旱地地表覆盖栽培的冬小麦产量形成和养分利用
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摘要
旱地农业是我国农业生产的重要组成部分，是未来农业发展的前缘阵地。我国西北旱农地区，面积大、干旱少雨、土地贫瘠；地表覆盖秸秆和塑料薄膜，能促进作物充分利用自然降水，但如何管理作物养分，实现覆盖保水栽培的高产高效是旱地农业面临的重要问题。因此，通过长期田间定位试验，在黄土高原南部半湿润易旱地区，研究了地表覆盖对旱地主要作物—冬小麦产量形成和养分利用的影响。取得的主要结果如下：
1）发现不施氮肥，地表覆盖不能提高小麦产量，其中覆草大幅度降低花后干物质合成及其向籽粒分配，显著降低籽粒产量和收获指数。施氮覆膜和施氮增至240kg hm~(-2)时、覆草均能明显促进花前、花后小麦生长及花后合成干物质向籽粒分配，提高籽粒产量。与地表覆膜相比，覆草在高量施氮情况下，才能促进花后干物质的合成与有效分配，提高产量。
2）低施氮水平（120kg hm~(-2)）时，覆草不能促进小麦对氮素的吸收、转移及利用，而覆膜促进氮素转移，显著增加收获期地上部及籽粒吸氮量、氮收获指数，提高氮素生产与利用效率。施氮增至240kg hm~(-2)，两者均明显促进小麦花前累积氮素的转移和花后氮素的吸收，显著增加作物吸氮量和氮收获指数，提高氮素利用。在配施适量氮肥情况下，地表覆盖才能提高作物吸氮量和氮素利用。
3）低施氮水平（120kg hm~(-2)）时，覆草也不能促进小麦对磷素的吸收和利用；施氮覆膜及施氮增至240kg hm~(-2)时、覆草均能提高开花前后磷素吸收，促进花前累积磷素向籽粒转移，提高磷肥与植株累积磷素的生产力。氮肥用量的高低是影响地表覆盖能否促进小麦磷素吸收、累积、分配及利用的关键因素。
4）不论施氮多少，地表覆盖均能促进作物花前钾素累积，提高钾素转移量及转移效率，但同时也增加生长后期钾素损失，不能提高收获期地上部、籽粒吸钾量及钾收获指数。施氮覆膜提高了植株钾生产力，而覆草仅在施氮量增至240kg hm~(-2)时显著提高。
5）无论施氮与否，地表覆盖均能显著提高返青期和花期0-40cm土层土壤贮水量。收获期，虽然施氮覆膜情况下，表层硝态氮累积能增加到10cm土层，但无论覆膜还是覆草，0-40cm土层的硝态氮累积总量均显著降低。
6）覆膜显著降低了冬小麦收获期深层（40-300cm）土壤水分及其硝态氮的累积，且随施氮量的增加降低幅度增大。施氮量低于120kg hm~(-2)时，覆草有增加深层土壤水分的趋势，而高施氮量（240kg hm~(-2)）时则明显降低；无论施氮与否，覆草均降低深层土壤硝态氮累积。配施氮肥，地表覆盖不仅能够促进作物生长、提高氮素吸收，还能有效降低土壤氮素累积及淋溶。
In China agriculture production, dry farming not only occupies a large proportion atpresent, and is also considered to be an important part and the front edge in the future. Innorthwest China, where large areas of lands can be used for agriculture, shortage of watersupply and poor soil fertility limit agricultural development. Mulching soil surface by strawand plastic film can not only promote the natural precipitation use by crops, but also affectenvironment conditions related to crop growing, such as soil temperature and nutrientbioavailability. Therefore, how to manage the nutrients in soil and crop system under soilsurface mulching, is still an important issue to realize high grain yield and high efficiency ofresources in these dryland areas. In order to understand the crop grain yield formation andnutrient use under soil surface mulching, a long-term field experiment with winter wheat astest crop was conducted at sub-humid to drought area in the southern part of the Loess Plateau,and main results obtained are as follows:
1. With no N fertilization, grain yield of winter wheat was not observed to be promotedby soil surface mulching, and especially dry matter synthesis after anthesis and itstranslocation to grains, grain yield and harvest indices were greatly decreased by strawmulching. Plastic film mulching combined with application of N fertilizer, or strawmulching at N rate up to240kg hm~(-2)were able to enhance wheat growth before and afteranthesis and translocation of dry matter synthesized post anthesis to grain, and thus increaseshoot biomass, grain yield and harvesting indices. Compared to mulching soil surface byplastic film, straw mulching was able to promote dry matter synthetic and its translocation tograin after anthesis, and then increase the grain yield at only high rate of N fertilizer.
2. At low rate of N fertilizer （120kg hm~(-2)）, straw mulching did not increase Nabsorption, its translocation and utilization yet, while plastic film mulching was found topromote N translocation, N uptake of shoot and grain and N harvest indices at harvest, Nproductivity and utilization efficiency were therefore increased. When N rate was increased to240kg hm~(-2), soil surface mulching not only promoted N translocation, but also increased Nuptake after anthesis. At harvest, N uptake of shoot and grain and N harvest indices wereincreased significantly. Therefore, Soil surface mulching can improve grain N uptake and N utilization only under reasonable N fertilization rates.
3. At low rate of N fertilizer （120kg hm~(-2)）, straw mulching still could not promote Pabsorption and utilization. Plastic film mulching combined with application of N fertilizer andstraw mulching at high N rate （240kg hm~(-2)） not only increased P uptake before and afteranthesis, but also improved P translocation from vegetative organs to grain, significantlyincreasing the productivity of P fertilizer and plant P accumulation. Therefore, rates of Nfertilization was the main factor determining whether the soil surface mulching wouldimprove P uptake, accumulation, distribution and utilization or not.
4. No matter how much N fertilization was used, soil surface mulching by straw orplastic film was observed to be able to improve K accumulation before anthesis, increase Ktranslocation and translocation efficiency, and also the loss and loss efficiency of K. Therefore,soil surface mulching could not improve K uptake of shoot and grain at harvest and K harvestindices. Crop K productivity could be increased by plastic film mulching with application ofN fertilization and by straw mulching only at high N rate （240kg hm~(-2)）.
5. Whether N fertilizer was applied or not, soil moisture in0to40cm soil layers wasincreased by mulching straw or plastic film at reviving and flowering stages. At harvest,although plastic film mulching combined with application of N fertilizer could increase nitrateN accumulation to10cm soil layers, soil surface mulching with plastic film or crop straw,nitrate N accumulation in0to40cm soil layers were all decreased.
6. At harvest, soil moisture and nitrate N accumulation in40to300cm soil layers wereall decreased by plastic film mulching, and the decreasing altitudes was increased with Nrates. Mulching with crop straw only showed a trend to increase soil moisture in deep soillayers at N rates below120kg hm~(-2), and at high N rate （240kg hm~(-2)）, it significantlydecreased soil moisture. Whether N fertilizer was applied or not, straw mulching could allreduce nitrate N accumulation in deep soil layers. Therefore, mulching soil surface combinedwith application of N fertilizer not only promoted crop growth and uptake of N, but alsoremarkably decreased the amount of nitrate N accumulation in soil profile and then preventednitrate N from leaching into deep soil layers.
1）发现不施氮肥，地表覆盖不能提高小麦产量，其中覆草大幅度降低花后干物质合成及其向籽粒分配，显著降低籽粒产量和收获指数。施氮覆膜和施氮增至240kg hm~(-2)时、覆草均能明显促进花前、花后小麦生长及花后合成干物质向籽粒分配，提高籽粒产量。与地表覆膜相比，覆草在高量施氮情况下，才能促进花后干物质的合成与有效分配，提高产量。
2）低施氮水平（120kg hm~(-2)）时，覆草不能促进小麦对氮素的吸收、转移及利用，而覆膜促进氮素转移，显著增加收获期地上部及籽粒吸氮量、氮收获指数，提高氮素生产与利用效率。施氮增至240kg hm~(-2)，两者均明显促进小麦花前累积氮素的转移和花后氮素的吸收，显著增加作物吸氮量和氮收获指数，提高氮素利用。在配施适量氮肥情况下，地表覆盖才能提高作物吸氮量和氮素利用。
3）低施氮水平（120kg hm~(-2)）时，覆草也不能促进小麦对磷素的吸收和利用；施氮覆膜及施氮增至240kg hm~(-2)时、覆草均能提高开花前后磷素吸收，促进花前累积磷素向籽粒转移，提高磷肥与植株累积磷素的生产力。氮肥用量的高低是影响地表覆盖能否促进小麦磷素吸收、累积、分配及利用的关键因素。
4）不论施氮多少，地表覆盖均能促进作物花前钾素累积，提高钾素转移量及转移效率，但同时也增加生长后期钾素损失，不能提高收获期地上部、籽粒吸钾量及钾收获指数。施氮覆膜提高了植株钾生产力，而覆草仅在施氮量增至240kg hm~(-2)时显著提高。
5）无论施氮与否，地表覆盖均能显著提高返青期和花期0-40cm土层土壤贮水量。收获期，虽然施氮覆膜情况下，表层硝态氮累积能增加到10cm土层，但无论覆膜还是覆草，0-40cm土层的硝态氮累积总量均显著降低。
6）覆膜显著降低了冬小麦收获期深层（40-300cm）土壤水分及其硝态氮的累积，且随施氮量的增加降低幅度增大。施氮量低于120kg hm~(-2)时，覆草有增加深层土壤水分的趋势，而高施氮量（240kg hm~(-2)）时则明显降低；无论施氮与否，覆草均降低深层土壤硝态氮累积。配施氮肥，地表覆盖不仅能够促进作物生长、提高氮素吸收，还能有效降低土壤氮素累积及淋溶。
In China agriculture production, dry farming not only occupies a large proportion atpresent, and is also considered to be an important part and the front edge in the future. Innorthwest China, where large areas of lands can be used for agriculture, shortage of watersupply and poor soil fertility limit agricultural development. Mulching soil surface by strawand plastic film can not only promote the natural precipitation use by crops, but also affectenvironment conditions related to crop growing, such as soil temperature and nutrientbioavailability. Therefore, how to manage the nutrients in soil and crop system under soilsurface mulching, is still an important issue to realize high grain yield and high efficiency ofresources in these dryland areas. In order to understand the crop grain yield formation andnutrient use under soil surface mulching, a long-term field experiment with winter wheat astest crop was conducted at sub-humid to drought area in the southern part of the Loess Plateau,and main results obtained are as follows:
1. With no N fertilization, grain yield of winter wheat was not observed to be promotedby soil surface mulching, and especially dry matter synthesis after anthesis and itstranslocation to grains, grain yield and harvest indices were greatly decreased by strawmulching. Plastic film mulching combined with application of N fertilizer, or strawmulching at N rate up to240kg hm~(-2)were able to enhance wheat growth before and afteranthesis and translocation of dry matter synthesized post anthesis to grain, and thus increaseshoot biomass, grain yield and harvesting indices. Compared to mulching soil surface byplastic film, straw mulching was able to promote dry matter synthetic and its translocation tograin after anthesis, and then increase the grain yield at only high rate of N fertilizer.
2. At low rate of N fertilizer （120kg hm~(-2)）, straw mulching did not increase Nabsorption, its translocation and utilization yet, while plastic film mulching was found topromote N translocation, N uptake of shoot and grain and N harvest indices at harvest, Nproductivity and utilization efficiency were therefore increased. When N rate was increased to240kg hm~(-2), soil surface mulching not only promoted N translocation, but also increased Nuptake after anthesis. At harvest, N uptake of shoot and grain and N harvest indices wereincreased significantly. Therefore, Soil surface mulching can improve grain N uptake and N utilization only under reasonable N fertilization rates.
3. At low rate of N fertilizer （120kg hm~(-2)）, straw mulching still could not promote Pabsorption and utilization. Plastic film mulching combined with application of N fertilizer andstraw mulching at high N rate （240kg hm~(-2)） not only increased P uptake before and afteranthesis, but also improved P translocation from vegetative organs to grain, significantlyincreasing the productivity of P fertilizer and plant P accumulation. Therefore, rates of Nfertilization was the main factor determining whether the soil surface mulching wouldimprove P uptake, accumulation, distribution and utilization or not.
4. No matter how much N fertilization was used, soil surface mulching by straw orplastic film was observed to be able to improve K accumulation before anthesis, increase Ktranslocation and translocation efficiency, and also the loss and loss efficiency of K. Therefore,soil surface mulching could not improve K uptake of shoot and grain at harvest and K harvestindices. Crop K productivity could be increased by plastic film mulching with application ofN fertilization and by straw mulching only at high N rate （240kg hm~(-2)）.
5. Whether N fertilizer was applied or not, soil moisture in0to40cm soil layers wasincreased by mulching straw or plastic film at reviving and flowering stages. At harvest,although plastic film mulching combined with application of N fertilizer could increase nitrateN accumulation to10cm soil layers, soil surface mulching with plastic film or crop straw,nitrate N accumulation in0to40cm soil layers were all decreased.
6. At harvest, soil moisture and nitrate N accumulation in40to300cm soil layers wereall decreased by plastic film mulching, and the decreasing altitudes was increased with Nrates. Mulching with crop straw only showed a trend to increase soil moisture in deep soillayers at N rates below120kg hm~(-2), and at high N rate （240kg hm~(-2)）, it significantlydecreased soil moisture. Whether N fertilizer was applied or not, straw mulching could allreduce nitrate N accumulation in deep soil layers. Therefore, mulching soil surface combinedwith application of N fertilizer not only promoted crop growth and uptake of N, but alsoremarkably decreased the amount of nitrate N accumulation in soil profile and then preventednitrate N from leaching into deep soil layers.
引文
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