燃煤锅炉低NO_x燃烧实验及模拟研究
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摘要
电站燃烧产生的氮氧化物是一种十分有害的大气污染物,所以研究电站燃烧的氮氧化物排放的控制以及低NOx燃烧理论和技术有重要的意义。本文在实验及模拟研究基础上对浙能某电厂420t/h的锅炉进行低NOx燃烧器改造。
在热重分析仪和沉降炉上进行了准混、大混和浙混的着火、燃烧、燃烬和NOx排放特性实验研究,三种煤样随升温速率的提高,煤样反应活性增强,燃烧过程更加剧烈,煤的燃烧特性得以改善；浙混煤燃烧过程的FTIR分析表明不同升温速率下气体释放基本相同,但提高升温速率会造成燃烧过程滞后,且污染物的析出更快；三个煤样的NO排放均随过量空气系数的增大而显著增大,准混和大混煤在空气系数α=0.85～1.15范围内时,过量空气系数的影响最为明显,而浙混煤在α=0.8-1.2范围内时过量空气系数的影响最为显著；燃烧温度升高时,无论是在氧化性气氛还是在还原性气氛下,煤样的NO生成量均增大；准混和大混煤在还原性气氛下均具有良好的还原烟气中NOx的性能,若采用空气分级或燃料分级燃烧技术控制NOx生成,一次燃烧区域或再燃区域的空气系数取0.85以下较好。
应用密度泛函理论和簇模型方法研究NO在不同结构的纯碳和含氮焦炭表面的吸附特性,得到了吸附产物及吸附放热量／吸热量。由计算结果可知,NO在锯齿型结构碳表面吸附放热比在扶手型碳表面吸附放热多；对扶手型碳而言,NO在“空穴位”以side-on模式吸附形成六元环比在“外肩位”以side-on模式吸附形成四元环放热量要多；与吸附在焦炭氮表面相比,NO更倾向于吸附在纯碳表面；NO吸附在含氮焦炭表面时,N-N结合的吸附方式比N-O结合的吸附方式放热多。
低NOx燃烧改造方案以SOFA空气分级燃烧技术为主,同时揉和主燃烧器区域CCOFA空气分级燃烧、低氧燃烧技术、偏转二次风(一、二次风大小切圆)技术等多项技术,来控制整个燃烧过程中NOx生成。改造前后通过数值模拟计算发现流场、温度场以及NO变化非常显著,满足改造要求。
冷态实验结果表明,各层二次风及SOFA喷口配风均匀性良好,通过调节各层风门开度,可以保证锅炉燃烧器按设计的配风比例运行。
热态实验表明,锅炉经过低NOx燃烧器改造后,锅炉运行稳定,主蒸汽压力、流量、温度等参数均可满足锅炉运行要求。锅炉NOx排放量介于223mg/Nm3-383mg/Nm3。
The nitrogen oxides(NOx) generated by the combustion in the power station is a very harmful atmospheric pollutants, so it is very important to investigate the method and principle to control nitric oxide. This PhD thesis is to research the low NOx burners transformation on a420t/h boiler of Zhejiang energy group.
The ignition, combustion, burn out experiments of Zhunhu, Dahun and Zhehun coal were performed on the thermal gravimetric analyzer and drop tube furnace. The results showed that the coal reactivity enhanced with the increase of heating rate, and the combustion process became more intense. The combustion characteristic of the three coals can also be improved with the heating rate. The FTIR results of Zhehun coal showed that the gas release under different heating rates are basically same, but the enhancement of the heating rate can delay the combustion process and promote the pollutant generating. The NO emissions of the three coal increased with the increase of the excess air ratio, the most obvious impact of the excess air ratio was a=0.85～1.15for Zhunhun and Dahun coal and α=0.8～1.2for Zhehun coal. The NO production volume increases with the increase of the combustion temperature, either in an oxidizing atmosphere or in a reducing atmosphere. Zhunhun and Dahun coal performed a good reducing characteristic in a reducing atmosphere. The air coefficient should be0.85or less in the once burning or reburning areas if the air staging or fuel staging combustion technology was used.
Applying the density functional theory and cluster modeling to study the NO adsorption characteristics under the different structures, such as pure carbon and nitrogen-containing coke surface. And get the adsorption product and adsorption heat release/absorption heat. The calculated results showed that the adsorption heat release in the Zigzag structure carbon surface is more than Armchair carbon surface. To the armchair carbon surface, the NO trends to adsorb in the empty site by side-on type to form hexatomic ring other than to adsorb in the outside shoulder site by side-on type to form four-membered ring. Compared to adsorb on the coke nitrogen surface, NO is more likely to adsorb on the pure carbon surface. When the NO was adsorbed on the nitrogen-containing coke surface, N-N type release more heat than N-O type.
The rehabilitation program is focused on the SOFA air staged combustion technology, together with the CCOFA air staged combustion in the main burner region, low oxygen combustion technology, deflecting secondary air technology to control the NOx formation in the combustion process.
Cold experimental results showed that the wind uniformity of all secondary air layers and SOFA were very good. By adjusting the layers of the throttle opening degree, the boiler burners could work under design.
The thermal experiments show that after transformation of low NOx burners, boiler operation is stable, the main steam pressure, flow, temperature, and other parameters can meet the operational requirements of the boiler. The Boiler NOx emissions between223mg/Nm3-383mg/Nm3.
在热重分析仪和沉降炉上进行了准混、大混和浙混的着火、燃烧、燃烬和NOx排放特性实验研究,三种煤样随升温速率的提高,煤样反应活性增强,燃烧过程更加剧烈,煤的燃烧特性得以改善；浙混煤燃烧过程的FTIR分析表明不同升温速率下气体释放基本相同,但提高升温速率会造成燃烧过程滞后,且污染物的析出更快；三个煤样的NO排放均随过量空气系数的增大而显著增大,准混和大混煤在空气系数α=0.85～1.15范围内时,过量空气系数的影响最为明显,而浙混煤在α=0.8-1.2范围内时过量空气系数的影响最为显著；燃烧温度升高时,无论是在氧化性气氛还是在还原性气氛下,煤样的NO生成量均增大；准混和大混煤在还原性气氛下均具有良好的还原烟气中NOx的性能,若采用空气分级或燃料分级燃烧技术控制NOx生成,一次燃烧区域或再燃区域的空气系数取0.85以下较好。
应用密度泛函理论和簇模型方法研究NO在不同结构的纯碳和含氮焦炭表面的吸附特性,得到了吸附产物及吸附放热量／吸热量。由计算结果可知,NO在锯齿型结构碳表面吸附放热比在扶手型碳表面吸附放热多；对扶手型碳而言,NO在“空穴位”以side-on模式吸附形成六元环比在“外肩位”以side-on模式吸附形成四元环放热量要多；与吸附在焦炭氮表面相比,NO更倾向于吸附在纯碳表面；NO吸附在含氮焦炭表面时,N-N结合的吸附方式比N-O结合的吸附方式放热多。
低NOx燃烧改造方案以SOFA空气分级燃烧技术为主,同时揉和主燃烧器区域CCOFA空气分级燃烧、低氧燃烧技术、偏转二次风(一、二次风大小切圆)技术等多项技术,来控制整个燃烧过程中NOx生成。改造前后通过数值模拟计算发现流场、温度场以及NO变化非常显著,满足改造要求。
冷态实验结果表明,各层二次风及SOFA喷口配风均匀性良好,通过调节各层风门开度,可以保证锅炉燃烧器按设计的配风比例运行。
热态实验表明,锅炉经过低NOx燃烧器改造后,锅炉运行稳定,主蒸汽压力、流量、温度等参数均可满足锅炉运行要求。锅炉NOx排放量介于223mg/Nm3-383mg/Nm3。
The nitrogen oxides(NOx) generated by the combustion in the power station is a very harmful atmospheric pollutants, so it is very important to investigate the method and principle to control nitric oxide. This PhD thesis is to research the low NOx burners transformation on a420t/h boiler of Zhejiang energy group.
The ignition, combustion, burn out experiments of Zhunhu, Dahun and Zhehun coal were performed on the thermal gravimetric analyzer and drop tube furnace. The results showed that the coal reactivity enhanced with the increase of heating rate, and the combustion process became more intense. The combustion characteristic of the three coals can also be improved with the heating rate. The FTIR results of Zhehun coal showed that the gas release under different heating rates are basically same, but the enhancement of the heating rate can delay the combustion process and promote the pollutant generating. The NO emissions of the three coal increased with the increase of the excess air ratio, the most obvious impact of the excess air ratio was a=0.85～1.15for Zhunhun and Dahun coal and α=0.8～1.2for Zhehun coal. The NO production volume increases with the increase of the combustion temperature, either in an oxidizing atmosphere or in a reducing atmosphere. Zhunhun and Dahun coal performed a good reducing characteristic in a reducing atmosphere. The air coefficient should be0.85or less in the once burning or reburning areas if the air staging or fuel staging combustion technology was used.
Applying the density functional theory and cluster modeling to study the NO adsorption characteristics under the different structures, such as pure carbon and nitrogen-containing coke surface. And get the adsorption product and adsorption heat release/absorption heat. The calculated results showed that the adsorption heat release in the Zigzag structure carbon surface is more than Armchair carbon surface. To the armchair carbon surface, the NO trends to adsorb in the empty site by side-on type to form hexatomic ring other than to adsorb in the outside shoulder site by side-on type to form four-membered ring. Compared to adsorb on the coke nitrogen surface, NO is more likely to adsorb on the pure carbon surface. When the NO was adsorbed on the nitrogen-containing coke surface, N-N type release more heat than N-O type.
The rehabilitation program is focused on the SOFA air staged combustion technology, together with the CCOFA air staged combustion in the main burner region, low oxygen combustion technology, deflecting secondary air technology to control the NOx formation in the combustion process.
Cold experimental results showed that the wind uniformity of all secondary air layers and SOFA were very good. By adjusting the layers of the throttle opening degree, the boiler burners could work under design.
The thermal experiments show that after transformation of low NOx burners, boiler operation is stable, the main steam pressure, flow, temperature, and other parameters can meet the operational requirements of the boiler. The Boiler NOx emissions between223mg/Nm3-383mg/Nm3.
引文
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