基于旅游资源学视角的旅游公路网布局理论与方法研究
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摘要
在我国，随着人民生活水平的提高，私家车走进了人们的日常生活中，特别是在我国实行“节假日长假”制度以及重大节假日高速公路的免费政策以来，自驾车旅游呈现井喷式发展，旅游业从一种低消费、大众化的传统的观光旅游逐步发展到多元化主题的个性化旅游。公路交通具有灵活、快速、方便、直达的优越性，通过旅游公路网规划将公路资源与公路沿线的泛旅游资源高度整合已成为当前旅游交通发展的主题。近几年，我国大部分省区都掀起了旅游公路建设的高潮，旅游公路建设已经成为地方基础设施建设最为活跃的市场，但区域的旅游公路网布局规划方法及专题旅游公路规划方案的缺失迫切要求建立专项旅游公路网布局理论与方法，有针对性地制定国家或区域层面的旅游公路规划方案，用以指导全国范围内的旅游公路布局，提高不同行政区域内旅游资源的连通度，最大限度优化、提高旅游资源的利用率。
本文在对旅游公路概念的演化和旅游公路规划的研究现状分析的基础上，首先界定了旅游公路和旅游公路网的概念，分析旅游公路独特的内涵和特征。其次，运用耦合理论，建立旅游公路网系统与旅游资源系统的耦合关联度模型，从时空角度定量获得旅游公路网与旅游资源空间相互耦合的主要因素及耦合关联程度，揭示出旅游公路发展的趋势必将是价值资源化，从而引导旅游公路由单纯的运输通道向具有旅游价值的公路旅游发展。
基于旅游公路网的特征分析和耦合度分析结果，以旅游资源作为旅游公路网规划的节点，提出了旅游公路网分层布局、逐步优化的理论与方法。
基于旅游发展效应分析结论，根据各指标及主成分耦合度分析数据结果，选取耦合关联度指数大于0.65的指标作为旅游资源评价指标，构建了基于遗传算法的BP神经网络旅游资源评价模型。提出基于旅游资源评价的节点划分方法，利用动态分类法将旅游资源划分为三个层次，不同层次的旅游资源分布决定了旅游公路网中线路的功能特征及走向。建立了连接各旅游资源的路段和路线重要度万有引力模型计算模型，确定路线的建设标准。在此基础上，综合考虑旅游公路的功能分类和旅游资源层次划分，分层次提出了旅游公路网的布局方法和布局模式，第一层次为城市枢纽-景区公路，第二层次为景区-景区公路，第三层次为景区内部公路。
在初步布局的基础上，从最小出行时间、生态环境影响评价及公路旅游价值评价三个方面入手，提出了旅游公路网布局逐步优化的思路和方法。其中，首先以旅游公路网络结构为模型对象，构建了基于最小出行时间的旅游公路网布局优化模型，对模型参数进行了标定，提出了一种新的基于混合遗传算法的求解算法，在某一既定旅游区域，给定旅游资源、旅游价值和旅游资源密度的约束，根据模型调整各景区旅游公路网络、旅游资源连接和交通结构，使旅游总出行时间达到最优。其次，从生态敏感区影响分析、生物资源的影响分析和水系的影响分析三个方面入手，采用GIS叠图法，找出规划线路中穿越敏感区或距离敏感区较近的线路，按相关要求优化旅游公路网布局，保持规划线路与生态敏感区足够的安全距离，最大程度减少旅游公路对沿线生态环境的影响在对现有及规划路网进行公路旅游价值评价的基础上，筛选具有较高旅游价值和旅游特色的线路。最后，针对旅游公路与其他公路不同的独特之处，从视觉、自然、历史、娱乐、文化及考古等六个方面建立公路旅游价值核心要素体系，赋予公路不同特色的旅游价值，并将旅游公路以其本身的旅游价值等级的不同划分为不同层次。这种划分方式突破了原先对公路的等级划分原则，以此作为旅游公路建设的标准依据，突出旅游公路的旅游价值特色性。最终形成旅游公路网布局方案。
本文以海南省旅游公路网规划为例进行了验证。根据海南省旅游资源的特点，基于已有干线路网，通过旅游资源评价确定网络节点，并划分旅游公路的功能层次，形成了基于旅游资源评价的路网布局方案。按照逐步优化的思路，依次采用最小出行时间、生态环境影响评价和公路旅游价值评价作为约束条件，对旅游公路网布局结果进行优化，得到最终布局方案。布局方案结果表明，布局结果不仅将目前的旅游线路均纳入其中，还对局部线路走向进行了优化，提高了通达的便捷程度或沿线环境条件。同时，新增的旅游线路对不同区域的重点旅游资源满足了通达并兼顾旅游业欠发达地区旅游发展的需求。
In our country, with the improvement of people’s lives level, the cars have been intopeople’s daily life. Especially since implemented “holiday long vacation” and the free policyabout highway in significant holiday in our country, self-drive tourism presents blowoutdevelopment, tourism have gradually developed into a personalized travel of diversifiedtopics from a low expense and popularity traditional tourism The highway traffic has theadvantages of flexible, fast, convenient and easy to direct, though the planning of tourismhighway, the highly conformity on the resources of highway and tourism along the road hasbecome a travel tourism development topics. In recent years, most of the provinces in Chinaare sparking a climax of the tourism highway construction, the construction of tourism hasbecome the most active local infrastructure construction market. However, with the missingabout the layout method of the regional tourism highway and special tourism highway plan,we need to establish a special tourism highway network layout theory and method urgently,and target to develop the tourism highway network plan with the aspects on national orregional for the guidance of national tourism highway layout and to improve the connectivityof tourism resources in different administrative regions, then to optimize and improve tourismresources utilization.
In this paper, on the basis of the evolution of the concept of tourism highway andretrieval and analysis of tourism highway planning, first, we need to define the tourismhighway and the tourism network concept and analyze tourism highway unique connotationand characteristics. Secondly, using the coupling theory to establish a coupling degree modelbetween tourism highway network system and tourism resources system, from the angle oftime-space quantitative reveals the main factors and the coupling degree of space couplingbetween the tourism highway network and the tourism resources. The trend of tourismhighway development will be the value of resources and guide the development of the tourismhighway from the simple transport to the tourism value of highway tourism.
Based on the analysis of the characteristics of tourism highway network and couplinganalysis results, with the tourism resources as the tourism highway network planning node, can calculate the importance on tourism resources which is based on coupling correlationdegree between the tourism highway network and the tourism resources, then proposed thetourism highway network layout in layer, gradual optimization theory and method.
Proposing a node partition method on the basis of the tourism resource evaluation,established an evaluation model of tourism resources which is based on genetic algorithm andBP neural network. In this model, tourism resources are divided into three levels, differentlevels of tourism resources tourism highway network distribution determines the line functioncharacteristics and the trend of tourism resources, as the tourism highway network planningnode, considering the tourist highway functional classification and tourism resourcesclassification, according to three levels of layout, thereby determining the tourism highwaynetwork planning scheme. Establish a connection on the tourism resources of the road androute of gravitation model calculation model, which can determine the route of constructionstandard. On this basis, considering the tourist highway functional classification of tourismresources and its hierarchy, put forward tourism highway network layout method and layoutmode, the first as the city hub-scenic highway, the second level for the scenic-scenichighway, third levels for scenic area road.
On the basis of preliminary layout，thoughts and methods of tourism highway networklayout and gradually optimized is put forward from three aspects, the minimum travel time,ecological environment impact assessment and highway tourism value evaluation. First of all,to tourism highway network structure model as the object, the minimum travel time of thetourism highway network layout optimization model is constructed and the parameters of themodel are calibrated. And a new algorithm based on hybrid genetic algorithm is given. Withthe constraints of a given tourism resources, tourism value and tourism resources density in agiven area, the scenic area tourist road network and tourism resources connection and alsotraffic structure are adjusted in order to make the total travel time of tourism to achieveoptimal. Secondly, from the ecological sensitive area impact analysis, biological resourcesinfluence analysis and drainage impact analysis these three aspects, using GIS range diagrammethod to find out the planning line which through the sensitive area or near the distancesensitive area. According to relevant requirements optimization tourism highway networklayout to keep the line and ecological sensitive area having enough safety distance and minimize the tourist road’s influence on the ecological environment. Characteristic line withhigh value of tourism and tourism is screened based on the existing road network andplanning for highway tourism value evaluation Finally, in view of the difference betweentourism highway and other highway, highway tourism value core elements system is builtfrom the visual, natural, historical, entertainment, culture and archaeological these six aspectsand so on. The different characteristic tourist value is given and the tourism highway isdivided into different levels with its own tourism value of different level. This kind ofclassified methods breaks through the original road hierarchies principle. Using this as atourist highway construction standard basis in order to outstand the tourist valuecharacteristics of tourist road. Finally, the tourism highway network layout scheme is formed.
This article takes highway network planning of Hainan tourism as an example to verify.According to the characteristics of tourism resources of Hainan province, based on theexisting trunk road network, through the tourism resources evaluation to determine networknode, and divided the function of tourist road level, formed road network distribution schemebased on the tourism resources evaluation. According to gradually optimized theories, use theminimum travel time, ecological environment impact assessment and highway tourism valueevaluation as a constraint condition, to optimize the results of the tourist road network layout,then get the final layout program. Layout scheme results show that, the layout results will notonly include the current tourist routes and optimize local alignments, improve theconvenience degree of understanding or environmental conditions along the line. At the sametime, for different regional key tourist resources, the new tourist routes satisfy theunderstanding and take into account the needs of tourism development of underdevelopedareas.
本文在对旅游公路概念的演化和旅游公路规划的研究现状分析的基础上，首先界定了旅游公路和旅游公路网的概念，分析旅游公路独特的内涵和特征。其次，运用耦合理论，建立旅游公路网系统与旅游资源系统的耦合关联度模型，从时空角度定量获得旅游公路网与旅游资源空间相互耦合的主要因素及耦合关联程度，揭示出旅游公路发展的趋势必将是价值资源化，从而引导旅游公路由单纯的运输通道向具有旅游价值的公路旅游发展。
基于旅游公路网的特征分析和耦合度分析结果，以旅游资源作为旅游公路网规划的节点，提出了旅游公路网分层布局、逐步优化的理论与方法。
基于旅游发展效应分析结论，根据各指标及主成分耦合度分析数据结果，选取耦合关联度指数大于0.65的指标作为旅游资源评价指标，构建了基于遗传算法的BP神经网络旅游资源评价模型。提出基于旅游资源评价的节点划分方法，利用动态分类法将旅游资源划分为三个层次，不同层次的旅游资源分布决定了旅游公路网中线路的功能特征及走向。建立了连接各旅游资源的路段和路线重要度万有引力模型计算模型，确定路线的建设标准。在此基础上，综合考虑旅游公路的功能分类和旅游资源层次划分，分层次提出了旅游公路网的布局方法和布局模式，第一层次为城市枢纽-景区公路，第二层次为景区-景区公路，第三层次为景区内部公路。
在初步布局的基础上，从最小出行时间、生态环境影响评价及公路旅游价值评价三个方面入手，提出了旅游公路网布局逐步优化的思路和方法。其中，首先以旅游公路网络结构为模型对象，构建了基于最小出行时间的旅游公路网布局优化模型，对模型参数进行了标定，提出了一种新的基于混合遗传算法的求解算法，在某一既定旅游区域，给定旅游资源、旅游价值和旅游资源密度的约束，根据模型调整各景区旅游公路网络、旅游资源连接和交通结构，使旅游总出行时间达到最优。其次，从生态敏感区影响分析、生物资源的影响分析和水系的影响分析三个方面入手，采用GIS叠图法，找出规划线路中穿越敏感区或距离敏感区较近的线路，按相关要求优化旅游公路网布局，保持规划线路与生态敏感区足够的安全距离，最大程度减少旅游公路对沿线生态环境的影响在对现有及规划路网进行公路旅游价值评价的基础上，筛选具有较高旅游价值和旅游特色的线路。最后，针对旅游公路与其他公路不同的独特之处，从视觉、自然、历史、娱乐、文化及考古等六个方面建立公路旅游价值核心要素体系，赋予公路不同特色的旅游价值，并将旅游公路以其本身的旅游价值等级的不同划分为不同层次。这种划分方式突破了原先对公路的等级划分原则，以此作为旅游公路建设的标准依据，突出旅游公路的旅游价值特色性。最终形成旅游公路网布局方案。
本文以海南省旅游公路网规划为例进行了验证。根据海南省旅游资源的特点，基于已有干线路网，通过旅游资源评价确定网络节点，并划分旅游公路的功能层次，形成了基于旅游资源评价的路网布局方案。按照逐步优化的思路，依次采用最小出行时间、生态环境影响评价和公路旅游价值评价作为约束条件，对旅游公路网布局结果进行优化，得到最终布局方案。布局方案结果表明，布局结果不仅将目前的旅游线路均纳入其中，还对局部线路走向进行了优化，提高了通达的便捷程度或沿线环境条件。同时，新增的旅游线路对不同区域的重点旅游资源满足了通达并兼顾旅游业欠发达地区旅游发展的需求。
In our country, with the improvement of people’s lives level, the cars have been intopeople’s daily life. Especially since implemented “holiday long vacation” and the free policyabout highway in significant holiday in our country, self-drive tourism presents blowoutdevelopment, tourism have gradually developed into a personalized travel of diversifiedtopics from a low expense and popularity traditional tourism The highway traffic has theadvantages of flexible, fast, convenient and easy to direct, though the planning of tourismhighway, the highly conformity on the resources of highway and tourism along the road hasbecome a travel tourism development topics. In recent years, most of the provinces in Chinaare sparking a climax of the tourism highway construction, the construction of tourism hasbecome the most active local infrastructure construction market. However, with the missingabout the layout method of the regional tourism highway and special tourism highway plan,we need to establish a special tourism highway network layout theory and method urgently,and target to develop the tourism highway network plan with the aspects on national orregional for the guidance of national tourism highway layout and to improve the connectivityof tourism resources in different administrative regions, then to optimize and improve tourismresources utilization.
In this paper, on the basis of the evolution of the concept of tourism highway andretrieval and analysis of tourism highway planning, first, we need to define the tourismhighway and the tourism network concept and analyze tourism highway unique connotationand characteristics. Secondly, using the coupling theory to establish a coupling degree modelbetween tourism highway network system and tourism resources system, from the angle oftime-space quantitative reveals the main factors and the coupling degree of space couplingbetween the tourism highway network and the tourism resources. The trend of tourismhighway development will be the value of resources and guide the development of the tourismhighway from the simple transport to the tourism value of highway tourism.
Based on the analysis of the characteristics of tourism highway network and couplinganalysis results, with the tourism resources as the tourism highway network planning node, can calculate the importance on tourism resources which is based on coupling correlationdegree between the tourism highway network and the tourism resources, then proposed thetourism highway network layout in layer, gradual optimization theory and method.
Proposing a node partition method on the basis of the tourism resource evaluation,established an evaluation model of tourism resources which is based on genetic algorithm andBP neural network. In this model, tourism resources are divided into three levels, differentlevels of tourism resources tourism highway network distribution determines the line functioncharacteristics and the trend of tourism resources, as the tourism highway network planningnode, considering the tourist highway functional classification and tourism resourcesclassification, according to three levels of layout, thereby determining the tourism highwaynetwork planning scheme. Establish a connection on the tourism resources of the road androute of gravitation model calculation model, which can determine the route of constructionstandard. On this basis, considering the tourist highway functional classification of tourismresources and its hierarchy, put forward tourism highway network layout method and layoutmode, the first as the city hub-scenic highway, the second level for the scenic-scenichighway, third levels for scenic area road.
On the basis of preliminary layout，thoughts and methods of tourism highway networklayout and gradually optimized is put forward from three aspects, the minimum travel time,ecological environment impact assessment and highway tourism value evaluation. First of all,to tourism highway network structure model as the object, the minimum travel time of thetourism highway network layout optimization model is constructed and the parameters of themodel are calibrated. And a new algorithm based on hybrid genetic algorithm is given. Withthe constraints of a given tourism resources, tourism value and tourism resources density in agiven area, the scenic area tourist road network and tourism resources connection and alsotraffic structure are adjusted in order to make the total travel time of tourism to achieveoptimal. Secondly, from the ecological sensitive area impact analysis, biological resourcesinfluence analysis and drainage impact analysis these three aspects, using GIS range diagrammethod to find out the planning line which through the sensitive area or near the distancesensitive area. According to relevant requirements optimization tourism highway networklayout to keep the line and ecological sensitive area having enough safety distance and minimize the tourist road’s influence on the ecological environment. Characteristic line withhigh value of tourism and tourism is screened based on the existing road network andplanning for highway tourism value evaluation Finally, in view of the difference betweentourism highway and other highway, highway tourism value core elements system is builtfrom the visual, natural, historical, entertainment, culture and archaeological these six aspectsand so on. The different characteristic tourist value is given and the tourism highway isdivided into different levels with its own tourism value of different level. This kind ofclassified methods breaks through the original road hierarchies principle. Using this as atourist highway construction standard basis in order to outstand the tourist valuecharacteristics of tourist road. Finally, the tourism highway network layout scheme is formed.
This article takes highway network planning of Hainan tourism as an example to verify.According to the characteristics of tourism resources of Hainan province, based on theexisting trunk road network, through the tourism resources evaluation to determine networknode, and divided the function of tourist road level, formed road network distribution schemebased on the tourism resources evaluation. According to gradually optimized theories, use theminimum travel time, ecological environment impact assessment and highway tourism valueevaluation as a constraint condition, to optimize the results of the tourist road network layout,then get the final layout program. Layout scheme results show that, the layout results will notonly include the current tourist routes and optimize local alignments, improve theconvenience degree of understanding or environmental conditions along the line. At the sametime, for different regional key tourist resources, the new tourist routes satisfy theunderstanding and take into account the needs of tourism development of underdevelopedareas.
引文
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