纳米线波导的非线性光学效应及应用研究
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摘要
随着当前光子器件微型化的发展趋势,本论文着眼于微纳光子学的一个重要研究内容——纳米线波导,系统研究了纳米线波导中的二阶非线性参量过程的相位匹配条件,提出了基于耦合纳米线波导结构的类准相位匹配机理,提出并验证了基于单根纳米线波导横向发射的倍频(和频)机制,成功研制了一种基于单根纳米线波导的超快光学相关器,实现了对超弱超短脉冲的测量,为纳米线波导在非线性光学领域的研究和应用开辟了新的途径。
在第一章中,主要介绍了微纳光子学的研究背景。首先,简要综述了纳米线波导研究的发展历史,并介绍了其在非线性光学器件及应用方面的初步探索与代表性的工作。同时,介绍了超快测量技术发展现状以及发展趋势,并针对超短脉冲测量技术的小型化发展趋势,指出了结合纳米线波导在非线性光子器件应用的优势及潜力,将有可能实现小型化、可集成、高效、稳定及简单实用的超短脉冲测量技术,从而进一步推动超快技术在未来新领域更广泛的应用。
在第二章中,系统研究了纳米线波导的线性及非线性光学特性,包括光在其中的传输、端面的散射及引起的光力耦合作用、非线性材料特性等。研究表明,纳米线波导对光场的强约束使得有效模场面积非常小(～O.1μm2),同时当波导结构的弯曲半径减小为微米量级时,仅有约为1dB/90°较低的弯曲损耗；通过研究端面散射特性及其内在的物理图像,解释了较强的端面光力耦合作用,揭示了其在发展基于纳米线波导光动量的全光开关等非线性器件上的潜力；同时本论文还研究了纳米线波导的色散特性及纳米线半导体材料的非线性光学性质,揭示了波导结构在非线性光学应用中具有的独特优势。这些特性的研究结果表明纳米线波导在实现微型化、多功能、低能耗的非线性微纳光子器件具有独特的优势和潜力。
本论文的第三章深入研究了纳米线波导中二阶非线性参量过程中的相位匹配问题。以二倍频为例,研究表明在单根纳米线波导中无法通过调节模式色散的方式实现基频光和倍频光的基模模式之间的相位匹配,而仅能在基频光的基模与倍频光的高阶模之间实现相位匹配,但由于两种模式的空间分布差异较大,极大地制约了非线性转换效率。为解决这个问题,本论文提出了基于耦合纳米线结构的类准相位匹配方式,实现了基模模式之间的二倍频相位匹配,非线性的转换效率得以大幅度提高,从而为介观尺度实现有效的倍频转换提供了新的思路。同时,本论文提出了基于单根纳米线波导的横向发射倍频(和频)的机理,即利用波导中两束相向传播的光波在传播方向上的相位匹配条件的自动满足,观察得到了垂直于波导平面倍频(和频)信号的发射。该种机理简化了实现相位匹配的结构,特别是免除了对波导直径参数的严格要求,在实现宽谱可调的非线性光学器件上具有显著的优势。
本论文在第四章中,基于纳米线波导的横向发射倍频(和频)方式,本论文以硫化镉纳米线波导为载体,进一步讨论了横向发射倍频原理,并基于单根纳米线波导在实验上实现了连续激光激发的横向发射倍频、和频光。在较低功率(毫瓦量级)的基频连续激光激发条件下,观察得到了微纳尺度上宽谱可调谐的、具有良好偏振特性的横向发射倍频(和频)相干光。该种相干光源,具有可靠、简单、紧凑的特点,在物理、化学、生物等学科上都具有潜在的应用前景。
更进一步地,基于横向发射倍频机理,本论文在第五章中研制了一种基于单根纳米线波导的超快光学相关器,构建了具有微型化、可集成、高效、稳定及简单实用等特点的新型超短脉冲测量技术。基于单根硫化镉纳米线波导,本论文在实验上首次在单根纳米线波导中实现了对飞秒脉冲脉宽的测量。实验指出,该光学相关器可以有效地测量低至50飞焦能量(对应于3.3×105photons/pulse)的超短脉冲脉宽；同时研究表明,其还具有重建超短脉冲的能力。与传统的测量方法不同的是,该光学相关器不需要复杂的设备、严格对准的光路,设备尺寸非常小,且不需要精密的延时控制系统,在测量超短脉冲上有着诸多独特的优势。该种测量方式的引入,不但很好地拓展和补充了现有超快测量技术的内容,更为进一步推动超快技术在未来新领域的发展提供了新的契机。
第六章总结了本论文主要工作以及创新点,同时展望了纳米线波导未来在非线性光学方向上更进一步的应用与发展。
The miniaturization of electronic and photonic devices is essential for the continued success of photonic technologies over the past decades. As one of the most important topics in the frontiers of micro-/nanophotonics, nanowire waveguides have been identified as potential building blocks that mimic conventional photonic components. In this thesis, phase matching condition of parametric processes was comprehensively investigated inside nanowire waveguides. A quasi-phase-matching like scheme was proposed for efficient second-harmonic generation inside coupled semiconductor nanowire structures. Besides, transverse second-harmonic and sum-frequency generations (TSHG/TSFG) were demonstrated from single semiconductor nanowire waveguides both theoretically and experimentally for the first time, which would open up truly new applications opportunities for nonlinear optics.
In Chapter1, research background of micro-/nanophotonics was briefly introduced including history of nanowire waveguide research development. Specifically, current explorations of nanowire research were reviewed in the field of nonlinear optical applications. Also present ultrafast measurement techniques were briefly reviewed and trends for future development were concluded. Regarding the features of nanowire waveguide for building future nonlinear optical components, nanowire waveguide would hold the potential for developing new measurement techniques that featured better performance, low cost, low power consumption and reduced footprint
Both linear and nonlinear optical properties were theoretically studied in Chapter2, including properties of waveguiding, endface diffraction and induced optomechanical force, parametric processes and so on. And the results revealed that:(1) effective mode area was as small as0.1μm2due to the strong confinement of light fields;(2) acceptable bending losses (～1dB/90°) were predicted in nanowire waveguides even with bending radii down to micrometer level;(3) strong optomechanical effects were found at the endface showing promised potential for constructing optomechanical components or devices like all-optical nonlinear switches;(3) tailorable and large dispersion was demonstrated together with large nonlinear coefficients of diverse material choice. The combination of these properties enabled impressive demonstration of the applicability of nanowire waveguides to nonlinear optical devices with better performance.
In Chapter3, phase matching condition of second-order parametric processes was comprehensively investigated inside nanowire waveguides. As for second-harmonic generation, it was found difficult to eliminate the phase mismatch between first-order modes of fundamental and second-harmonic waves, via the way of utilizing modal dispersion phase matching method. Phase match could be only achieved between first-order mode of fundamental waves and high-order mode of second-harmonic waves, which performed poorly in nonlinear optical conversion due to the relatively limited overlap between the two kind modes. To solve this problem, a quasi-phase-matching like scheme was innovatively proposed for phase matched second-harmonic generation between first-order modes inside coupled semiconductor nanowire structures. Compared with modal dispersion phase matching method, this method possessed the unique feature of large nonlinear overlap integrals thus provided a new way for more efficient second-harmonic generation on the micro-/nanoscale. Furthermore, principles of transverse second-harmonic and sum-frequency generations (TSHG/TSFG) were introduced inside single nanowire waveguides. In this scheme, guided waves counterpropagated in the nanowire waveguide which resulted in a radiation of TSHG normal to the intersection region of the counterpropagating pulses. Conservation of the wave vector of TSHG/TSFG naturally occurs in the plane of the waveguide regardless of input light wavelength. This scheme would further simplify the acquired complex structure and eliminate the strict morphology such as diameter for achieving phase matching condition.
Utilizing of TSHG/TSFG principles in Chapter4, a micro-/nanoscale broadband tunable and polarized coherent light source was constructed under low-power continuous wave excitation (-mW level) in single Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) nanowire waveguides. This kind light source had the advantages such as reliability, simplicity and compactness, which would readily find its potential application in physics, chemistry, materials science and biology.
In Chapter5, based on the principle of TSHG, a simple, real time, and highly compact single nanowire optical correlator (SNOC) was demonstrated experimentally for measuring ultrafast ultra-low-power laser pulses in single CdS nanowire waveguides with miniaturized size and integratable interface. Using SNOC, pulse widths of ultrafast laser pulses were easily measured even with relatively low energy of50fJ/pulse (i.e.,3.3×105photons/pulse). Furthermore, SNOC was proved efficiently for retrieving ultrafast pulses. Unlike the traditional techniques involving complex apparatuses, SNOC is free of elaborate and complex optical components, and especially free of critical alignment. The unique features of background free, broadband and ultralow power operation, large measuring range, and ability for pulse retrieval, promise a powerful tool for ultrafast light-measurement in a novel manner. The invention of such compact and simple optical correlator, could open up truly new applications opportunities and would make ultrafast techniques accessible to a much wider range of potential users.
Chapter6mainly summarized the work and innovations presented in this thesis, and prospected the possible continued development of nanowire waveguides in the field of nonlinear optics.
在第一章中,主要介绍了微纳光子学的研究背景。首先,简要综述了纳米线波导研究的发展历史,并介绍了其在非线性光学器件及应用方面的初步探索与代表性的工作。同时,介绍了超快测量技术发展现状以及发展趋势,并针对超短脉冲测量技术的小型化发展趋势,指出了结合纳米线波导在非线性光子器件应用的优势及潜力,将有可能实现小型化、可集成、高效、稳定及简单实用的超短脉冲测量技术,从而进一步推动超快技术在未来新领域更广泛的应用。
在第二章中,系统研究了纳米线波导的线性及非线性光学特性,包括光在其中的传输、端面的散射及引起的光力耦合作用、非线性材料特性等。研究表明,纳米线波导对光场的强约束使得有效模场面积非常小(～O.1μm2),同时当波导结构的弯曲半径减小为微米量级时,仅有约为1dB/90°较低的弯曲损耗；通过研究端面散射特性及其内在的物理图像,解释了较强的端面光力耦合作用,揭示了其在发展基于纳米线波导光动量的全光开关等非线性器件上的潜力；同时本论文还研究了纳米线波导的色散特性及纳米线半导体材料的非线性光学性质,揭示了波导结构在非线性光学应用中具有的独特优势。这些特性的研究结果表明纳米线波导在实现微型化、多功能、低能耗的非线性微纳光子器件具有独特的优势和潜力。
本论文的第三章深入研究了纳米线波导中二阶非线性参量过程中的相位匹配问题。以二倍频为例,研究表明在单根纳米线波导中无法通过调节模式色散的方式实现基频光和倍频光的基模模式之间的相位匹配,而仅能在基频光的基模与倍频光的高阶模之间实现相位匹配,但由于两种模式的空间分布差异较大,极大地制约了非线性转换效率。为解决这个问题,本论文提出了基于耦合纳米线结构的类准相位匹配方式,实现了基模模式之间的二倍频相位匹配,非线性的转换效率得以大幅度提高,从而为介观尺度实现有效的倍频转换提供了新的思路。同时,本论文提出了基于单根纳米线波导的横向发射倍频(和频)的机理,即利用波导中两束相向传播的光波在传播方向上的相位匹配条件的自动满足,观察得到了垂直于波导平面倍频(和频)信号的发射。该种机理简化了实现相位匹配的结构,特别是免除了对波导直径参数的严格要求,在实现宽谱可调的非线性光学器件上具有显著的优势。
本论文在第四章中,基于纳米线波导的横向发射倍频(和频)方式,本论文以硫化镉纳米线波导为载体,进一步讨论了横向发射倍频原理,并基于单根纳米线波导在实验上实现了连续激光激发的横向发射倍频、和频光。在较低功率(毫瓦量级)的基频连续激光激发条件下,观察得到了微纳尺度上宽谱可调谐的、具有良好偏振特性的横向发射倍频(和频)相干光。该种相干光源,具有可靠、简单、紧凑的特点,在物理、化学、生物等学科上都具有潜在的应用前景。
更进一步地,基于横向发射倍频机理,本论文在第五章中研制了一种基于单根纳米线波导的超快光学相关器,构建了具有微型化、可集成、高效、稳定及简单实用等特点的新型超短脉冲测量技术。基于单根硫化镉纳米线波导,本论文在实验上首次在单根纳米线波导中实现了对飞秒脉冲脉宽的测量。实验指出,该光学相关器可以有效地测量低至50飞焦能量(对应于3.3×105photons/pulse)的超短脉冲脉宽；同时研究表明,其还具有重建超短脉冲的能力。与传统的测量方法不同的是,该光学相关器不需要复杂的设备、严格对准的光路,设备尺寸非常小,且不需要精密的延时控制系统,在测量超短脉冲上有着诸多独特的优势。该种测量方式的引入,不但很好地拓展和补充了现有超快测量技术的内容,更为进一步推动超快技术在未来新领域的发展提供了新的契机。
第六章总结了本论文主要工作以及创新点,同时展望了纳米线波导未来在非线性光学方向上更进一步的应用与发展。
The miniaturization of electronic and photonic devices is essential for the continued success of photonic technologies over the past decades. As one of the most important topics in the frontiers of micro-/nanophotonics, nanowire waveguides have been identified as potential building blocks that mimic conventional photonic components. In this thesis, phase matching condition of parametric processes was comprehensively investigated inside nanowire waveguides. A quasi-phase-matching like scheme was proposed for efficient second-harmonic generation inside coupled semiconductor nanowire structures. Besides, transverse second-harmonic and sum-frequency generations (TSHG/TSFG) were demonstrated from single semiconductor nanowire waveguides both theoretically and experimentally for the first time, which would open up truly new applications opportunities for nonlinear optics.
In Chapter1, research background of micro-/nanophotonics was briefly introduced including history of nanowire waveguide research development. Specifically, current explorations of nanowire research were reviewed in the field of nonlinear optical applications. Also present ultrafast measurement techniques were briefly reviewed and trends for future development were concluded. Regarding the features of nanowire waveguide for building future nonlinear optical components, nanowire waveguide would hold the potential for developing new measurement techniques that featured better performance, low cost, low power consumption and reduced footprint
Both linear and nonlinear optical properties were theoretically studied in Chapter2, including properties of waveguiding, endface diffraction and induced optomechanical force, parametric processes and so on. And the results revealed that:(1) effective mode area was as small as0.1μm2due to the strong confinement of light fields;(2) acceptable bending losses (～1dB/90°) were predicted in nanowire waveguides even with bending radii down to micrometer level;(3) strong optomechanical effects were found at the endface showing promised potential for constructing optomechanical components or devices like all-optical nonlinear switches;(3) tailorable and large dispersion was demonstrated together with large nonlinear coefficients of diverse material choice. The combination of these properties enabled impressive demonstration of the applicability of nanowire waveguides to nonlinear optical devices with better performance.
In Chapter3, phase matching condition of second-order parametric processes was comprehensively investigated inside nanowire waveguides. As for second-harmonic generation, it was found difficult to eliminate the phase mismatch between first-order modes of fundamental and second-harmonic waves, via the way of utilizing modal dispersion phase matching method. Phase match could be only achieved between first-order mode of fundamental waves and high-order mode of second-harmonic waves, which performed poorly in nonlinear optical conversion due to the relatively limited overlap between the two kind modes. To solve this problem, a quasi-phase-matching like scheme was innovatively proposed for phase matched second-harmonic generation between first-order modes inside coupled semiconductor nanowire structures. Compared with modal dispersion phase matching method, this method possessed the unique feature of large nonlinear overlap integrals thus provided a new way for more efficient second-harmonic generation on the micro-/nanoscale. Furthermore, principles of transverse second-harmonic and sum-frequency generations (TSHG/TSFG) were introduced inside single nanowire waveguides. In this scheme, guided waves counterpropagated in the nanowire waveguide which resulted in a radiation of TSHG normal to the intersection region of the counterpropagating pulses. Conservation of the wave vector of TSHG/TSFG naturally occurs in the plane of the waveguide regardless of input light wavelength. This scheme would further simplify the acquired complex structure and eliminate the strict morphology such as diameter for achieving phase matching condition.
Utilizing of TSHG/TSFG principles in Chapter4, a micro-/nanoscale broadband tunable and polarized coherent light source was constructed under low-power continuous wave excitation (-mW level) in single Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) nanowire waveguides. This kind light source had the advantages such as reliability, simplicity and compactness, which would readily find its potential application in physics, chemistry, materials science and biology.
In Chapter5, based on the principle of TSHG, a simple, real time, and highly compact single nanowire optical correlator (SNOC) was demonstrated experimentally for measuring ultrafast ultra-low-power laser pulses in single CdS nanowire waveguides with miniaturized size and integratable interface. Using SNOC, pulse widths of ultrafast laser pulses were easily measured even with relatively low energy of50fJ/pulse (i.e.,3.3×105photons/pulse). Furthermore, SNOC was proved efficiently for retrieving ultrafast pulses. Unlike the traditional techniques involving complex apparatuses, SNOC is free of elaborate and complex optical components, and especially free of critical alignment. The unique features of background free, broadband and ultralow power operation, large measuring range, and ability for pulse retrieval, promise a powerful tool for ultrafast light-measurement in a novel manner. The invention of such compact and simple optical correlator, could open up truly new applications opportunities and would make ultrafast techniques accessible to a much wider range of potential users.
Chapter6mainly summarized the work and innovations presented in this thesis, and prospected the possible continued development of nanowire waveguides in the field of nonlinear optics.
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