基于数字图像处理的风蚀地表颗粒特征研究
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摘要
在完善利用数字图像处理技术获取地表颗粒信息的基础上，开发了基于ERDAS软件的地表颗粒信息提取模块；对粗粒化地表风蚀特征进行了风洞模拟；对内蒙中西部农牧交错区几种典型风蚀地表颗粒特征进行了样方调查和统计分析，并用地统计学方法对吉兰泰粗粒化地表空间分布特征进行了研究；提出了土壤潜在风蚀风险指数并用其对各研究区的潜在风蚀风险进行了评价。主要结论如下：
（1）确定了利用便携数码相机获取地表图像，然后根据颗粒影像的RGB灰度值特征进行决策树图像分类，并用面积补偿方程修正分类提取结果，最终估算出地表不同径级颗粒含量的技术体系，最终结果误差小于5%。
（2）在ERDAS9.0中集成开发了提取地表颗粒信息的功能模块，还建立了适合不同地区的多步骤批处理模板，简化了地表颗粒图像处理的操作步骤。
（3）相比质量含量，颗粒的覆盖特征更能准确地反映风蚀地表土壤颗粒状态。随着粗颗粒随机式覆盖度的增加，沙表风蚀速率呈现按指数规律逐渐降低的趋势；随着风速的增加，粗颗粒的防护效果会得到加强，表现为地表相对风蚀速率的降低。而随着地表粗颗粒径级的增大，沙表风蚀速率呈增大趋势，特别是当颗粒径级超过3mm且随机式覆盖度为10%左右时，有明显促进地表风蚀的效应，这导致在砾石盖度较小的风蚀初期，会出现较高的侵蚀速率。因此，固沙用砾石沙障应达到足够大的覆盖度水平，建议砾石沙障最好在防止积沙的地段用于输沙用途。
（4）吉兰泰裸露戈壁样地内>0.84mm的不可蚀颗粒、0.84-0.42mm的半可蚀颗粒以及<0.42mm的高度可蚀颗粒三者含量的半方差函数模型均为线性模型，表现为随机分布状态；灌丛林地总体粗粒化程度较轻，三种风蚀颗粒表现为聚集分布。
（5）单株的沙冬青（Ammopiptanthus mongolicus (Maxim.) Cheng f.）和白刺（Nitraria Tangutorum Bobr.）灌丛堆均有明显的防土壤风蚀作用。白刺迎风侧阻沙明显，沙冬青则是背风侧积沙最多，且沙冬青的水平防护距离大于白刺，两者周边的高度可蚀颗粒空间异质性尺度分别为8.41m和14.91m，都达到或超出了灌丛林地内灌丛的平均间距8.77m（包括灌丛半径），说明当前研究区内的灌丛在防止土壤风蚀方面，存在一定程度相互促进的联合关系，利于该区植被的稳定与发展。
（6）利用地表风蚀颗粒含量信息和地区大风日数资料，建立的土壤潜在风蚀风险指数方程为Q=(1-P_1-P_(0.5)×0.5)×D/3.65，用其对各研究区风蚀地表的潜在风蚀风险性现状进行了评价结果表明：武川农耕区潜在风蚀风险最大，应该加大这些地区的植被保护和保护性耕作实施力度。
The module of surface particle information extraction which integrated with ERDASwas developed based on the previous studies; the wind tunnel was used to simulate theerosion characteristics of coarse graining surface; the characteristics of several typicalerosion surface particles of the agro-pastoral transition area in the middle west of InnerMongolia was studied through quadrat survey and statistics analysis, the geostatistics wasused to study the spatial distribution features of coarse graining surface in Jilantai. Thepotential risk index of soil erosion was raised and used to analysis the potential erosionrisk of the research areas. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) First, portable digital camera is used to obtain surface image. Then,decision-making tree classification is conducted based on the characteristics of RGB grayvalue of particle image. In the next step, the classified and extracted result is revised byarea compensation equation. Finally, technology system to estimate particle content ofdifferent diameter class on surface is established, and the final result error is less than5%.
(2) The function module to extract particle information on earth surface is integrateddeveloped. Meanwhile, multi-step batching template is also built to be appropriate fordifferent area, and operating steps of particle image processing on earth surface aresimplified.
(3) Compared with quality content, cover characeristics of particle can accuratelyreflect the state of soil particle on wind erosion surface. With the increase of cover degreeof coarse particle, wind erosion rate on surface presents gradually depressed tendency inaccordrance with index regular pattern; with the increase of wind speed, protecting effectof coarse particle can be strengthened, which shows that relatively wind erosion rate onsurface reduces. But, with the increase of coarse particle class on surface, wind erosionrate presents enlargement tendency. Especially when the particle size exceeds3mm andrandom cover degree is10%around, suface wind erosion can be obviously promoted,which resutls in higher erosion rate in initial stage of wind erosion when gravel coverdegree is lesser. The suggest is that gravel sand barrier should reach the big enough coverdegree, and it would be better to be used to sediment transport in prevent sandaccumulated area.
(4) Semmivariance funtion models of three soil particle (>0.84mm,0.42-0.84mmand<0.42mm) contents are all linear models in bareness Gobi sample in Jilantai, which shows random distribution stage; coarse graning degree is totally lighter in scrub forestland, that three particles show aggregated distribution.
(5) Single Ammopiptanthus mongolicus (Maxim.) Cheng f. and NitrariaTangutorum Bobr. are all present obvious prevent soil wind erosion effect. Blocking sandis obvious on windward side around Nitraria tangutorum Bobr.. On the contratry, thatappeared on leeward side around Ammopiptanthus mongolicus (Maxim.) Cheng f., and itshorizon protection distance is greater than that of Nitraria Tangutorum Bobr.. The spatialheterogeneity scale of highly erodible soil particles are respectively8.41m and14.91m,which both reach or exceed the average space of nebkhas(8.77m which includedsemidiameter of nebkhas). Given preventing soil wind erosion, that illustrated mutualstimulative united relation existed between nebkhases of constructive species in researcharea, which is benefit for the stabilization and development of vegetations of this area.
(6) The indicial equation of soil potential wind erosion risk isQ=(1-P_1-P_(0.5)×0.5)×D/3.65, which is based on the particle content information on winderiosin surface and the data of the days of high wind in district. The equation is used toevaluate potential wind erosion risks in different research area. The results shows thatpotential wind erosion risk is maximum in Wuchuan farming area, which suppose that weshould increase the force of plant protect and protective farming implementation in thisarea.
（1）确定了利用便携数码相机获取地表图像，然后根据颗粒影像的RGB灰度值特征进行决策树图像分类，并用面积补偿方程修正分类提取结果，最终估算出地表不同径级颗粒含量的技术体系，最终结果误差小于5%。
（2）在ERDAS9.0中集成开发了提取地表颗粒信息的功能模块，还建立了适合不同地区的多步骤批处理模板，简化了地表颗粒图像处理的操作步骤。
（3）相比质量含量，颗粒的覆盖特征更能准确地反映风蚀地表土壤颗粒状态。随着粗颗粒随机式覆盖度的增加，沙表风蚀速率呈现按指数规律逐渐降低的趋势；随着风速的增加，粗颗粒的防护效果会得到加强，表现为地表相对风蚀速率的降低。而随着地表粗颗粒径级的增大，沙表风蚀速率呈增大趋势，特别是当颗粒径级超过3mm且随机式覆盖度为10%左右时，有明显促进地表风蚀的效应，这导致在砾石盖度较小的风蚀初期，会出现较高的侵蚀速率。因此，固沙用砾石沙障应达到足够大的覆盖度水平，建议砾石沙障最好在防止积沙的地段用于输沙用途。
（4）吉兰泰裸露戈壁样地内>0.84mm的不可蚀颗粒、0.84-0.42mm的半可蚀颗粒以及<0.42mm的高度可蚀颗粒三者含量的半方差函数模型均为线性模型，表现为随机分布状态；灌丛林地总体粗粒化程度较轻，三种风蚀颗粒表现为聚集分布。
（5）单株的沙冬青（Ammopiptanthus mongolicus (Maxim.) Cheng f.）和白刺（Nitraria Tangutorum Bobr.）灌丛堆均有明显的防土壤风蚀作用。白刺迎风侧阻沙明显，沙冬青则是背风侧积沙最多，且沙冬青的水平防护距离大于白刺，两者周边的高度可蚀颗粒空间异质性尺度分别为8.41m和14.91m，都达到或超出了灌丛林地内灌丛的平均间距8.77m（包括灌丛半径），说明当前研究区内的灌丛在防止土壤风蚀方面，存在一定程度相互促进的联合关系，利于该区植被的稳定与发展。
（6）利用地表风蚀颗粒含量信息和地区大风日数资料，建立的土壤潜在风蚀风险指数方程为Q=(1-P_1-P_(0.5)×0.5)×D/3.65，用其对各研究区风蚀地表的潜在风蚀风险性现状进行了评价结果表明：武川农耕区潜在风蚀风险最大，应该加大这些地区的植被保护和保护性耕作实施力度。
The module of surface particle information extraction which integrated with ERDASwas developed based on the previous studies; the wind tunnel was used to simulate theerosion characteristics of coarse graining surface; the characteristics of several typicalerosion surface particles of the agro-pastoral transition area in the middle west of InnerMongolia was studied through quadrat survey and statistics analysis, the geostatistics wasused to study the spatial distribution features of coarse graining surface in Jilantai. Thepotential risk index of soil erosion was raised and used to analysis the potential erosionrisk of the research areas. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) First, portable digital camera is used to obtain surface image. Then,decision-making tree classification is conducted based on the characteristics of RGB grayvalue of particle image. In the next step, the classified and extracted result is revised byarea compensation equation. Finally, technology system to estimate particle content ofdifferent diameter class on surface is established, and the final result error is less than5%.
(2) The function module to extract particle information on earth surface is integrateddeveloped. Meanwhile, multi-step batching template is also built to be appropriate fordifferent area, and operating steps of particle image processing on earth surface aresimplified.
(3) Compared with quality content, cover characeristics of particle can accuratelyreflect the state of soil particle on wind erosion surface. With the increase of cover degreeof coarse particle, wind erosion rate on surface presents gradually depressed tendency inaccordrance with index regular pattern; with the increase of wind speed, protecting effectof coarse particle can be strengthened, which shows that relatively wind erosion rate onsurface reduces. But, with the increase of coarse particle class on surface, wind erosionrate presents enlargement tendency. Especially when the particle size exceeds3mm andrandom cover degree is10%around, suface wind erosion can be obviously promoted,which resutls in higher erosion rate in initial stage of wind erosion when gravel coverdegree is lesser. The suggest is that gravel sand barrier should reach the big enough coverdegree, and it would be better to be used to sediment transport in prevent sandaccumulated area.
(4) Semmivariance funtion models of three soil particle (>0.84mm,0.42-0.84mmand<0.42mm) contents are all linear models in bareness Gobi sample in Jilantai, which shows random distribution stage; coarse graning degree is totally lighter in scrub forestland, that three particles show aggregated distribution.
(5) Single Ammopiptanthus mongolicus (Maxim.) Cheng f. and NitrariaTangutorum Bobr. are all present obvious prevent soil wind erosion effect. Blocking sandis obvious on windward side around Nitraria tangutorum Bobr.. On the contratry, thatappeared on leeward side around Ammopiptanthus mongolicus (Maxim.) Cheng f., and itshorizon protection distance is greater than that of Nitraria Tangutorum Bobr.. The spatialheterogeneity scale of highly erodible soil particles are respectively8.41m and14.91m,which both reach or exceed the average space of nebkhas(8.77m which includedsemidiameter of nebkhas). Given preventing soil wind erosion, that illustrated mutualstimulative united relation existed between nebkhases of constructive species in researcharea, which is benefit for the stabilization and development of vegetations of this area.
(6) The indicial equation of soil potential wind erosion risk isQ=(1-P_1-P_(0.5)×0.5)×D/3.65, which is based on the particle content information on winderiosin surface and the data of the days of high wind in district. The equation is used toevaluate potential wind erosion risks in different research area. The results shows thatpotential wind erosion risk is maximum in Wuchuan farming area, which suppose that weshould increase the force of plant protect and protective farming implementation in thisarea.
引文
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