发光金属配合物/LDHS超分子复合材料的构筑及光功能调控研究
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摘要
本论文提出以发光金属配合物阴离子和中性分子为客体，无机层状复合氢氧化物(LDHs)为主体，采用插层复合和层层组装方法，构筑了多种小分子金属配合物/LDHs复合光功能粉体和薄膜材料，该材料体现了不同的荧光特性，如荧光转变、荧光调控、双色发光、偏振发光、pH响应发光转变性能等，其中客体分别选取三(8-羟基喹啉-5-磺酸)合铝(AQS)，二(8-羟基喹啉-5-磺酸)合锌(ZQS)，二(8-羟基喹啉)合锌(Znq2)，双2-(2-苯并噻唑基)苯酚锌(Zn(BTZ)_2)。提出了通过聚合物阴离子为媒介，将小分子阴离子与LDHs成功组装成薄膜的方法。发展了中性分子/LDHs薄膜组装的新方法，即通过将中性客体分子引入到嵌段共聚物胶束核内，再与LDHs层层组装成薄膜。为发展金属配合物/LDHs光功能复合材料提供了新的研究思路，拓展和延伸了基于LDHs的组装化学。研究了复合插层材料的超分子结构、主客体及客客体相互作用，金属配合物聚集程度和堆积方式，以及材料荧光性能之间的关系。同时探索了复合材料制备条件，外界环境对发光客体光功能的影响。本论文的主要研究内容如下：
1. AQS阴离子插层LDHs粉体材料构筑：通过水热共沉淀法制备DDS–AQS(x%)/LDHs材料，调变DDS(十二烷基磺酸根)和AQS的比例，发现DDS–AQS(66.67%)/LDHs具有最优的荧光强度。相比AQS溶液位于495nm处的绿光发射，复合材料在450nm处发射蓝光。借助核磁、红外和密度泛函理论(DFT)计算研究了AQS插层LDHs前后的荧光转变机理。发现经式(mer-)AQS异构体插入LDHs层间后转变成面式(fac-)AQS异构体，二维LDH层板的限域作用可以稳定面式AQS构型。同时考察了复合材料的制备条件对发光转变的影响。将AQS引入到无机LDHs层板的方法解决了AQS材料面式不稳定，不能大量制备的问题。
2. ZQS阴离子插层LDHs粉体材料构筑：以调控客体投料比和主体LDHs层板组成为两条主线，通过共沉淀法制备了不同含量比的荧光客体ZQS和DDS共插层四种LDHs：DDS–ZQS(x%)/MnAlLDHs(Mg2Al, Mg3Al, Zn2Al, Zn3Al)。研究表明LDHs的晶格定位效应和DDS的引入对荧光分子起到了隔离、分散和定向排布作用。调变客体含量和LDHs层板化学组成及金属比例，改变了主客体及客客体作用，进而影响到客体配合物聚集程度，从而获得荧光可调的复合光功能材料：发射波长从464nm到497nm连续可调，量子效率2.3%到24.4%连续可调，寿命从10.5ns到22.8ns可调。
3.小分子阴离子–单聚物/LDHs薄膜组装：由于小分子阴离子电荷少，静电组装驱动力小带来的组装困难的问题，通过利用阴离子与高聚物阴离子间п–п作用及相互缠绕作用构造预组装单元，再与剥层后带正电的LDHs纳米片层层组装，构筑小分子金属配合物(AQS–Polymer/LDH)n发光多层超薄膜。结构表征该薄膜具有均匀致密的表面，和无机–有机超晶格有序结构。薄膜发光具有一定的偏振性，通过改变组装条件可以精确调控其发光性能，其中(AQS–PPV/LDH)n发射出两种光功能客体的双色发光。该方法拓宽了超分子插层组装的研究范围。
4.中性配合物@共聚物/LDHs薄膜的组装：嵌段共聚物形成核/壳胶束，可以通过疏水作用包裹中性发光分子，利用此特性，我们获得了大小均匀，粒径约15nm的Znq2@PTBEM胶束。相比Znq2溶液的黄绿色发光(545nm)，寿命5.32ns，胶束发射蓝移到494nm，寿命增大为24.71ns。再将胶束和剥层的LDHs纳米片进行层层组装，构筑了(Znq2@PTBEM/LDH)n偏振发光薄膜，进而研究了薄膜的发光性质。
5.在研究内容4的基础上，制备了具有pH响应性能的Zn(BTZ)_2@PS-b-PAA胶束和(胶束/LDH)n多层薄膜：研究了胶束和薄膜受pH诱导发光性能的转变及其机理的探讨。PS-b-PAA胶束受pH诱导，其胶束核发生可逆的收缩和扩张，会影响核内Zn(BTZ)_2分子堆积方式改变，使得胶束和薄膜具有pH诱导可逆蓝绿光转变现象。该胶束具有很好的稳定性，其荧光可逆转变重复性高。相比胶束与其它聚合物组装的薄膜，(胶束/LDH)n薄膜具有很好的耐光漂白性。
In this dissertation, a series of functional organic/inorganic hybridmaterials have been fabricated by using layered double hydroxides (LDHs)as host material and luminescent metal complexes tris(8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonate) aluminum(AQS), bis(8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonate) zinc(ZQS), bis(8-hydroxy quinolinate) zinc(Znq2)and bis[2-(2-benzothiazoly)phenolato] zinc(Zn(BTZ)_2) as guest molecules.The hybrid materials posses the properties of single/double color emission,polarized fluorescence and pH-responsive fluorescence. By stepwiseself-assembly way, small molecules anions and neutral molecules wereincorporated into the interlayer of LDHs to fabricate multilayer film,which will provide a new idea for the development of optical functionalmaterials and extend the LDHs-based assembly method. The relationshipbetween the supramolecular structure, host-guest interaction, guest-guestinteraction and the aggregation degree, packing mode of the metalcomplexs with the optical properties of the hybrid materials wereinvestigated. The effect of preparing condition, external circumstance to their luminescence was also detected. The main research contents are asfollows:
1. DDS–AQS(x%)/LDHs material (DDS means dodecyl sulphonateanion) were prepared by a hydrothermal method, and their luminescenceshifted to450nm in comparison to that at495nm for AQS.DDS–AQS(66.67%)/LDHs exhibit the strongest fluorescence. NMR, IRand DFT calculation show that the obvious fluorescence change was dueto the isomer transition from mer-AQS to fac-AQS inducing by thepositive-charged LDHs nanosheet through electrostatic interaction. Theconfinement effect of two-dimensional LDHs plate can stabilize thefac-AQS configuration, which solves the problem for preparing thefac-AQS blue luminescence materials.
2. ZQS and DDS were co-intercalated into the LDHs host by aco-precipitation method, denoted with DDS–ZQS(x%)/LDHs (Mg2Al,Mg3Al, Zn2Al, Zn3Al). The lattice orientation effect of LDHs and theincorporation of the second guest DDS play the role of the isolation anddispersion of fluorescent molecules, which will lead the maximumemission wavelength, quantum efficiency and lifetime of the productcontinuously adjusted from464nm to497nm,2.3%to24.4%and10.5ns to22.8ns, separately. The results reveal that the LDHs layer chemicalcomposition and metallic proportion, complex content will influence theintercalated product fluorescence properties.
3. Metal complexes small anion–polyanions/LDHs film: metalcomplex small anions are difficulty to be assembled into the film withexfoliated LDHs nanosheet due to the less charges and driving forcebetween them. We present a new method to solve the problem byco-assembly the small anion and polyanions. Small anion and polyanionare pre-mixed to form the negative-charged mixture through П-Пinteraction and intertwining, then assemble with the positive-chargedLDHs nanosheets through layer-by-layer assembly to prepare the(AQS–polyanion/LDH)nmultilayer ultrathin films. The(AQS–polyanion/LDH)nfilm is continuous, uniform and possesinorganic–organic ordered structure. Furthermore, their luminescence canbe precisely tuned.
4. Neutral metal complex@block copolymer/LDH film: Neutralmetal complex can be incorporated into micellear core formed from blockcopolymer through hydrophobic interaction. So, Znq2@PTBEM micelles(PTBEM: poly(tert-butyl acrylate-co-ethyl acrylate-co-methacrylic acid)with uniform size of15nm were prepared. Compared with thefluorescence emission of545nm and lifetime of5.32ns for Znq2solution,the micelles exhibit a fluorescence enhancement characterize with theiremission blue shifted to494nm, lifetime increased to24.71ns. Themicelles and LDH nanosheets were further assembled into theZnq2@PTBEM/LDH film which exhibited the polarized luminescence.
5. Based on the research of4, Zn(BTZ)_2@PS-b-PAA micelles(PS-b-PAA: poly(styrene-b-acrylic acid) and(Zn(BTZ)_2@PS-b-PAA/LDH)nfilm with pH-modified fluorescenttransition were prepared: pH=6or acidic atmosphere, the luminescence ofmicelles and film located at460nm, pH=9or alkaline atmosphere, theirluminescence turn to510nm. PS-b-PAA micelles can reversiblycontraction/expansion induced by pH change which will cause the changeof the molecular packing mode for Zn(BTZ)_2incorporated in PS-b-PAAmicellar core. The Zn(BTZ)_2@PS-b-PAA micelles are highly stable andtheir pH-modified fluorescent transition process was reversible. Moreover,the (Zn(BTZ)_2@PS-b-PAA/LDH)nfilm has good light resistance.
1. AQS阴离子插层LDHs粉体材料构筑：通过水热共沉淀法制备DDS–AQS(x%)/LDHs材料，调变DDS(十二烷基磺酸根)和AQS的比例，发现DDS–AQS(66.67%)/LDHs具有最优的荧光强度。相比AQS溶液位于495nm处的绿光发射，复合材料在450nm处发射蓝光。借助核磁、红外和密度泛函理论(DFT)计算研究了AQS插层LDHs前后的荧光转变机理。发现经式(mer-)AQS异构体插入LDHs层间后转变成面式(fac-)AQS异构体，二维LDH层板的限域作用可以稳定面式AQS构型。同时考察了复合材料的制备条件对发光转变的影响。将AQS引入到无机LDHs层板的方法解决了AQS材料面式不稳定，不能大量制备的问题。
2. ZQS阴离子插层LDHs粉体材料构筑：以调控客体投料比和主体LDHs层板组成为两条主线，通过共沉淀法制备了不同含量比的荧光客体ZQS和DDS共插层四种LDHs：DDS–ZQS(x%)/MnAlLDHs(Mg2Al, Mg3Al, Zn2Al, Zn3Al)。研究表明LDHs的晶格定位效应和DDS的引入对荧光分子起到了隔离、分散和定向排布作用。调变客体含量和LDHs层板化学组成及金属比例，改变了主客体及客客体作用，进而影响到客体配合物聚集程度，从而获得荧光可调的复合光功能材料：发射波长从464nm到497nm连续可调，量子效率2.3%到24.4%连续可调，寿命从10.5ns到22.8ns可调。
3.小分子阴离子–单聚物/LDHs薄膜组装：由于小分子阴离子电荷少，静电组装驱动力小带来的组装困难的问题，通过利用阴离子与高聚物阴离子间п–п作用及相互缠绕作用构造预组装单元，再与剥层后带正电的LDHs纳米片层层组装，构筑小分子金属配合物(AQS–Polymer/LDH)n发光多层超薄膜。结构表征该薄膜具有均匀致密的表面，和无机–有机超晶格有序结构。薄膜发光具有一定的偏振性，通过改变组装条件可以精确调控其发光性能，其中(AQS–PPV/LDH)n发射出两种光功能客体的双色发光。该方法拓宽了超分子插层组装的研究范围。
4.中性配合物@共聚物/LDHs薄膜的组装：嵌段共聚物形成核/壳胶束，可以通过疏水作用包裹中性发光分子，利用此特性，我们获得了大小均匀，粒径约15nm的Znq2@PTBEM胶束。相比Znq2溶液的黄绿色发光(545nm)，寿命5.32ns，胶束发射蓝移到494nm，寿命增大为24.71ns。再将胶束和剥层的LDHs纳米片进行层层组装，构筑了(Znq2@PTBEM/LDH)n偏振发光薄膜，进而研究了薄膜的发光性质。
5.在研究内容4的基础上，制备了具有pH响应性能的Zn(BTZ)_2@PS-b-PAA胶束和(胶束/LDH)n多层薄膜：研究了胶束和薄膜受pH诱导发光性能的转变及其机理的探讨。PS-b-PAA胶束受pH诱导，其胶束核发生可逆的收缩和扩张，会影响核内Zn(BTZ)_2分子堆积方式改变，使得胶束和薄膜具有pH诱导可逆蓝绿光转变现象。该胶束具有很好的稳定性，其荧光可逆转变重复性高。相比胶束与其它聚合物组装的薄膜，(胶束/LDH)n薄膜具有很好的耐光漂白性。
In this dissertation, a series of functional organic/inorganic hybridmaterials have been fabricated by using layered double hydroxides (LDHs)as host material and luminescent metal complexes tris(8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonate) aluminum(AQS), bis(8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonate) zinc(ZQS), bis(8-hydroxy quinolinate) zinc(Znq2)and bis[2-(2-benzothiazoly)phenolato] zinc(Zn(BTZ)_2) as guest molecules.The hybrid materials posses the properties of single/double color emission,polarized fluorescence and pH-responsive fluorescence. By stepwiseself-assembly way, small molecules anions and neutral molecules wereincorporated into the interlayer of LDHs to fabricate multilayer film,which will provide a new idea for the development of optical functionalmaterials and extend the LDHs-based assembly method. The relationshipbetween the supramolecular structure, host-guest interaction, guest-guestinteraction and the aggregation degree, packing mode of the metalcomplexs with the optical properties of the hybrid materials wereinvestigated. The effect of preparing condition, external circumstance to their luminescence was also detected. The main research contents are asfollows:
1. DDS–AQS(x%)/LDHs material (DDS means dodecyl sulphonateanion) were prepared by a hydrothermal method, and their luminescenceshifted to450nm in comparison to that at495nm for AQS.DDS–AQS(66.67%)/LDHs exhibit the strongest fluorescence. NMR, IRand DFT calculation show that the obvious fluorescence change was dueto the isomer transition from mer-AQS to fac-AQS inducing by thepositive-charged LDHs nanosheet through electrostatic interaction. Theconfinement effect of two-dimensional LDHs plate can stabilize thefac-AQS configuration, which solves the problem for preparing thefac-AQS blue luminescence materials.
2. ZQS and DDS were co-intercalated into the LDHs host by aco-precipitation method, denoted with DDS–ZQS(x%)/LDHs (Mg2Al,Mg3Al, Zn2Al, Zn3Al). The lattice orientation effect of LDHs and theincorporation of the second guest DDS play the role of the isolation anddispersion of fluorescent molecules, which will lead the maximumemission wavelength, quantum efficiency and lifetime of the productcontinuously adjusted from464nm to497nm,2.3%to24.4%and10.5ns to22.8ns, separately. The results reveal that the LDHs layer chemicalcomposition and metallic proportion, complex content will influence theintercalated product fluorescence properties.
3. Metal complexes small anion–polyanions/LDHs film: metalcomplex small anions are difficulty to be assembled into the film withexfoliated LDHs nanosheet due to the less charges and driving forcebetween them. We present a new method to solve the problem byco-assembly the small anion and polyanions. Small anion and polyanionare pre-mixed to form the negative-charged mixture through П-Пinteraction and intertwining, then assemble with the positive-chargedLDHs nanosheets through layer-by-layer assembly to prepare the(AQS–polyanion/LDH)nmultilayer ultrathin films. The(AQS–polyanion/LDH)nfilm is continuous, uniform and possesinorganic–organic ordered structure. Furthermore, their luminescence canbe precisely tuned.
4. Neutral metal complex@block copolymer/LDH film: Neutralmetal complex can be incorporated into micellear core formed from blockcopolymer through hydrophobic interaction. So, Znq2@PTBEM micelles(PTBEM: poly(tert-butyl acrylate-co-ethyl acrylate-co-methacrylic acid)with uniform size of15nm were prepared. Compared with thefluorescence emission of545nm and lifetime of5.32ns for Znq2solution,the micelles exhibit a fluorescence enhancement characterize with theiremission blue shifted to494nm, lifetime increased to24.71ns. Themicelles and LDH nanosheets were further assembled into theZnq2@PTBEM/LDH film which exhibited the polarized luminescence.
5. Based on the research of4, Zn(BTZ)_2@PS-b-PAA micelles(PS-b-PAA: poly(styrene-b-acrylic acid) and(Zn(BTZ)_2@PS-b-PAA/LDH)nfilm with pH-modified fluorescenttransition were prepared: pH=6or acidic atmosphere, the luminescence ofmicelles and film located at460nm, pH=9or alkaline atmosphere, theirluminescence turn to510nm. PS-b-PAA micelles can reversiblycontraction/expansion induced by pH change which will cause the changeof the molecular packing mode for Zn(BTZ)_2incorporated in PS-b-PAAmicellar core. The Zn(BTZ)_2@PS-b-PAA micelles are highly stable andtheir pH-modified fluorescent transition process was reversible. Moreover,the (Zn(BTZ)_2@PS-b-PAA/LDH)nfilm has good light resistance.
引文
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