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气候变化对内蒙古春玉米产量影响的研究
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摘要
本文研究了内蒙古气象因子的动态变化,分析了玉米实际产量和气候生产力的变化趋势以及未来不同气候变化情景下温度和降水变化对玉米产量的影响;探讨了通过应用“3S”技术实现作物信息的快速收集和定量分析,以期为内蒙古玉米种植面积提取、生长发育监测和产量估算等提供便利手段。
     1.研究区域气候资源的变化特征
     在内蒙古玉米主要种植区域选取8个代表性气象站点,对其近50年(1961-2010年)温度和降水量变化趋势进行分析,并进行肯德尔检验(Mann-Kendall test)、计算干燥度指数,分析了温度、降水量和玉米生长发育的相关性及其对玉米产量的影响,结果表明:
     (1)近50年来,内蒙古玉米种植区域气温呈上升趋势,气温突变发生在20世纪80-90年代之间。从1961-2010年,东部区年平均温度的变化幅度在2-6℃,1969年温度最低,年均气温是2.32℃,2008年温度最高,为5.95℃;西部区年平均温度的变化幅度在5-9℃,1968年温度最低,年均气温是5.39℃,1998年最高温度,为8.96℃。
     (2)近50年来内蒙古降水量呈波动性变化,东、西部玉米种植区的降水量呈略减的变化趋势,东部区的降水量高于西部区。在东部区1998年是近50年降水量的最多年份,达565mm;西部区降水量的最多年份在2003年,为444mm。
     (3)年均气温同玉米气候生产潜力相关系数较小,而年降水量和玉米产量的相关性明显高于温度,因而降水量与内蒙古春玉米生产的关系更为密切,在较为温暖的地区尤为明显。
     2.玉米种植区的气候生产潜力与实际生产力
     (1)根据桑斯维特纪念模型(Thornthwaite memorial model)的模拟值分析,内蒙古东、西部主要玉米种植区在雨养条件下的气候生产力波动性很大,趋势变化不明显,但东部区的气候生产力远远高于西部区。东部区气候生产力在2001年最低,为5151.3kg/hm~2,1998年最高,为8186.2kg/hm~2;西部区气候生产力在1965年最低,为2902.2kg/hm~2,1961年最高,为7692.4kg/hm~2。
     (2)1991-2010年,内蒙古东部区玉米单位产量变化范围为4116-8011kg/hm~2,西部区玉米单位产量变化范围为5463-12727kg/hm~2。2010年,通辽市玉米种植面积占全区种植面积的26.9%,总产量为全区总产量的29.8%,单位产量为6529.6kg/hm~2,是内蒙古玉米的最大产区。
     3.内蒙古未来气候变化情景(Special Report on Emissions Scenarios,SRES)及其对玉米生产的可能影响
     21世纪,在B1(低排放)、A1B(中等排放)和A2(高排放)三种气候变化情景下,内蒙古不同年代的年平均气温都在增加,除海拉尔在B2情景下比基准值降低0.17℃外,其余区域在3种情景下都比基准值升高0.77-3.01℃,且西部区增温明显高于东部区。
     与温度变化模拟的结果相比,降水的变化比较复杂,不同的排放情景下差别很大。21世纪内蒙古东、西部区的降水量呈波动性变化,但总体上都将增加,其中东部区明显高于西部区,相对于基准值(1971-2000年),年降水量表现为:A2(高排放)>A1B(中等排放)>B1(低排放)。
     4.遥感估产模型的建立
     初步尝试通过“3S”技术,对玉米试验田进行了遥感估产,结果表明预测产量和实测产量误差为0.30-3.69%,估产的精准度非常高,说明了作物信息快速收集和定量分析的有效性,可为玉米种植面积的遥感提取和产量估算提供了便利手段,对内蒙古玉米种植业发展有重要的指导意义。
The author analyzed changes in meteorological factors, corn yield and potentialclimatic productivity, predicted the impact of future warming scenarios on corn yield,revealed the influence of future climate change on maize planting in Inner Mongolia. Inthis study, the establishment and application of maize yield estimation system based on“3S” technology (remote sensing, geographic information system and global positioningsystem) realized fast data collection and quantitative analysis of crop information,providing convenient means to extract corn planting area and to estimate yield over largearea in Inner Mongolia.
     1. Characteristics of climate resources in study area
     Selected eight representative meteorological stations from maize planting regions inInner Mongolia, the author analyzed the trends of temperature and precipitation changesin the last50years (1961-2010), calculated the drought index, and demonstrated the thecorrelation between meteorological facors and maize yield. The main results are asfollows:
     (1) In the last50years, temperature in Inner Mongolia has been rising, withsignificant increase after1990s. From1961to2010, annual average temperature variedwithin a range of2-6℃in eastern Inner Mongolia, with the minimum temperature of2.32℃in1969and the highest temperature of5.95℃in2008; amplitude of variation inannual mean temperature in the western region was5-9℃, with the minimumtemperature of5.39℃in1968and the highest temperature of8.96℃in1998.
     (2) Precipitation varied with fluctuations in the last50years. It decreased in easternand western Inner Mongolia, with more rainfall in the east than in the west. Precipitationin the east in1998was the highest, with a record of565mm, while the highest in the westwas444mm in2003.
     (3) Compared with temperature, annual precipitation was significantly correlated tocorn yield, showing precipitation was the main constrain in corn production in InnerMongolia, especially in temperate warm region.
     2. Climate potential in corn production regions
     (1) According to Thornthwaite Memorial Model, climate productivity was muchhigher in the east than in the west. Climatic productivity in eastern and western InnerMongolia varied violently, but without significant downwards or upwards trends. Climatic productivity in the east was the highest in1998(8186.2kg/hm~2), the lowest in2001(5151.3kg/hm~2); while climatic productivity in the west was the highest in1961(7692.4kg/hm~2), the lowest in1965(2902.2kg/hm~2).
     (2) From1961to2010, yield variation range was4116-8011kg/hm~2in eastern InnerMongolia,it was5463-12727kg/hm~2in western Inner Mongolia. Planting area ofTongliao accounts for26.9%of the total planted area in Inner Mongolia; total yieldaccounts for29.8%of the total output;yield is6529.6kg/hm~2. These data showedTongliao was the largest corn production region in Inner Mongolia.
     3. Possible impacts of future climatic change on corn production in Inner Mongolia
     Surface temperature under the three future emission scenarios in the21st centuryincreases, the temperature is much higher in the east than in the west. Except thesituations at Hailaer under B2scenario (0.17℃lower than the standard period),temperature is0.77to0.77℃higher than the standard.
     Compared with temperature change, simulated precipitation is more complicated,with great difference in three emission scenarios. But on the whole, precipitation underA1B and A2emission scenarios in the west and the east of Inner Mongolia in the21stcentury increase with variation, but precipitation in the east is significantly higher than inthe west. Simulated precipitation increases with significant trends over time. Comparedwith the standard in1971-2000, precipitation is higher under A2scenario than under A1Band B1scenarios.
     4. Yield estimation model based on remote sensing
     The author established yield estimation model based on remote sensing over theexperimental farm of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University. Error changes only in therange of0.30-3.69%, Estimation accuracy is very high.
引文
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