天津及附近海域海岸带生态系统健康评价研究
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摘要
近年来,海岸带生态系统健康整体评价成为国际众多学者的研究焦点,寻找综合评价海岸带生态健康的工具已成为生态学领域最重要的争论议题。对生态系统健康研究的最终目的是希望通过研究,识别生态系统在何种阈值下能够保持其内部自组织性,对外界干扰具有恢复能力,采取相应的管理措施,使退化的生态系统恢复其结构和功能的完整性,更好的为人类提供服务,实现人类社会的可持续发展。
生态系统健康评价方法主要可分为两大类,即生态指标法和综合指标体系法。生态指标法从识别生态系统自身状况角度出发,所使用的评价指标均为描述生态系统固有结构和功能的指标。综合指标体系法是从人类的角度出发,将人类健康、社会、经济等多种指标相结合,构成综合指标体系,根据指标体系评价生态系统健康。在本项研究以海岸带生态系统为研究对象,使用生态指标法和综合指标体系法两类方法评价海岸带生态系统健康。
本项研究第二章中使用层次分析法、灰色聚类法两种生态系统健康综合评价方法,比较不同方法的生态系统健康评价结果,寻找能够整体评价海岸带生态系统健康的更好方法。层次分析综合评价法和灰色聚类综合评价法都属于综合指标体系评价法,其将多种类别指标综合,得出海岸带生态系统健康整体评价结果。研究表明,层次分析法得出的天津海岸带生态系统2007年处于亚健康状态；灰色聚类综合评价法,通过水质指标、沉积物指标、生态指标、综合指标的评价,对1997年黄渤海多地区的生态系统健康评价结果同单因子指数法的评价结果差异不显著,两方法之间具有一致性。研究表明灰色聚类法可以用于海岸生态系统健康综合评价。
第三章研究中使用天津海岸带生态系统作为研究实例,使用不同层次的多样性指标(包括Shannon信息指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Simpson优势度指数、Margalef丰度指数),基于物种生物量和多度的指标(K-优势度曲线、ABC曲线、W-统计值),聚类分析、NMDS三种多变量分析法,以及生态能质和比生态能质两种热动力学指标,研究目标区域生态系统结构和功能在时空尺度具体变化,与此同时对现有生态指标各自适用范围进行研究,通过其各自评价应用效果比较,挑选具有代表性的、能够较为全面反映生态系统健康状况的生态指标,寻找具有有效性的系统水平评价指标。
通过2005年～2007年实测数据计算,研究结果表明天津海域海岸带生态系统状况,在时间尺度呈现显著年际变化,同时伴随着底栖群落优势物种明显演替现象；在空间尺度,位于南北两端的大港电厂和大神堂地区生态状况较好,中部的其他地区及最南部的大港油田受到一定程度的干扰,部分站位生态状况较差。对生态指标的适用性研究表明,(a)多样性指标多数情况具有较好的指示作用,但不能够完全准确反映生态系统实际状况；(b)基于物种生物量和多度指标评价结果同实际情况不相符合；(c)多变量分析结果能够真实反映生态系统物种组成在时空尺度的相似程度,群落优势物种的种类及其演替趋势；(d)能质和比能质指标能够从系统中贮存能量的系统功能方面,以及整体物种平均进化水平的系统结构方面真实反映目标区域的生态状况,并通过其变化趋势指示目标区域受到的干扰类型,研究结果能够真实反映目标区域的实际生态状况。
Recently, coastal ecosystem health assessment is one of the hotspots in ecology research field, and to find comprehensive assessment tools of coastal ecological quality is the most important issues. The aim of ecosystem health research is to keep ecosystem self-organization and resilience. And managers and decision makers could take the corresponding measures to manage and restore degraded ecosystems, and also to achieve sustainable development of human society.
Ecosystem health assessment methods can be divided into two categories, ecological indicator method and comprehensive indicator method. Ecological indicators method is concerned with ecosystem status, by using ecosystem structure and ecosystem function indicators. Comprehensive indicator method focuses on the benefits of human being, which combine multiple indicators including human health, social, and economic indicators etc., to consist comprehensive indicator system to evaluate ecosystem health. In this study, coastal ecosystem was used as research objective.
AHP and grey clustering method were applied for ecosystem health assessment. The orientation was to find an optimized method for coastal ecosystem health assessment, by comparing the results under different methods mentioned above. Both AHP and grey clustering method are included in comprehensive indicator method, which is combined with a number of varied indicators to assess costal ecosystem health. According to the study results, Tianjin costal ecosystem was in the situation of sub-health in year 2007, while AHP was applied. Grey clustering method was applied to Yellow sea and Bohai sea, by assessing water quality index, sediment quality index, ecological index and comprehensive index based on year 1997. A conclusion can be made, that grey clustering method and single pollution index lead to a consistency, as the difference between results during the ecosystem health assessment was not significant. This proved that grey clustering method is suitable to be applied for costal ecosystem assessment.
Tianjin costal ecosystem was taken as example, by applying different level of ecological indicators, such as Shannon index, Pielou evenness index, Simpson index and Margalef richness index, which are diversity index; also Bray-Curtis cluster analysis, PCA, NMDS, which are multivariate analysis methods; and K-dominance curve, ABC curve, W-statictic, which are based on biomass and abundance; in addition, exergy and specific exergy, which are thermodynamic index. All ecological indicators assessments were carried out under corresponding circumstances. Some ecological indicators were selected, which were able to reflect ecosystem health situation representatively and all-sided. At the same time, some indicators were found which were significant and systematical for the assessment.
The results of 2005 to 2007 indicate that the ecological status of Tianjin coastal area, has significant interannual variation with succession of dominice species of benthic community in temporal scale. In spatial area, the South (DaGang DianChang area) and the North (Da Shen Tang area) of Tianjin coastal area have better ecological status, and the other areas between DaGang DianChang area and Da Shen Tang area and DaGang YouTian area are being partly perturbance. Research on the applicability of ecological index show that, (a) biodiversity index used in this study works well in most cases, but could not reflect the reality completely and accurately, (b) the evaluate results of ABC curves and W-statistic are not match with the actual, (c) results of multivariate analysis could refelt the similarity of ecosystem species composition, and the species changing during community succession, (d) exergy and specific exergy are further be able to indicate the real ecological status from both ecosystem function and ecosystem structure. The variation tendency of exergy and specific could indicate different perturbances, which gives the realistic picture of the ecological status of research region.
生态系统健康评价方法主要可分为两大类,即生态指标法和综合指标体系法。生态指标法从识别生态系统自身状况角度出发,所使用的评价指标均为描述生态系统固有结构和功能的指标。综合指标体系法是从人类的角度出发,将人类健康、社会、经济等多种指标相结合,构成综合指标体系,根据指标体系评价生态系统健康。在本项研究以海岸带生态系统为研究对象,使用生态指标法和综合指标体系法两类方法评价海岸带生态系统健康。
本项研究第二章中使用层次分析法、灰色聚类法两种生态系统健康综合评价方法,比较不同方法的生态系统健康评价结果,寻找能够整体评价海岸带生态系统健康的更好方法。层次分析综合评价法和灰色聚类综合评价法都属于综合指标体系评价法,其将多种类别指标综合,得出海岸带生态系统健康整体评价结果。研究表明,层次分析法得出的天津海岸带生态系统2007年处于亚健康状态；灰色聚类综合评价法,通过水质指标、沉积物指标、生态指标、综合指标的评价,对1997年黄渤海多地区的生态系统健康评价结果同单因子指数法的评价结果差异不显著,两方法之间具有一致性。研究表明灰色聚类法可以用于海岸生态系统健康综合评价。
第三章研究中使用天津海岸带生态系统作为研究实例,使用不同层次的多样性指标(包括Shannon信息指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Simpson优势度指数、Margalef丰度指数),基于物种生物量和多度的指标(K-优势度曲线、ABC曲线、W-统计值),聚类分析、NMDS三种多变量分析法,以及生态能质和比生态能质两种热动力学指标,研究目标区域生态系统结构和功能在时空尺度具体变化,与此同时对现有生态指标各自适用范围进行研究,通过其各自评价应用效果比较,挑选具有代表性的、能够较为全面反映生态系统健康状况的生态指标,寻找具有有效性的系统水平评价指标。
通过2005年～2007年实测数据计算,研究结果表明天津海域海岸带生态系统状况,在时间尺度呈现显著年际变化,同时伴随着底栖群落优势物种明显演替现象；在空间尺度,位于南北两端的大港电厂和大神堂地区生态状况较好,中部的其他地区及最南部的大港油田受到一定程度的干扰,部分站位生态状况较差。对生态指标的适用性研究表明,(a)多样性指标多数情况具有较好的指示作用,但不能够完全准确反映生态系统实际状况；(b)基于物种生物量和多度指标评价结果同实际情况不相符合；(c)多变量分析结果能够真实反映生态系统物种组成在时空尺度的相似程度,群落优势物种的种类及其演替趋势；(d)能质和比能质指标能够从系统中贮存能量的系统功能方面,以及整体物种平均进化水平的系统结构方面真实反映目标区域的生态状况,并通过其变化趋势指示目标区域受到的干扰类型,研究结果能够真实反映目标区域的实际生态状况。
Recently, coastal ecosystem health assessment is one of the hotspots in ecology research field, and to find comprehensive assessment tools of coastal ecological quality is the most important issues. The aim of ecosystem health research is to keep ecosystem self-organization and resilience. And managers and decision makers could take the corresponding measures to manage and restore degraded ecosystems, and also to achieve sustainable development of human society.
Ecosystem health assessment methods can be divided into two categories, ecological indicator method and comprehensive indicator method. Ecological indicators method is concerned with ecosystem status, by using ecosystem structure and ecosystem function indicators. Comprehensive indicator method focuses on the benefits of human being, which combine multiple indicators including human health, social, and economic indicators etc., to consist comprehensive indicator system to evaluate ecosystem health. In this study, coastal ecosystem was used as research objective.
AHP and grey clustering method were applied for ecosystem health assessment. The orientation was to find an optimized method for coastal ecosystem health assessment, by comparing the results under different methods mentioned above. Both AHP and grey clustering method are included in comprehensive indicator method, which is combined with a number of varied indicators to assess costal ecosystem health. According to the study results, Tianjin costal ecosystem was in the situation of sub-health in year 2007, while AHP was applied. Grey clustering method was applied to Yellow sea and Bohai sea, by assessing water quality index, sediment quality index, ecological index and comprehensive index based on year 1997. A conclusion can be made, that grey clustering method and single pollution index lead to a consistency, as the difference between results during the ecosystem health assessment was not significant. This proved that grey clustering method is suitable to be applied for costal ecosystem assessment.
Tianjin costal ecosystem was taken as example, by applying different level of ecological indicators, such as Shannon index, Pielou evenness index, Simpson index and Margalef richness index, which are diversity index; also Bray-Curtis cluster analysis, PCA, NMDS, which are multivariate analysis methods; and K-dominance curve, ABC curve, W-statictic, which are based on biomass and abundance; in addition, exergy and specific exergy, which are thermodynamic index. All ecological indicators assessments were carried out under corresponding circumstances. Some ecological indicators were selected, which were able to reflect ecosystem health situation representatively and all-sided. At the same time, some indicators were found which were significant and systematical for the assessment.
The results of 2005 to 2007 indicate that the ecological status of Tianjin coastal area, has significant interannual variation with succession of dominice species of benthic community in temporal scale. In spatial area, the South (DaGang DianChang area) and the North (Da Shen Tang area) of Tianjin coastal area have better ecological status, and the other areas between DaGang DianChang area and Da Shen Tang area and DaGang YouTian area are being partly perturbance. Research on the applicability of ecological index show that, (a) biodiversity index used in this study works well in most cases, but could not reflect the reality completely and accurately, (b) the evaluate results of ABC curves and W-statistic are not match with the actual, (c) results of multivariate analysis could refelt the similarity of ecosystem species composition, and the species changing during community succession, (d) exergy and specific exergy are further be able to indicate the real ecological status from both ecosystem function and ecosystem structure. The variation tendency of exergy and specific could indicate different perturbances, which gives the realistic picture of the ecological status of research region.
引文
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