中国农民工职业发展问题研究
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摘要
世界各国现代化过程中,劳动力流动的普遍规律是由农民一步转化为市民。在中国大陆,由于户籍世袭制度使农民转化为市民过程中停留在农民工状态。每年城市化增长约1%即近1000万人进城,中国大陆大约每天会消失300个100人的村庄,从村庄里消失的人口绝大部分成了城市里的农民工。农民工对中国现代化的贡献已经得到社会的广泛承认。经过30年的努力,中国大陆农民成为农民工已经没什么障碍,下一步的核心问题是农民工市民化。
如同农民进城成为农民工是中国农民的第三大创举,第四大创举应是农民工的职业发展。开放改革后,中国农民的第一大创举是搞联产承包制使农业部门劳动力富余,第二大创举是创办乡镇企业衰落了同类低效率的国营企业。中国现代化要解决的主要问题是三农问题,农民工问题是中国三农问题的核心。开放改革超过三十年的今天,农民工职业发展问题已经成为解决农民工问题的核心。若大部分农民工不能市民化,中国现代化不可能成功,农民工职业发展问题成为影响中国现代化进程的事关全局的大事。农民工市民化,还得靠农民工自己的再一次创举：农民工职业发展。期望中国农民工的职业发展推动市民化制度与政策逐步松动,进一步推动中国现代化。制度政策因素之外,必须也只能靠农民工自己职业发展才能跨越韧性更强的市民化隐性门槛,达成经济层面的市民化。
研究表明：大部分农民工职业发展意愿强烈,但不懂职业发展规划,也缺乏职业发展方法。四类农民工中,职业发展主要在制造业、服务业两类,告知这两类农民工其职业发展位阶,各位阶递进所需要的知识技能、发展方法,知识精英可以通过帮助农民工职业发展为中国现代化多做出一点有益贡献。农民工工资数据分析显示,农民工职业发展四个层级之间收入差别是巨大的。通过25省市区调查数据的计量分析,农民工职业发展影响显著的因素是文化程度、职业技能训练、职业关系网络、狭义细分行业工作时间长度、雷同岗位累积工作时间长度,等等。除了二元社会结构及制度政策原因,文化程度低和针对性职业技能训练欠缺,是农民进城后职业发展追赶市民的主要障碍。农民工最初学历文化程度低已成事实,只能靠继续教育改善,然而调查显示农民工对目前社会提供的继续教育的评价是负面的。农民工职业发展,靠在职针对性的职业技能训练。运用数学和经济学一般通用基础知识发展出农民工职业技能训练的理论——农民工职业发展的经济学分析,替代一般性说教劝导,农民工更易接受和信服,更容易引导和促进农民工职业发展,这点已经得到实践证明。农民工学习靠经验感性模仿,初级农民工的模仿对象是精英农民工我们可以首先帮助部分精英农民工获得进一步职业发展急需的继续教育培训：大专知识结构和针对性职业技能训练,利用这部分精英农民工职业发展的榜样效应和传染效应,使大部分农民工达成通过职业发展实现市民化的愿望。
研究建议：创办服务数亿农民工职业发展的中国农民工职业大学,考虑农民工低学术性重职业发展所需的针对性知识结构和针对性职业技能训练,需创造适合于农民工时间和资金有限而要求短、平、快见效的教学方式,即需要达成高效地增强农民工的人力资本。创新高等职业教育、改革广播电视大学办学模式,成为中国农民工职业大学的同盟者,共同服务于农民工职业发展。继续教育的高职大专知识结构,能够帮助农民工蛙跳式职业发展到达高级位阶。有行业经验技能的农民工再辅以大专知识结构,创业成功率高；已经创业的农民工老板补充大专知识结构,能更好地把握企业经营、提高效益。纯粹由农民工集聚而成的纯农民工企业——以珠三角服装和皮具加工小型企业为例,需要克服在研发设计、人力资源、质量和供应链这四大管理弱点,使纯农民工企业的管理提升及纯农民工企业内各层次农民工获得职业发展。纯农民工企业全部存在这四大弱点是因为这些虚的又是构成核心竞争力的系统性逻辑性管理技能无法模仿得到,需要学习运用高职大专文化知识,或者靠一个个企业教练带领一个个企业内部团队练出来,有丰富企业管理经验的知识精英应提供这方面的支持。本文创新的纯农民工企业管理提升的外部服务模型,实践中已经有好表现。
建设知识精英直接帮助农民工的平台,创办中国农民工职业大学,都需要政府政策支持。应加大财政支持力度,加强研究并支持实践。
In almost all countries'modernization, the labor flux is from rural area to urban, more and more peasants became citizens. However, in China mainland, most peasants stay as the peasant-workers because of the "hukou" policy, although they have lived and worked in cities for many years. About1%of annual urbanization growth means every year nearly10million people transfer into cities,300villages with100people disappears every day, most of the "disappeared" villagers become peasant-workers. The peasant-workers' contribution to China modernization has been widely recognized by the whole society. After3decades struggle, no more obstacles prevent a peasant becoming a peasant-worker, the next core issue is to let peasant-workers become full citizens.Peasants pouring into city and becoming peasant-workers was the3rd great innovation created by China peasants. Peasant-worker's career developing may be the4th great innovations. Starting from open and reform, China peasant had the1st great innovation-the household contract responsibility system, which generated great amount of surplus rural labor forces. The2nd innovation is establishing township enterprises, which crushed many low-efficiency nation-own companies.
Issues of agriculture, peasant and rural area are the key to China modernization, peasant-worker issue is the core of the key. Today,30years after the open and reform, peasant-worker career developing becomes the core of peasant worker issue. China modernization is impossible to succeed if most peasant worker failed to transfer into citizens. So peasant-worker career developing becomes one of the key issues during China modernization. Peasant-worker merging into city still relies on the peasant-workers' another innovation——peasant-worker career developing. It is an expectation that the peasant-worker career developing can push the city "hukou" policy unlock bit by bit, and push forward the China modernization. Besides government policy side, it must depend on and can only depend on career developing, only in this way the peasant-workers may stride over the cover-up threshold, to become the full citizen in economic side.
The findings:Most peasant-workers have strong desire with career developing, however, they have no idea of career development planning, and didn't know how to achieve career development. Among four groups of peasant-workers, career developing mainly suitable to peasant-workers in manufacturing and service field. Intellectual elites can tell them career phase and train them with the knowledge and skills for further career development. In this way, the intellectual elites can provide positive contribution to China modernization. The peasant-workers payroll analysis showed:The income of peasant-workers at the four career levels varied greatly. By quantitative analyzing the survey information from25provinces in China mainland, for peasant-worker career development, the main factors are education level, occupational skills training, interpersonal network, and working years in specific industry, accumulated working years in similar position, etc. Besides dual social structure and government policy, the main obstacles that peasant-workers competitiveness lag behind original citizen are lower education and poor occupational skills training. Lower education is the fact, but the peasant-workers can change it by continuous education, it is a pity that most peasant-workers have negative impression to current continuous education system. Peasant-worker career development should focus on specific occupational skills training and on-job training. Use some general basic knowledge from mathematics and economic to develop a series of theory(Economic analysis for peasant-worker career development) for peasant-workers' occupational skills training, to replace traditional training conduction. This has been proved to be more convictive to peasant-workers, and easier to guide and promote their career development. Most peasant-workers learn by imitating or copying with perceptual experience, primary peasant-workers imitate elite peasant-workers, we can firstly arrange continuing education training to some elite peasant-workers, may include knowledge and occupational skills training that are urgently needed for their career development. Then use the successful elite peasant-workers as examples to induce and encourage the primary peasant-workers'will of urbanization via the career development. The research proposals:To establish China Peasant-worker Vocational School for millions of peasant-workers, should consider the lower education of peasant workers to provide specific both knowledge and occupational skills training, also need to consider peasant-workers can only offer limited time and limited capital. It is important to create a new teaching style that required short-time, and can achieve effects soon. We need innovate current higher vocational education and reform the education Pattern of Radio&TV university, become allies of China Peasant-worker Vocational School, to service peasant-worker career development.Getting college knowledge by continuous education can help peasant-worker realize leapfrogging-oriented carrier development. Experienced peasant-workers with college knowledge may get higher success rate for carve out; for the peasant-worker had successfully carved out, will run business more effectively after getting college knowledge by continuous education. Pure peasant-worker entrepreneur (where both the employee and boss are peasant-workers) need to conquer the four weaknesses which are Research&Development, Human Resource, Quality Assurance and Supply Chain Management——In the pearl river delta clothing and leather processing small company as an example. Only then it is possible to raise the management level of pure peasant-enterprise, and promote career developing for every level peasant-worker inside. Pure peasant-worker enterprise have such weaknesses because such knowledge are vain and peasant-worker can't copy them. But they are systematic and logic management skills that formed core competitiveness. This can be solved by peasant-worker to study and apply college knowledge, or by having enterprise coach to help training the company team respectively. Intellectual elites with rich management experience should offer such support. The author innovated "external service model" that used to improve the management of pure peasant-worker enterprise already had very good practice performance.
Intellectual elites need government policy support to set up the institution, or establish the China peasant-worker Vocational School, so that they can help peasant-workers directly. The government should increase financial support, strengthen research and support practice.
如同农民进城成为农民工是中国农民的第三大创举,第四大创举应是农民工的职业发展。开放改革后,中国农民的第一大创举是搞联产承包制使农业部门劳动力富余,第二大创举是创办乡镇企业衰落了同类低效率的国营企业。中国现代化要解决的主要问题是三农问题,农民工问题是中国三农问题的核心。开放改革超过三十年的今天,农民工职业发展问题已经成为解决农民工问题的核心。若大部分农民工不能市民化,中国现代化不可能成功,农民工职业发展问题成为影响中国现代化进程的事关全局的大事。农民工市民化,还得靠农民工自己的再一次创举：农民工职业发展。期望中国农民工的职业发展推动市民化制度与政策逐步松动,进一步推动中国现代化。制度政策因素之外,必须也只能靠农民工自己职业发展才能跨越韧性更强的市民化隐性门槛,达成经济层面的市民化。
研究表明：大部分农民工职业发展意愿强烈,但不懂职业发展规划,也缺乏职业发展方法。四类农民工中,职业发展主要在制造业、服务业两类,告知这两类农民工其职业发展位阶,各位阶递进所需要的知识技能、发展方法,知识精英可以通过帮助农民工职业发展为中国现代化多做出一点有益贡献。农民工工资数据分析显示,农民工职业发展四个层级之间收入差别是巨大的。通过25省市区调查数据的计量分析,农民工职业发展影响显著的因素是文化程度、职业技能训练、职业关系网络、狭义细分行业工作时间长度、雷同岗位累积工作时间长度,等等。除了二元社会结构及制度政策原因,文化程度低和针对性职业技能训练欠缺,是农民进城后职业发展追赶市民的主要障碍。农民工最初学历文化程度低已成事实,只能靠继续教育改善,然而调查显示农民工对目前社会提供的继续教育的评价是负面的。农民工职业发展,靠在职针对性的职业技能训练。运用数学和经济学一般通用基础知识发展出农民工职业技能训练的理论——农民工职业发展的经济学分析,替代一般性说教劝导,农民工更易接受和信服,更容易引导和促进农民工职业发展,这点已经得到实践证明。农民工学习靠经验感性模仿,初级农民工的模仿对象是精英农民工我们可以首先帮助部分精英农民工获得进一步职业发展急需的继续教育培训：大专知识结构和针对性职业技能训练,利用这部分精英农民工职业发展的榜样效应和传染效应,使大部分农民工达成通过职业发展实现市民化的愿望。
研究建议：创办服务数亿农民工职业发展的中国农民工职业大学,考虑农民工低学术性重职业发展所需的针对性知识结构和针对性职业技能训练,需创造适合于农民工时间和资金有限而要求短、平、快见效的教学方式,即需要达成高效地增强农民工的人力资本。创新高等职业教育、改革广播电视大学办学模式,成为中国农民工职业大学的同盟者,共同服务于农民工职业发展。继续教育的高职大专知识结构,能够帮助农民工蛙跳式职业发展到达高级位阶。有行业经验技能的农民工再辅以大专知识结构,创业成功率高；已经创业的农民工老板补充大专知识结构,能更好地把握企业经营、提高效益。纯粹由农民工集聚而成的纯农民工企业——以珠三角服装和皮具加工小型企业为例,需要克服在研发设计、人力资源、质量和供应链这四大管理弱点,使纯农民工企业的管理提升及纯农民工企业内各层次农民工获得职业发展。纯农民工企业全部存在这四大弱点是因为这些虚的又是构成核心竞争力的系统性逻辑性管理技能无法模仿得到,需要学习运用高职大专文化知识,或者靠一个个企业教练带领一个个企业内部团队练出来,有丰富企业管理经验的知识精英应提供这方面的支持。本文创新的纯农民工企业管理提升的外部服务模型,实践中已经有好表现。
建设知识精英直接帮助农民工的平台,创办中国农民工职业大学,都需要政府政策支持。应加大财政支持力度,加强研究并支持实践。
In almost all countries'modernization, the labor flux is from rural area to urban, more and more peasants became citizens. However, in China mainland, most peasants stay as the peasant-workers because of the "hukou" policy, although they have lived and worked in cities for many years. About1%of annual urbanization growth means every year nearly10million people transfer into cities,300villages with100people disappears every day, most of the "disappeared" villagers become peasant-workers. The peasant-workers' contribution to China modernization has been widely recognized by the whole society. After3decades struggle, no more obstacles prevent a peasant becoming a peasant-worker, the next core issue is to let peasant-workers become full citizens.Peasants pouring into city and becoming peasant-workers was the3rd great innovation created by China peasants. Peasant-worker's career developing may be the4th great innovations. Starting from open and reform, China peasant had the1st great innovation-the household contract responsibility system, which generated great amount of surplus rural labor forces. The2nd innovation is establishing township enterprises, which crushed many low-efficiency nation-own companies.
Issues of agriculture, peasant and rural area are the key to China modernization, peasant-worker issue is the core of the key. Today,30years after the open and reform, peasant-worker career developing becomes the core of peasant worker issue. China modernization is impossible to succeed if most peasant worker failed to transfer into citizens. So peasant-worker career developing becomes one of the key issues during China modernization. Peasant-worker merging into city still relies on the peasant-workers' another innovation——peasant-worker career developing. It is an expectation that the peasant-worker career developing can push the city "hukou" policy unlock bit by bit, and push forward the China modernization. Besides government policy side, it must depend on and can only depend on career developing, only in this way the peasant-workers may stride over the cover-up threshold, to become the full citizen in economic side.
The findings:Most peasant-workers have strong desire with career developing, however, they have no idea of career development planning, and didn't know how to achieve career development. Among four groups of peasant-workers, career developing mainly suitable to peasant-workers in manufacturing and service field. Intellectual elites can tell them career phase and train them with the knowledge and skills for further career development. In this way, the intellectual elites can provide positive contribution to China modernization. The peasant-workers payroll analysis showed:The income of peasant-workers at the four career levels varied greatly. By quantitative analyzing the survey information from25provinces in China mainland, for peasant-worker career development, the main factors are education level, occupational skills training, interpersonal network, and working years in specific industry, accumulated working years in similar position, etc. Besides dual social structure and government policy, the main obstacles that peasant-workers competitiveness lag behind original citizen are lower education and poor occupational skills training. Lower education is the fact, but the peasant-workers can change it by continuous education, it is a pity that most peasant-workers have negative impression to current continuous education system. Peasant-worker career development should focus on specific occupational skills training and on-job training. Use some general basic knowledge from mathematics and economic to develop a series of theory(Economic analysis for peasant-worker career development) for peasant-workers' occupational skills training, to replace traditional training conduction. This has been proved to be more convictive to peasant-workers, and easier to guide and promote their career development. Most peasant-workers learn by imitating or copying with perceptual experience, primary peasant-workers imitate elite peasant-workers, we can firstly arrange continuing education training to some elite peasant-workers, may include knowledge and occupational skills training that are urgently needed for their career development. Then use the successful elite peasant-workers as examples to induce and encourage the primary peasant-workers'will of urbanization via the career development. The research proposals:To establish China Peasant-worker Vocational School for millions of peasant-workers, should consider the lower education of peasant workers to provide specific both knowledge and occupational skills training, also need to consider peasant-workers can only offer limited time and limited capital. It is important to create a new teaching style that required short-time, and can achieve effects soon. We need innovate current higher vocational education and reform the education Pattern of Radio&TV university, become allies of China Peasant-worker Vocational School, to service peasant-worker career development.Getting college knowledge by continuous education can help peasant-worker realize leapfrogging-oriented carrier development. Experienced peasant-workers with college knowledge may get higher success rate for carve out; for the peasant-worker had successfully carved out, will run business more effectively after getting college knowledge by continuous education. Pure peasant-worker entrepreneur (where both the employee and boss are peasant-workers) need to conquer the four weaknesses which are Research&Development, Human Resource, Quality Assurance and Supply Chain Management——In the pearl river delta clothing and leather processing small company as an example. Only then it is possible to raise the management level of pure peasant-enterprise, and promote career developing for every level peasant-worker inside. Pure peasant-worker enterprise have such weaknesses because such knowledge are vain and peasant-worker can't copy them. But they are systematic and logic management skills that formed core competitiveness. This can be solved by peasant-worker to study and apply college knowledge, or by having enterprise coach to help training the company team respectively. Intellectual elites with rich management experience should offer such support. The author innovated "external service model" that used to improve the management of pure peasant-worker enterprise already had very good practice performance.
Intellectual elites need government policy support to set up the institution, or establish the China peasant-worker Vocational School, so that they can help peasant-workers directly. The government should increase financial support, strengthen research and support practice.
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