沥青路面无机结合料冷再生基层疲劳性能研究
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摘要
近年来,在世界范围内的公路维修改造建设中,为了更好地利用旧路资源,减少对环境的破坏,沥青路面基层冷再生技术得到了越来越广泛的应用。然而,通过对应用基层冷再生技术的沥青路面调查分析结果表明,其使用寿命明显低于常规半刚性基层路面,随着应用交通量和车辆载重的增加,这一差异越发明显。
常规新建沥青路面的疲劳寿命主要取决于面层沥青混凝土材料和基层材料在交通荷载以及环境因素综合作用下的疲劳性能,路面的使用寿命在《公路沥青路面设计规范》(JTG D50-2006)中给出了明确的规定,而对基层采用冷再生材料的沥青路面,在我国各类相关规范中均未对其疲劳性能提供明确的计算公式。由于原基层材料经过一定时期的各种自然与人为因素作用,重新作为基层材料的骨料或结合料,虽然在强度上能够满足规范中要求的最低限值,但其材料性能不同于新建路面的水泥或二灰稳定基层材料,因此,需要进一步研究其在交通荷载作用下的疲劳性能是否满足要求。深入研究冷再生基层材料的疲劳性能是科学使用冷再生技术的基础,也是在沥青路面设计、养护、管理当中必须明确的问题,具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。
本文研究的重点是无机结合料(水泥)稳定冷再生基层材料的疲劳性能,为此开展了以水泥、二灰为结合料,RAP-BS型(由旧路面面层和基层材料组合而成)和RAP-S型(原路面层材料)两种类型冷再生基层的疲劳性能及相关路用性能试验研究。结合疲劳试验研究结果,建立了冷再生基层沥青路面结构疲劳力学模型。基于多层弹性体系理论以及断裂力学理论,分析了冷再生基层沥青路面结构的疲劳性能,提出了冷再生基层沥青路面疲劳设计参数,具体的研究内容包括以下几个方面：
(1)冷再生基层材料路用性能试验研究。试验内容包括无侧限抗压强度试验、劈裂强度试验和回弹模量试验。结果表明：两种冷再生材料的无侧限抗压强度、劈裂强度及回弹模量基本满足《公路沥青路面再生技术规范》(JTG F41-2008)的相关要求。当水泥剂量达到5%时,试验中冷再生混合料的7天无侧限抗压强度满足规范中规定的各级公路底基层和二级及以下公路基层的技术要求,但不满足高速公路和一级公路基层的技术要求。
(2)冷再生基层材料疲劳试验研究。选用传统的半刚性基层材料(非再生材料)不加新骨料的RAP-S型和RAP-BS型,按比例(10%-40%)加入新骨料的RAP-S型和RAP-BS型试件分别进行疲劳试验研究。结果表明：纯冷再生水泥稳定基层材料的疲劳性能劣于含20%碎石的冷再生水泥稳定基层材料,而含20%碎石的冷再生水泥稳定基层材料的疲劳性能又劣于含40%碎石的冷再生水泥稳定基层材料。在试验所用应力比范围内,添加碎石的冷再生材料疲劳性能优于纯冷再生水泥稳定基层材料,而且应力水平越高,两者疲劳寿命的差值越小。反之,两者的疲劳寿命差值越大。
(3)基于典型路面结构层次理论和冷再生基层材料的基本力学参数,建立了冷再生基层沥青路面的多层弹性体系结构模型。采用有限元方法,分析了冷再生基层路面结构在车辆荷载作用下的力学响应规律。结果表明：冷再生基层沥青路面结构的疲劳破坏首先发生在基层的底面。不同类型基层的底面拉应力从大到小依次为,水泥稳定碎石基层、含40%碎石冷再生基层、含20%碎石冷再生基层和纯冷再生基层。
结合材料温缩效应及相关参数,分析了北方地区不同路面结构在年气温变化影响下的温度应力变化规律。结果表明：虽然冷再生基层路面结构的应力受温度变化的影响不可忽略,但车辆荷载作用仍然是导致应力变化的主要因素。
(4)利用冷再生基层材料疲劳试验的研究结果,建立了冷再生基层沥青路面的多层弹性体系结构疲劳力学模型。利用有限元分析结果并结合现行规范,建立了由材料容许拉应力和荷载作用次数表示的疲劳方程。考虑车辆荷载与温度耦合作用的影响,在疲劳方程中引入了温度疲劳修正系数以表征温度应力的影响。结果表明：所用基层材料的容许拉应力均随着荷载作用次数的增加而降低。水泥冷再生基层材料降低的速率要高于常规半刚性基层材料,这表明冷再生基层材料疲劳性能低于常规半刚性基层材料的疲劳性能。通过与试验路的对比分析可知,常规半刚性基层材料疲劳寿命是纯水泥冷再生基层材料疲劳寿命的2倍,考虑温度应力的冷再生基层路面的疲劳方程更加接近实际情况。
(5)以断裂力学为基础,基于Forman公式,结合冷再生基层材料疲劳试验研究,建立了适用于冷再生基层材料的疲劳寿命方程。数值分析结果表明：初始裂缝及应力幅值的变化对疲劳寿命有较大的影响。随着初始裂缝或应力幅值的增大,疲劳寿命显著减小。利用Weibull分布建立的疲劳可靠度函数对冷再生材料疲劳寿命可靠度进行了计算分析。结果表明：仅在轻载交通下纯冷再生材料才能获得良好的疲劳可靠度,掺加一定比例的碎石可提高疲劳可靠性能。
(6)提出了冷再生基层沥青路面疲劳设计指标。结合试验及理论研究结果,提出了冷再生基层沥青路面的疲劳设计指标,即采用基层底面拉应力作为控制冷再生基层疲劳寿命的指标比较合理。在给定合理的材料参数、荷载参数以及环境参数范围内,冷再生基层材料的疲劳性能能够满足设计要求。
In recent years, in order to make better use of resources of existed roads and reduce the impact to the environment, cold-recycled techniques for asphalt pavement bases have got more and more extensive application in highway maintenance and reconstruction in the world. However, the application in roads which used the cold-recycled techniques in the asphalt pavement base shows that its service life is obviously lower than that of the conventional semi-rigid pavement, and the differences will be more and more obvious with the increase of the traffic volume and vehicle loads.
The fatigue life of a new asphalt pavement mainly depends on the fatigue property of both asphalt concrete materials on the surface and the base, under the action of comprehensive effect of traffic load and environmental factors, In the current bituminous road design standard of China (JTG D50-2006), it gives clear rules on the service life of the road, but no corresponding rules about the calculation formula can be found to calculate the fatigue property of asphalt pavements using cold recycled materials on road bases. Although the strength of base materials constituted by aggregates or binder meets the lowest limit according to the standard, its fatigue property under traffic loads needs to be further investigated to clearly understand whether it meets requirements because of absolute differences from cement or fly ash stabilized base materials in the new road. Therefore, it has important theoretical significances and application values since the deep reaearch on the fatigue property of cold recycled materials is the foundation of scientific use of the cold-recycled technology, and it is also a problem needed to be clear and solved in design and management as well as management of asphalt pavement.
This dissertation focuses on the fatigue property of stable cold-recycled base materials with the inorganic binder (cement), and the experimental researchs about the fatigue property and the related road performance are performed. The two types of cold-recycled road bases, which are RAP-BS type (which is made of the surface and road base materials of the existed road) and RAP-S type (which is made of surface materials of the existed road) respectively, the cement and fly ash are used as binder in the test. The fatigue mechanics model of asphalt pavements with cold recycled materials is set up based on the fatigue test results. Based on the elastic multi-layer system theory and the fracture mechanic theory, the fatigue property was analyzed and the fatigue design parameters of asphalt pavements with cold-recycled materials was put forward and the main research contents are as follows:
(1) The experimental study on the road performance about cold-recycled base materials was performed. The test contents included researches on the unconfined compressive strength, the cleavage strength and the resilient modulus. The experimental results showed that the unconfined compressive strength, the cleavage strength and the resilient modulus of both the two types of cold-recycled materials met the corresponding rules in standards about the recycled technology of asphalt pavements for highway (JTG F41-2008). When the dosage of cement reaches five percent, the unconfined compressive strength of cold-recycled mixture in seven days used in the test met the technical requirements of various highway bases and the road bases lowered than level two, but cannot meet that of the highway of level one, according to corresponding rules.
(2) Fatigue property of cold-recycled base materials was developed. The fatigue tests were performed by using specimens with non-recycled traditional semi-rigid base materials, RAP-S type and RAP-BS type materials added little new aggregate and RAP-S type and RAP-BS type materials added new aggregate by the proportion of ten percent to forty percent, respectively. The test results showed that the fatigue property of the cement-stabilized base with pure cold recycled materials was not better than that contained twenty percent gravel, the fatigue property of cement-stabilized base with cold-recycled materials contained twenty percent gravel was lower than contained forty percent gravel. Within the range of the test stress ratio, the fatigue property of the cement-stabilized base with cold-recycled materials contained gravel is better than that with pure cold-recycled materials, and the higher the stress level was, the smaller the difference of the fatigue life between the two type materials was. Conversely, the larger the difference of the fatigue life between the two type materials was.
(3) The structural model with elastic multi-layer system of the asphalt pavement was set up with cold-recycled base materials, based on levels of the typical asphalt pavement structure and the basic mechanical parameters of cold-recycled base materials. The mechanical response law of the pavement structure with cold-recycled base materials under the vehicle loads was analyzed, by using finite element method. According to vehicle load calculation results, the fatigue damage of the cold-recycled asphalt pavement occurred at the bottom of the base at the initial stage. The tensile stress at the bottoms of different types of base materials was arranged from big to small, in order of the cement-stabilized gravel base materials, cold-recycled base materials with forty percent gravel, cold-recycled base materials with twenty percent gravel and pure cold-recycled base materials. The temperature stress of different pavement structures was analyzed considering the influence of temperature changes during a year, based on the temperature shrinkage coefficient of the materials. Although the stress affected by temperature in the structure of cold-recycled pavement cannot be ignored, the main factor leading to the changes of stress was still vehicle load.
(4) The fatigue model with elastic multi-layer system of asphalt pavement was also set up, based on the results of cold recycled base material fatigue test. Using the results of finite element analysis and combining with the current standards, the fatigue equation was established in terms of allowable tensile stress and load times. Considering vehicle and the coupling action of temperature, the modified coefficients of temperature were introduced which indicating the effects of temperature stress. The analysis results showed that the allowable stress of all of the base materials reduced along with the increase of load times. The reduced rate of cement-stabilized base with cold-recycled materials was higher than that of conventional semi-rigid base materials, which meant that conventional semi-rigid base materials was better than that of cement-stabilized base with cold-recycled materials in fatigue property. Through the comparison with experimental road, it can be found that the fatigue life of conventional semi-rigid base materials was as twice as the cement-stabilized base with pure cold-recycled materials, and the fatigue equation was closer to the real situations when considering the temperature stress.
(5) Based on fracture mechanics and Forman formula, and combined with the tests of cold-recycled base materials, the fatigue equation was established for the application of cold-recycled base materials. Through the numerical analysis, it can be concluded that the initial cracks and the change of stress amplitude had a major influence on the fatigue life. The fatigue life significantly reduced with the increase of initial cracks or stress amplitude. The fatigue reliability function was established by using Weibull distribution, and the established model was used to calculate the reliability of fatigue life of cold-recycled materials. The results showed that the pure cold-recycled base materials can get good fatigue reliability only when it suffers light traffic load and the fatigue reliability can be improved by adding a percentage of gravel.
(6) The fatigue design index of cold-recycled base asphalt pavements was analyed. The fatigue design index of asphalt pavements with cold-recycled base was put forward based on the results of experimental and theoretical researches. It was reasonable to make the bottom stress as an index to control the fatigue life of cold-recycled base. The fatigue properties of cold recycled materials can meet design requirements, when prameters of material, the loading, and the environmental influence were all in a reasonable range.
常规新建沥青路面的疲劳寿命主要取决于面层沥青混凝土材料和基层材料在交通荷载以及环境因素综合作用下的疲劳性能,路面的使用寿命在《公路沥青路面设计规范》(JTG D50-2006)中给出了明确的规定,而对基层采用冷再生材料的沥青路面,在我国各类相关规范中均未对其疲劳性能提供明确的计算公式。由于原基层材料经过一定时期的各种自然与人为因素作用,重新作为基层材料的骨料或结合料,虽然在强度上能够满足规范中要求的最低限值,但其材料性能不同于新建路面的水泥或二灰稳定基层材料,因此,需要进一步研究其在交通荷载作用下的疲劳性能是否满足要求。深入研究冷再生基层材料的疲劳性能是科学使用冷再生技术的基础,也是在沥青路面设计、养护、管理当中必须明确的问题,具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。
本文研究的重点是无机结合料(水泥)稳定冷再生基层材料的疲劳性能,为此开展了以水泥、二灰为结合料,RAP-BS型(由旧路面面层和基层材料组合而成)和RAP-S型(原路面层材料)两种类型冷再生基层的疲劳性能及相关路用性能试验研究。结合疲劳试验研究结果,建立了冷再生基层沥青路面结构疲劳力学模型。基于多层弹性体系理论以及断裂力学理论,分析了冷再生基层沥青路面结构的疲劳性能,提出了冷再生基层沥青路面疲劳设计参数,具体的研究内容包括以下几个方面：
(1)冷再生基层材料路用性能试验研究。试验内容包括无侧限抗压强度试验、劈裂强度试验和回弹模量试验。结果表明：两种冷再生材料的无侧限抗压强度、劈裂强度及回弹模量基本满足《公路沥青路面再生技术规范》(JTG F41-2008)的相关要求。当水泥剂量达到5%时,试验中冷再生混合料的7天无侧限抗压强度满足规范中规定的各级公路底基层和二级及以下公路基层的技术要求,但不满足高速公路和一级公路基层的技术要求。
(2)冷再生基层材料疲劳试验研究。选用传统的半刚性基层材料(非再生材料)不加新骨料的RAP-S型和RAP-BS型,按比例(10%-40%)加入新骨料的RAP-S型和RAP-BS型试件分别进行疲劳试验研究。结果表明：纯冷再生水泥稳定基层材料的疲劳性能劣于含20%碎石的冷再生水泥稳定基层材料,而含20%碎石的冷再生水泥稳定基层材料的疲劳性能又劣于含40%碎石的冷再生水泥稳定基层材料。在试验所用应力比范围内,添加碎石的冷再生材料疲劳性能优于纯冷再生水泥稳定基层材料,而且应力水平越高,两者疲劳寿命的差值越小。反之,两者的疲劳寿命差值越大。
(3)基于典型路面结构层次理论和冷再生基层材料的基本力学参数,建立了冷再生基层沥青路面的多层弹性体系结构模型。采用有限元方法,分析了冷再生基层路面结构在车辆荷载作用下的力学响应规律。结果表明：冷再生基层沥青路面结构的疲劳破坏首先发生在基层的底面。不同类型基层的底面拉应力从大到小依次为,水泥稳定碎石基层、含40%碎石冷再生基层、含20%碎石冷再生基层和纯冷再生基层。
结合材料温缩效应及相关参数,分析了北方地区不同路面结构在年气温变化影响下的温度应力变化规律。结果表明：虽然冷再生基层路面结构的应力受温度变化的影响不可忽略,但车辆荷载作用仍然是导致应力变化的主要因素。
(4)利用冷再生基层材料疲劳试验的研究结果,建立了冷再生基层沥青路面的多层弹性体系结构疲劳力学模型。利用有限元分析结果并结合现行规范,建立了由材料容许拉应力和荷载作用次数表示的疲劳方程。考虑车辆荷载与温度耦合作用的影响,在疲劳方程中引入了温度疲劳修正系数以表征温度应力的影响。结果表明：所用基层材料的容许拉应力均随着荷载作用次数的增加而降低。水泥冷再生基层材料降低的速率要高于常规半刚性基层材料,这表明冷再生基层材料疲劳性能低于常规半刚性基层材料的疲劳性能。通过与试验路的对比分析可知,常规半刚性基层材料疲劳寿命是纯水泥冷再生基层材料疲劳寿命的2倍,考虑温度应力的冷再生基层路面的疲劳方程更加接近实际情况。
(5)以断裂力学为基础,基于Forman公式,结合冷再生基层材料疲劳试验研究,建立了适用于冷再生基层材料的疲劳寿命方程。数值分析结果表明：初始裂缝及应力幅值的变化对疲劳寿命有较大的影响。随着初始裂缝或应力幅值的增大,疲劳寿命显著减小。利用Weibull分布建立的疲劳可靠度函数对冷再生材料疲劳寿命可靠度进行了计算分析。结果表明：仅在轻载交通下纯冷再生材料才能获得良好的疲劳可靠度,掺加一定比例的碎石可提高疲劳可靠性能。
(6)提出了冷再生基层沥青路面疲劳设计指标。结合试验及理论研究结果,提出了冷再生基层沥青路面的疲劳设计指标,即采用基层底面拉应力作为控制冷再生基层疲劳寿命的指标比较合理。在给定合理的材料参数、荷载参数以及环境参数范围内,冷再生基层材料的疲劳性能能够满足设计要求。
In recent years, in order to make better use of resources of existed roads and reduce the impact to the environment, cold-recycled techniques for asphalt pavement bases have got more and more extensive application in highway maintenance and reconstruction in the world. However, the application in roads which used the cold-recycled techniques in the asphalt pavement base shows that its service life is obviously lower than that of the conventional semi-rigid pavement, and the differences will be more and more obvious with the increase of the traffic volume and vehicle loads.
The fatigue life of a new asphalt pavement mainly depends on the fatigue property of both asphalt concrete materials on the surface and the base, under the action of comprehensive effect of traffic load and environmental factors, In the current bituminous road design standard of China (JTG D50-2006), it gives clear rules on the service life of the road, but no corresponding rules about the calculation formula can be found to calculate the fatigue property of asphalt pavements using cold recycled materials on road bases. Although the strength of base materials constituted by aggregates or binder meets the lowest limit according to the standard, its fatigue property under traffic loads needs to be further investigated to clearly understand whether it meets requirements because of absolute differences from cement or fly ash stabilized base materials in the new road. Therefore, it has important theoretical significances and application values since the deep reaearch on the fatigue property of cold recycled materials is the foundation of scientific use of the cold-recycled technology, and it is also a problem needed to be clear and solved in design and management as well as management of asphalt pavement.
This dissertation focuses on the fatigue property of stable cold-recycled base materials with the inorganic binder (cement), and the experimental researchs about the fatigue property and the related road performance are performed. The two types of cold-recycled road bases, which are RAP-BS type (which is made of the surface and road base materials of the existed road) and RAP-S type (which is made of surface materials of the existed road) respectively, the cement and fly ash are used as binder in the test. The fatigue mechanics model of asphalt pavements with cold recycled materials is set up based on the fatigue test results. Based on the elastic multi-layer system theory and the fracture mechanic theory, the fatigue property was analyzed and the fatigue design parameters of asphalt pavements with cold-recycled materials was put forward and the main research contents are as follows:
(1) The experimental study on the road performance about cold-recycled base materials was performed. The test contents included researches on the unconfined compressive strength, the cleavage strength and the resilient modulus. The experimental results showed that the unconfined compressive strength, the cleavage strength and the resilient modulus of both the two types of cold-recycled materials met the corresponding rules in standards about the recycled technology of asphalt pavements for highway (JTG F41-2008). When the dosage of cement reaches five percent, the unconfined compressive strength of cold-recycled mixture in seven days used in the test met the technical requirements of various highway bases and the road bases lowered than level two, but cannot meet that of the highway of level one, according to corresponding rules.
(2) Fatigue property of cold-recycled base materials was developed. The fatigue tests were performed by using specimens with non-recycled traditional semi-rigid base materials, RAP-S type and RAP-BS type materials added little new aggregate and RAP-S type and RAP-BS type materials added new aggregate by the proportion of ten percent to forty percent, respectively. The test results showed that the fatigue property of the cement-stabilized base with pure cold recycled materials was not better than that contained twenty percent gravel, the fatigue property of cement-stabilized base with cold-recycled materials contained twenty percent gravel was lower than contained forty percent gravel. Within the range of the test stress ratio, the fatigue property of the cement-stabilized base with cold-recycled materials contained gravel is better than that with pure cold-recycled materials, and the higher the stress level was, the smaller the difference of the fatigue life between the two type materials was. Conversely, the larger the difference of the fatigue life between the two type materials was.
(3) The structural model with elastic multi-layer system of the asphalt pavement was set up with cold-recycled base materials, based on levels of the typical asphalt pavement structure and the basic mechanical parameters of cold-recycled base materials. The mechanical response law of the pavement structure with cold-recycled base materials under the vehicle loads was analyzed, by using finite element method. According to vehicle load calculation results, the fatigue damage of the cold-recycled asphalt pavement occurred at the bottom of the base at the initial stage. The tensile stress at the bottoms of different types of base materials was arranged from big to small, in order of the cement-stabilized gravel base materials, cold-recycled base materials with forty percent gravel, cold-recycled base materials with twenty percent gravel and pure cold-recycled base materials. The temperature stress of different pavement structures was analyzed considering the influence of temperature changes during a year, based on the temperature shrinkage coefficient of the materials. Although the stress affected by temperature in the structure of cold-recycled pavement cannot be ignored, the main factor leading to the changes of stress was still vehicle load.
(4) The fatigue model with elastic multi-layer system of asphalt pavement was also set up, based on the results of cold recycled base material fatigue test. Using the results of finite element analysis and combining with the current standards, the fatigue equation was established in terms of allowable tensile stress and load times. Considering vehicle and the coupling action of temperature, the modified coefficients of temperature were introduced which indicating the effects of temperature stress. The analysis results showed that the allowable stress of all of the base materials reduced along with the increase of load times. The reduced rate of cement-stabilized base with cold-recycled materials was higher than that of conventional semi-rigid base materials, which meant that conventional semi-rigid base materials was better than that of cement-stabilized base with cold-recycled materials in fatigue property. Through the comparison with experimental road, it can be found that the fatigue life of conventional semi-rigid base materials was as twice as the cement-stabilized base with pure cold-recycled materials, and the fatigue equation was closer to the real situations when considering the temperature stress.
(5) Based on fracture mechanics and Forman formula, and combined with the tests of cold-recycled base materials, the fatigue equation was established for the application of cold-recycled base materials. Through the numerical analysis, it can be concluded that the initial cracks and the change of stress amplitude had a major influence on the fatigue life. The fatigue life significantly reduced with the increase of initial cracks or stress amplitude. The fatigue reliability function was established by using Weibull distribution, and the established model was used to calculate the reliability of fatigue life of cold-recycled materials. The results showed that the pure cold-recycled base materials can get good fatigue reliability only when it suffers light traffic load and the fatigue reliability can be improved by adding a percentage of gravel.
(6) The fatigue design index of cold-recycled base asphalt pavements was analyed. The fatigue design index of asphalt pavements with cold-recycled base was put forward based on the results of experimental and theoretical researches. It was reasonable to make the bottom stress as an index to control the fatigue life of cold-recycled base. The fatigue properties of cold recycled materials can meet design requirements, when prameters of material, the loading, and the environmental influence were all in a reasonable range.
引文
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