微网系统并/离网特性与控制策略研究
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摘要
作为分布式发电技术的重要发展方向,微网技术近年来已逐渐成为研究热点。本文针对以蓄电池储能和可再生能源发电装置等逆变器型电源为主体的交流微网系统,重点对微网系统并／离网特性与控制策略展开研究：
(1)围绕逆变器型微源下垂特性原理与控制方法展开研究。分析了微源下垂控制原理,指出线路等效阻抗的模值和阻感比在保证微源P-f和Q-V下垂控制性能中起到的重要作用。从等效阻抗和虚拟惯性等角度出发,对现有四种微源下垂控制方法进行了对比分析,明确了虚拟阻抗控制方法导致电压跌落的原因,指出现有虚拟惯性控制方法中存在微源输出端P-f下垂特性受虚拟惯性控制单元参数影响的问题。为微源无互联信号线下垂控制方法的改进奠定了理论基础。
(2)围绕微源无互联信号线下垂控制方法展开研究。根据上述分析结果,提出了一种可以兼容多种控制方法优点的微源控制方法：从静态特性角度出发,借鉴传统同步发电机组调速器基本工作原理,设计微源的P-f和Q-V下垂特性控制模块,加入了输出功率限幅功能；从频率特性角度出发,对微源虚拟惯性控制单元进行了改进,弥补了微源静态P-f下垂特性受虚拟惯性控制参数影响的不足；从电压特性角度出发,设计了微源电压控制单元,避免了微源输出端出现电压跌落现象；多种特殊负载工况下的仿真和实验结果表明,所述微源控制方法可行有效。
(3)围绕微网系统的准同期并网控制策略展开研究。针对微源虚拟惯性对微网系统准同期并网控制稳定性的不利影响,提出了一种微网控制系统准同期并网控制策略。通过对现有两种典型微网系统准同期并网控制方法的原理分析,证明了两种方法的简化等效模型相同,并指出其稳定裕度会随微源虚拟惯性时间常数的增加而大幅减小,以致不稳定。为此,从提高系统稳定裕度的角度出发,对微网控制系统的相角偏差控制单元进行了改进,扩大了微源虚拟惯性时间常数的选择范围,提高了微网控制系统准同期并网控制对于多种分布式发电装置的兼容性。
(4)围绕微网系统黑启动控制策略展开研究。针对微网系统在离网运行过程中,存在因故障而发生系统失电重启的情况,提出了一套微网系统离网黑启动优化控制方案,该方案包含两部分内容：i)从微网控制系统角度出发,通过对传统电网两种网架恢复策略的比较,指出其存在的问题和不足,并依此设计了一套基于串行恢复的微网控制系统黑启动调度方案；ii)从逆变器型微源黑启动控制角度出发,通过对微网系统配电变压器预充磁的问题的分析,设计了一套逆变器型微源黑启动零起升压控制方法,并给出了其电压升高速度上限的参数计算方法,保证了黑启动微源在启动过程中兼备电压源输出特性和下垂特性。
As an important development direction of distributed generation, microgrid technique has been a hot area. This dissertation focuses on AC microgrid with only battery inverters and renewable resources, especially the microgrid grid-connected/islanding characteristics and control strategies.
Firstly, principles and control methods of microsource inverter are investigated. Base on the analysis of working principles, this dissertation points out that the R/X and module value of equivalent impedance has big influence on the performance of microsource P-f and Q-V droop control. Base on the disscusstion of four microsource droop control methods'equivalent impedance and virtual inertia, the reason of voltage droop in virtual impendance droop control method, and the influence of control parameters in virtral inertia droop control method are pointed out, which constitute the theory basis of the microsource droop control method in this dissertation.
Secondly, base on the above analytic results, a modified microsource droop control method is proposed:considering the static droop characteristics, an automatic power limitation function is added by modifying the P-f and Q-V droop characteristic modules; considering the frequency response, the virtual inertia module is modified, which can avoid the influence to P-f droop characteristic caused by the microsource control parameters, and overcome the shortage of virtual synchronous generator control method; considering the voltage behaviour, the voltage control module is redesigned, which can improve the voltage drop problem in virtual impedance control method; different simulation and experimental tests validate the performance of this microsource control method.
Thirdly, considering the adverse effects to the microgrid quasi-synchronize paralleling control caused by the microsource virtual inertia, a modified microgrid quasi-synchronize paralleling control method is proposed. Base on the discussion of two current methods'working principle, this dissertation proves that their simplified equivalent models are the same, and their stability margin reduces when the microsource virtual inertia increases. From this point of view, a modified microgrid quasi-synchronize paralleling control method is proposed to extend the select range of microsource virtual inertia time constant, which is beneficial for the improvements of microgrid quasi-synchronize paralleling control stability.
Fourthly, considering the requirement of microgrid black start function in islanding mode, an optimized islanding microgrid black start control method is proposed:ⅰ) base on the comparison of conventional power system top-down and bottom-up restorations, the advantages of bottom-up restorations in microgrid is discussed, and a microgrid black start scheme is proposed; ⅱ) base on the facts that the distribution transformer needs pre-magnetization process during the black start, a microsource black start method with raising voltage from zero is proposed, and the rate of raising voltage is designed, which can make sure that the black start microsource has both the voltage source and droop characteristics performances during the black process.
(1)围绕逆变器型微源下垂特性原理与控制方法展开研究。分析了微源下垂控制原理,指出线路等效阻抗的模值和阻感比在保证微源P-f和Q-V下垂控制性能中起到的重要作用。从等效阻抗和虚拟惯性等角度出发,对现有四种微源下垂控制方法进行了对比分析,明确了虚拟阻抗控制方法导致电压跌落的原因,指出现有虚拟惯性控制方法中存在微源输出端P-f下垂特性受虚拟惯性控制单元参数影响的问题。为微源无互联信号线下垂控制方法的改进奠定了理论基础。
(2)围绕微源无互联信号线下垂控制方法展开研究。根据上述分析结果,提出了一种可以兼容多种控制方法优点的微源控制方法：从静态特性角度出发,借鉴传统同步发电机组调速器基本工作原理,设计微源的P-f和Q-V下垂特性控制模块,加入了输出功率限幅功能；从频率特性角度出发,对微源虚拟惯性控制单元进行了改进,弥补了微源静态P-f下垂特性受虚拟惯性控制参数影响的不足；从电压特性角度出发,设计了微源电压控制单元,避免了微源输出端出现电压跌落现象；多种特殊负载工况下的仿真和实验结果表明,所述微源控制方法可行有效。
(3)围绕微网系统的准同期并网控制策略展开研究。针对微源虚拟惯性对微网系统准同期并网控制稳定性的不利影响,提出了一种微网控制系统准同期并网控制策略。通过对现有两种典型微网系统准同期并网控制方法的原理分析,证明了两种方法的简化等效模型相同,并指出其稳定裕度会随微源虚拟惯性时间常数的增加而大幅减小,以致不稳定。为此,从提高系统稳定裕度的角度出发,对微网控制系统的相角偏差控制单元进行了改进,扩大了微源虚拟惯性时间常数的选择范围,提高了微网控制系统准同期并网控制对于多种分布式发电装置的兼容性。
(4)围绕微网系统黑启动控制策略展开研究。针对微网系统在离网运行过程中,存在因故障而发生系统失电重启的情况,提出了一套微网系统离网黑启动优化控制方案,该方案包含两部分内容：i)从微网控制系统角度出发,通过对传统电网两种网架恢复策略的比较,指出其存在的问题和不足,并依此设计了一套基于串行恢复的微网控制系统黑启动调度方案；ii)从逆变器型微源黑启动控制角度出发,通过对微网系统配电变压器预充磁的问题的分析,设计了一套逆变器型微源黑启动零起升压控制方法,并给出了其电压升高速度上限的参数计算方法,保证了黑启动微源在启动过程中兼备电压源输出特性和下垂特性。
As an important development direction of distributed generation, microgrid technique has been a hot area. This dissertation focuses on AC microgrid with only battery inverters and renewable resources, especially the microgrid grid-connected/islanding characteristics and control strategies.
Firstly, principles and control methods of microsource inverter are investigated. Base on the analysis of working principles, this dissertation points out that the R/X and module value of equivalent impedance has big influence on the performance of microsource P-f and Q-V droop control. Base on the disscusstion of four microsource droop control methods'equivalent impedance and virtual inertia, the reason of voltage droop in virtual impendance droop control method, and the influence of control parameters in virtral inertia droop control method are pointed out, which constitute the theory basis of the microsource droop control method in this dissertation.
Secondly, base on the above analytic results, a modified microsource droop control method is proposed:considering the static droop characteristics, an automatic power limitation function is added by modifying the P-f and Q-V droop characteristic modules; considering the frequency response, the virtual inertia module is modified, which can avoid the influence to P-f droop characteristic caused by the microsource control parameters, and overcome the shortage of virtual synchronous generator control method; considering the voltage behaviour, the voltage control module is redesigned, which can improve the voltage drop problem in virtual impedance control method; different simulation and experimental tests validate the performance of this microsource control method.
Thirdly, considering the adverse effects to the microgrid quasi-synchronize paralleling control caused by the microsource virtual inertia, a modified microgrid quasi-synchronize paralleling control method is proposed. Base on the discussion of two current methods'working principle, this dissertation proves that their simplified equivalent models are the same, and their stability margin reduces when the microsource virtual inertia increases. From this point of view, a modified microgrid quasi-synchronize paralleling control method is proposed to extend the select range of microsource virtual inertia time constant, which is beneficial for the improvements of microgrid quasi-synchronize paralleling control stability.
Fourthly, considering the requirement of microgrid black start function in islanding mode, an optimized islanding microgrid black start control method is proposed:ⅰ) base on the comparison of conventional power system top-down and bottom-up restorations, the advantages of bottom-up restorations in microgrid is discussed, and a microgrid black start scheme is proposed; ⅱ) base on the facts that the distribution transformer needs pre-magnetization process during the black start, a microsource black start method with raising voltage from zero is proposed, and the rate of raising voltage is designed, which can make sure that the black start microsource has both the voltage source and droop characteristics performances during the black process.
引文
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