情况下的定位有一定的实用价值
(4)针对无线传感网络应用于目标跟踪无中心控制、节点有限的运算能力、受限的通信带宽、低能耗等带来的挑战。提出了基于主节点的最大簇质心定位算法,通过设置参考点数据库,形成围绕移动目标的最大簇,对移动目标进行定位,并通过主节点和边界节点的设定对移动目标运动趋势进行预测,算法不需大量计算,低成本解决了WSN对移动节点的快速、高精度追踪要求。
(5)一段时间以来,对定位的研究主要集中在如何提高定位的精确度、如何降低算法的复杂度上,对安全问题考虑不足。针对如何在资源受限的无线传感器网络中,安全、有效的获取节点位置信息这个极具挑战性的问题,提出了一种分散式的基于RSSI测距的DPC安全定位算法,算法应用测量和计算一致性原理检测并滤除多种恶意攻击生成的虚节点,而且算法没有中心节点,所有的节点都参与安全定位,鲁棒性很高,对算法性能的仿真以及实验结果表明,在噪声环境和虚节点较多的情况下,DPC算法仍然有很高的效率,并且能应对多种恶意攻击。
最后总结了本文所做的工作,指出了不足和下一步的研究方向。
The development of micro-sensor technology, the micro-electronic technology, the wireless communication as well as the computation technology, largely facilitate the progress of the WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) which integrates the collection, handling and wireless-transmission of information. With the further research work about the WSN, its application range becomes more and more extensive.
The WSN is composed of wireless sensor nodes which are able to sense, calculate and communicate. Among the research works on its various applications, the node position is the primary supporting technology about the application of the WSN, and the premise to realize the many other applications of WSN. For many years, there have been many professionals and research institutes that have carried on works in-depth aimed at view of the WSN characteristic:energy limited, low cost, self-organization, wireless correspondence, multi-jumped relaying, distributional processing, fault-tolerant and so on, and have brought forward numerous positioning algorithms. In this paper, we summarized the positioning technology of the WSN, and focused on3aspects:the security position, the position of the static nodes and the tracking of the mobile nodes. We also explored its practical application and made some achievements.
(1)In view of the miniature and subminiature trend in the development of the wireless sensors, we designed a new type of printed antenna with a coplane wave-guide feedback structure,2.4GHzs, adopting a monolayered substrate, and carring on the feed-back through the CPW line. The simulation result from the special software indicated that this antenna can obtain good impedance matching in a rather wide frequency range, high gains, isotropism, compactness, being easy to manufacture, low cost and&.
(2) In view of that RSSI often gets large errors in ranging and is liable to interference, we proposed a new Gauss fit location algorithm(GFL) in order to improve the ranging precision and stability of the RSSI from experiments in a large area on a self-made experimental platform. Comparing with the common handling techniques, this new algorithm can greatly improve the ranging precision and the anti-jamming capability can also be enhanced.
(3) Considering the disadvantage that the static state weighted centroid position algorithm based on the RSSI technical cannot solve the problems of the average error and the maximum error simultaneously, we brought forward a new Gauss fit method of dynamic weighted centroid location algorithm(GFDWCL) linked with RSSI data processing which can realize the dynamic weighted centroid via introducing differentiating function so to improve the position precision and carry out this algorithm on the experimental flat. This algorithm without additional equipments, and is low-cost and convenient to use, and do has some certain practical value on positioning of the regularly distributed anchor nodes.
(4) As the WSN has to face the challenge of no central controls, calculating capacity of limited nodes, and limited communication bandwidth, low energy consuption of nodes and etc while being applied in the target tracking, we proposed the principle of a positioning algorithm based on the main node of the max-cluster, and formed out the largest cluster surrounding the object via introducing a data-base of reference points, then we can figure out the position of our objects and can also predict the orbit of the moving objscts by setting out the chief nodes and the boundary nodes. This algorithm does not need large quantity of calculations and is low-cost also, thus it can meet the requirements for WSN to track the mobile nodes in a swift and highly precise way.
(5) For a certain period of time, the research works on positioning are mainly focused on how to increase the accuracy of position and how to reduce the complexity of the algorithm, but seldom concern about questions of the security. Aimed at the mostly challenging problem of how to obtain informations of the nodes securely and effectively in a resource-restricted WSN, we brought forward a kind of dispersed DPC (distance and position consistent) secure localization algorithm based on RSSI ranging. The algorithm adopts the consistency principle of the ranging and calculating to inspect and filter out the various false nodes produced by malicious attack. Meanwhile, there is no center node in this algorithm, all the nodes participate in the securelocation and the robustness is very high. The simulation experimental results of the algorithm indicates that the DPC algorithm still has a very high efficiency even in a noise circumstance or conditions with many false nodes, and can resist many kinds of malicious attacks.
In the last part of the thesis, a sum-up of all the works is given, and deficiencies and the succedent researches to be done are also pointed out.
无线传感器网络由具有感知、计算和通信能力的无线传感器节点组成。在各种应用研究中,节点定位是无线传感器网络应用的主要支撑技术,是实现无线传感器网络众多应用的前提。但无线传感器网络能量有限、低成本、自组织、多跳中继、分布式处理、容错性等特点,给定位技术的研究带来了一定的难度。本文深入的总结了无线传感器网络的定位技术,围绕安全定位、静态节点的定位、移动节点追踪三个方面展开了研究,并进行了实际应用的探索,取得了一定的成果。
(1)针对无线传感器节点小型化、微型化的发展趋势。设计了一种新的共面波导反馈结构的印刷天线,工作频率为2.4GHz,采用单层基片,通过CPW线进行馈电,专用软件的仿真结果表明,该天线在较宽的频率范围内能取得较好的阻抗匹配,具有高增益、全向性、紧凑、易于制作和低成本等特性。
(2)针对RSSI测距误差大,易受干扰的特点,在自制的实验平台上通过大范围测距实验,提出了提高RSSI(?)|距精度和稳定性的高斯拟合处理方法,与常用的处理方法相比,能大幅提高测距精度,搞干扰能力也得到增强。
(3)针对基于RSSI技术的静态权重定位算法不能同时解决定位的平均误差和最大误差的缺陷,提出一种新的结合RSSI测距数据处理的高斯拟合动态权重定位算法GFDWCL,引入区分函数实现动态权重,从而提高定位精度,在实验平台上实现了该算法。算法不需附加设备,成本低,使用方便,对锚节点规则分布情况下的定位有一定的实用价值
(4)针对无线传感网络应用于目标跟踪无中心控制、节点有限的运算能力、受限的通信带宽、低能耗等带来的挑战。提出了基于主节点的最大簇质心定位算法,通过设置参考点数据库,形成围绕移动目标的最大簇,对移动目标进行定位,并通过主节点和边界节点的设定对移动目标运动趋势进行预测,算法不需大量计算,低成本解决了WSN对移动节点的快速、高精度追踪要求。
(5)一段时间以来,对定位的研究主要集中在如何提高定位的精确度、如何降低算法的复杂度上,对安全问题考虑不足。针对如何在资源受限的无线传感器网络中,安全、有效的获取节点位置信息这个极具挑战性的问题,提出了一种分散式的基于RSSI测距的DPC安全定位算法,算法应用测量和计算一致性原理检测并滤除多种恶意攻击生成的虚节点,而且算法没有中心节点,所有的节点都参与安全定位,鲁棒性很高,对算法性能的仿真以及实验结果表明,在噪声环境和虚节点较多的情况下,DPC算法仍然有很高的效率,并且能应对多种恶意攻击。
最后总结了本文所做的工作,指出了不足和下一步的研究方向。
The development of micro-sensor technology, the micro-electronic technology, the wireless communication as well as the computation technology, largely facilitate the progress of the WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) which integrates the collection, handling and wireless-transmission of information. With the further research work about the WSN, its application range becomes more and more extensive.
The WSN is composed of wireless sensor nodes which are able to sense, calculate and communicate. Among the research works on its various applications, the node position is the primary supporting technology about the application of the WSN, and the premise to realize the many other applications of WSN. For many years, there have been many professionals and research institutes that have carried on works in-depth aimed at view of the WSN characteristic:energy limited, low cost, self-organization, wireless correspondence, multi-jumped relaying, distributional processing, fault-tolerant and so on, and have brought forward numerous positioning algorithms. In this paper, we summarized the positioning technology of the WSN, and focused on3aspects:the security position, the position of the static nodes and the tracking of the mobile nodes. We also explored its practical application and made some achievements.
(1)In view of the miniature and subminiature trend in the development of the wireless sensors, we designed a new type of printed antenna with a coplane wave-guide feedback structure,2.4GHzs, adopting a monolayered substrate, and carring on the feed-back through the CPW line. The simulation result from the special software indicated that this antenna can obtain good impedance matching in a rather wide frequency range, high gains, isotropism, compactness, being easy to manufacture, low cost and&.
(2) In view of that RSSI often gets large errors in ranging and is liable to interference, we proposed a new Gauss fit location algorithm(GFL) in order to improve the ranging precision and stability of the RSSI from experiments in a large area on a self-made experimental platform. Comparing with the common handling techniques, this new algorithm can greatly improve the ranging precision and the anti-jamming capability can also be enhanced.
(3) Considering the disadvantage that the static state weighted centroid position algorithm based on the RSSI technical cannot solve the problems of the average error and the maximum error simultaneously, we brought forward a new Gauss fit method of dynamic weighted centroid location algorithm(GFDWCL) linked with RSSI data processing which can realize the dynamic weighted centroid via introducing differentiating function so to improve the position precision and carry out this algorithm on the experimental flat. This algorithm without additional equipments, and is low-cost and convenient to use, and do has some certain practical value on positioning of the regularly distributed anchor nodes.
(4) As the WSN has to face the challenge of no central controls, calculating capacity of limited nodes, and limited communication bandwidth, low energy consuption of nodes and etc while being applied in the target tracking, we proposed the principle of a positioning algorithm based on the main node of the max-cluster, and formed out the largest cluster surrounding the object via introducing a data-base of reference points, then we can figure out the position of our objects and can also predict the orbit of the moving objscts by setting out the chief nodes and the boundary nodes. This algorithm does not need large quantity of calculations and is low-cost also, thus it can meet the requirements for WSN to track the mobile nodes in a swift and highly precise way.
(5) For a certain period of time, the research works on positioning are mainly focused on how to increase the accuracy of position and how to reduce the complexity of the algorithm, but seldom concern about questions of the security. Aimed at the mostly challenging problem of how to obtain informations of the nodes securely and effectively in a resource-restricted WSN, we brought forward a kind of dispersed DPC (distance and position consistent) secure localization algorithm based on RSSI ranging. The algorithm adopts the consistency principle of the ranging and calculating to inspect and filter out the various false nodes produced by malicious attack. Meanwhile, there is no center node in this algorithm, all the nodes participate in the securelocation and the robustness is very high. The simulation experimental results of the algorithm indicates that the DPC algorithm still has a very high efficiency even in a noise circumstance or conditions with many false nodes, and can resist many kinds of malicious attacks.
In the last part of the thesis, a sum-up of all the works is given, and deficiencies and the succedent researches to be done are also pointed out.
引文
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