摘要
水是湿地中不可缺少的生命要素,是湿地环境构成最基本的组成部分。水文地貌条件制约着湿地的生物、物理和化学过程,控制着湿地生物的类型与分布,影响着群落的物种组成、生物量和生理生态特征乃至生物生命的整个历程。湿地水文地貌条件不仅直接影响着湿地生态系统的形成与发育,更决定着湿地的健康状态和演化方向。人类活动应该怎样控制湿地的水文条件,以达到减缓湿地退化、实施湿地恢复的目的,已经成为困扰科学界的一项重要难题。
沟渠是高强度人类活动的一种体现,它具有输水和阻水等两种截然不同的作用。由于沟渠能够改变自然状况下的湿地水文格局,使湿地的水量输入和输出、天然水体滞留时间发生多方面的改变,因而对湿地系统的发育、演化具有重要作用。随着当前社会人口、资源环境的不断发展,黑龙江省扎龙国家级自然保护区的上游区域即乌袼尔河与双阳河的来水逐年减少,同时在湿地周边和湿地内部区域,兴建了大量的人工沟渠。特别是这些湿地沟渠,改变了湿地区中原有的水文地貌格局,导致了湿地水循环的路径、水体在湿地中的滞留地点和滞留时间发生了显著改变,湿地退化程度也逐年加深。
尽管目前国内外已经有许多地区开展了有关湿地恢复的实践,特别是在退化湿地的补水恢复方面开展了一些尝试。但就湿地退化原因、恢复机理以及恢复方法等方面,许多问题还无法得到清晰答案,特别是针对干旱半干旱地区退化湿地的补水方法等方面,更需要在补水恢复的基本原理、方法等方面进一步开展深入研究。
本研究在总结国内相关研究理论与方法的基础上,针对扎龙湿地的退化原因和补水恢复方法等方面开展了相关研究。首先利用Mann-Kendall时间序列分析法(M-K法)及突变检验方法分析各个水文站径流时间序列趋势变化及突变点；采用频次统计分析法分析乌双流域径流的连丰、连枯变化程度,统计了各个水文站点连丰期和连枯期的持续时间及频次,并分别计算连丰期和连枯期的平均流量与多年平均径流量的比值：采用径流年内分配不均匀系数Cv来描述年内分配的不均匀性,用皮尔森相关系数法分析近50年来扎龙湿地天然来水量与年末水面面积之间的关系,研究流域径流变化对扎龙湿地面积消长的影响。同时根据扎龙保护区1980年地形图,1999年TM年遥感影像和2006年SPOT4遥感影像的解译结果,结合实际调查,利用“3S”技术,查明了不同年代湿地内部及周边区域的沟渠分布状况,并利用“3S”技术和景观变化分析软件分析对比不同年份湿地破碎化程度指数和统计不同年份湿地斑块数量；通过搜集资料的方法研究湿地明水面面积变化、湿地生物多样性及湿地微地貌变化。通过研究沿时间变化扎龙湿地沟渠的类型、长度和密度及扩展方式,沟渠对扎龙湿地水文连接度、水系分布格局以及来水路径的影响及其生态效应发现,沟渠阻隔后湿地缺水是导致扎龙湿地退化的关键原因。在完成上述工作后,针对引起扎龙湿地退化的原因设计了退化湿地生态恢复方案。其中,采用计算机和人工划分相结合的方法对扎龙湿地所在区域的地形图和遥感影像进行综合分析,同时考虑湿地内水文分布规律、大型水利工程和道路沟渠的分割作用以及地表植被分布状况和水鸟栖息地特征将湿地内的高地,低地区分出来,根据地形地势,将该区分割成若干个相对独立的补水单元。其次对各补水单元的水资源状况进行实地调查,兼顾充分利用原有水利设施、补水距离最短、水资源利用效率最高以及便于行政协调和运行管理方便的原则,利用地理信息系统的空间分析功能确定各补水单元的补水水源和补水点。然后根据湿地生态需水的计算方法,利用已经开展的湿地水位监测的有效数据和扎龙保护区周边水文观测站的有效数据,确定了不同补水单元的生态补水量和补水时间。最后根据扎龙湿地的水文规律和以往对湿地补水的经验,在湿地水源能够得到保障的情况下,提出湿地补水的有效方式,从而设计了扎龙退化湿地生态补水的恢复方案。研究结果丰富了湿地生态水文学、湿地科学以及生态学等相关学科的基础理论,对湿地保护与管理具有一定的指导意义。
The amount of water affected the formation, development, evolution and function of wetland. Lack of water was the main cause for wetland degradation. Wetland hydrology developed to a bad direction for wetland evolution was the primary cause of wetland degradation.
Channels led to wetland degradation by influencing the hydrological pattern, water amount and so on. Recently, a lot of channels were built in Zhalong, which led to wetland drought and degradation. We wanted to take proper measurements to restore the degraded wetland according to the specific situation in Zhalong. However, the mechanism of the degradation was not very clear, which resulted in the lack of the scientific backing for the design of ecological restoration program. Thus, our object was to verify the effect mechanism of channels on wetland degradation, then design an effective program for wetland restoration. The domestic and foreign research progress was understood, the channel types were investigated, and the channel distribution in time and space was studied according to topographic map of1980. TM remote sensing image of1999, SPOT4remote sensing image and actual survey. Mann-Keddall time series analysis method and Mutations inspection method were used to analyze stream flow time series trends and point mutations in each hydrological station, and Frequency statistic method was used for degree of stream change. Based on these methods, the durations and frequency of wet and dry season in each hydrological station were analyzed statistically and the ratios of average flow in wet and dry season to mean annual runoff were calculated. The coefficient of uniformity Cy was used to describe the uneven runoff allocation within a year. Pearson Correlation Coefficient was used to analysis the relation between the input water amount in Zhalong Wetland and the surface area of water in the end of every year in recent5decades. Finally, we clarified the effect of runoff change on the area of wetland."3S" technologies and Landscape changes analysis software was used to analyze Fragmentation index and the amount of patches of wetland landscape in different years. Changes of water surface area, biodiversity and microtopgraphy in wetland were acquired from documents and literature. Researches such as channel distribution, the effect of channels on wetland hydrological connectivity, stream distribution, and coming water paths, and its ecological effect, we suggested that the key reason for Zhalong Wetland degradation was the lack of water due to the separation of channels. Then, a restoration on water supplement was designed according to the reason for degradation. First, the topographic map and remote sensing images of Zhalong Wetland was analyzed by computer and persons, meanwhile, hydrological distribution laws, separation of large hydraulic project and channels, distribution of plants and characteristics of birds' habitat were took into account. According to that, Zhalong Wetland was separated into many relatively independent filling water units. Second. resource of replenishment water and replenishment points were determined by surveying the water resource in each water replenishment units. and according to many principles including using original hydraulic structure.choosing the shortest replenishment paths, and being easy to management. Third, according to the water level monitoring data in Zhalong Wetland and hydrographic stations, the amount of replenishment water and replenishment points were determined. At last, following the hydrological laws and previous water replenishment experience, the water replenishment patterns was determined.
The results of this study would enrich the basic theories of Hydrology, Wetland Science and Ecology, which provides a scientific backing to Local government department for wetland restoration. It is significantly meaningful for theory and practice relating to wetland research.
引文
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