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磷肥运筹对超高产春玉米生理特性、物质生产及磷效率的影响
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摘要
目前,我国玉米超高产挖潜中,多是在深松打破犁底层、密植和高肥水条件下实现的,但出现深松后根系下移和大量施肥后表层土壤磷素富集不匹配的矛盾,分层施磷和磷肥与氮、钾肥配施已成为解决磷肥利用效率低并实现超高产高效的关键措施。2010年至2011年,在内蒙古西辽河平原以金山27为供试品种,研究了磷肥下移和磷肥与氮钾肥配施对超高产春玉米生理特性、物质生产和磷效率的影响。试验主要结果如下:
     1.分层施磷春玉米的叶面积指数均高于同水平传统施磷,且在完熟期差异较为明显;吐丝期至完熟期分层施磷LAI下降58.1%~69.7%,传统施磷下降64.9%~78.7%。分层施磷春玉米较传统施磷叶倾角小,叶向值大,且中、上层差异较明显。吐丝后叶片SOD和POD活性均表现为分层施磷高于传统施磷, MDA含量低于传统施磷,分层施磷叶片衰老缓慢,净光合速率高。冠层光合能力和群体光合势均表现为随施磷量的增加而增加,同一施磷水平下,分层施磷高于传统施磷。
     2.同一施磷水平下,分层施磷干物质积累量高于传统施磷,分层施磷最大干物质积累速率较传统施磷高5.5%~10.3%。开花前干物质积累对子粒贡献率分层施磷高于传统施磷,开花后低于传统施磷。叶、茎鞘和穗部营养体干物质向子粒的转运量分层施磷均高于传统施磷,叶和茎鞘干物质转运对子粒的贡献率总体表现为分层施磷低于传统施磷,穗部营养体则相反。分层施磷与传统施磷的干物质转运率均表现为叶>穗部营养体>茎鞘,转运对子粒的贡献率均表现为叶>茎鞘>穗部营养体。
     3.根重、40~60cm土层根幅及根系活力均随施磷量的增加而增加,根系SOD和POD活性随施磷量的增加而提高,MDA含量则随施磷量的提高而降低。同一施磷水平下,分层施磷不仅能促进春玉米根重的增加和下层土壤中根条数的增多;同时能延缓生育后期不同土层中根系活力下降,提高根系SOD和POD活性,降低MDA含量。
     4.同一施磷水平下,分层施磷较传统施磷植株磷含量和磷积累量均有不同程度的提高,在完熟期差异均达到显著水平;不同施磷方式间茎鞘、叶片、穗部营养体各生育时期磷含量和磷积累量差异多数不显著,但完熟期子粒磷含量和磷积累量分层施磷均显著高于传统施磷;同一施磷水平下,叶片、茎鞘和穗部营养体中磷素的转运量均表现为分层施磷高于传统施磷;转运率及对子粒贡献率差异的规律性不明显;磷素生理效率和磷素利用效率分层施磷均显著低于传统施磷,磷收获指数、磷肥效率为分层施磷高于传统施磷。
     5.磷肥与氮、钾肥配施能提高春玉米物质生产能力,完熟期NPK、PN、PK处理较P处理产量分别增加29.0%、18.0%和4.0%,干物质积累速率分别增加14.3%、19.0%和0.2%,完熟期干物质积累量增加19.4%、13.3%和9.1%。花后干物质积累量、茎鞘和叶片干物质转运量均表现为PNK>PN>PK>P>CK。磷肥与氮、钾肥配施茎叶总转运率NPK、PN、PK处理较P处理分别增加13.8%、7.6%和8.0%。
     6.磷肥与氮、钾肥配施增强了花后春玉米养分吸收和转运能力。各生育期植株磷素积累量大小顺序均为PNK>PN>PK>P>CK,完熟期PNK、PN和PK处理较P处理分别高70.6%、43.3%和23.0%;开花后植株磷总转运率较CK低2.0%~9.4%,磷转运对子粒的贡献率较CK低1.8%~27.2%。磷肥与氮、钾肥配施磷素生理效率、磷素利用效率降低,磷素收获指数PNK、PN、PK处理较P处理分别增加了9.3%、6.8%和7.4%。磷肥吸收效率、利用效率、偏生产力和磷肥利用率大小均为PNK>PN>PK>P。
     7.超高产玉米生育后期维持较强的磷吸收能力。吐丝后植株磷含量、磷吸收速率和吸收量均显著高于高产玉米,而磷转运率及其转运对籽粒的贡献率低于高产栽培,磷素收获指数高于高产栽培。
At present, the maize super-high yield potential mining were achieved mostly rely onbreaking the soil plough pan by deep loosen, increased plant density and enough fertilizerand water in Chain, but the contradiction was appeared that deep loosen promoted rootgrowing down don't match with phosphorus nutrients of topsoil enrich extensively afterhigh fertilizer input. Phosphorus application depth and P mixed with N and K was keymethod to improve phosphate utilization efficiency and reach super-high yield. For studythe effects of physiological characteristics, matter production and phosphate efficiency, theJinshan27was used as the test material under phosphorus application depth and P mixedwith N and K condition in2010and2011. The main results were as follows:
     1. At the same level of phosphorus application, phosphorus application with differentdepths had higher LAI of super-high yield spring maize than that of traditional, and therewere obviously different in mature stage; LAI of phosphorus application with differentdepths were reduced58.1%~69.7%and that of traditional were reduced64.9%~78.7%during silking-maturity stage. Phosphorus application with different depths had smallerleaf angle and higher leaf direction value, and above and middle layer were obvious. SODand POD activities of phosphorus application with different depths were higher and MDAcontent lower, the leaves aged slower, net photosynthetic rate was higher. Canopyphotosynthesis ability and the photosynthetic potential all increased with the increase ofthe phosphorus application, phosphorus application with different depths had higher thanthat of traditional in under the same amount of phosphorus.
     2. Phosphorus application with different depths have higher accumulation of drymatter than that of traditional at the same level of phosphorus application, and the max drymatter accumulation rate was higher5.5%~10.3%. The dry matter contribution rate to seedwere higher before silking, then lower after silking than traditional. Phosphorus applicationwith different depths had higher transfer dry matter amounts of leaves, stem and sheath,bracteal leaf and ear axis and contribution rate for seed of leaves, stem and sheath,Phosphorus application with traditional have higher contribution rate for seed of bractealleaf and ear axis. Transfer rate was leaves> bracteal leaf and ear axis> stem and sheath,and contribution rate to seed was leaves> stem and sheath>bracteal leaf and ear axis.
     3. The root weight, root width in40to60cm soil layer, root vigor, and the activitiesof SOD and POD of roots are all increased with the increase of the phosphorus application,while the MDA content of roots was decreased. The phosphorus application with differentdepths could promote the increase of the root weight and the number of roots per plant indeep soil layers, delay the decrease of root activity in the later growing stages, enhance theactivities of SOD and POD, and reduce the MDA content of roots in different soil layersunder the same level of phosphorus.
     4. Compared with traditional phosphorus application, the phosphorus content andaccumulation in plant of phosphorus application with different depths were increased invarious degrees, and the different reached a significant level in mature stage; thephosphorus content and accumulation of stem and sheath, leaves, bracteal leaf and ear axishad no significant difference in every growth stages, but the phosphorus content andaccumulation of seed had significant difference in mature stage; There were not significantdifferences distribution rates of each organ in mature stage no matter which methods ofphosphorus application were used. At the same level of phosphorus application,phosphorus application with different depths had higher transfer amounts than that oftraditional within the vegetative of leaves, stem and sheath, bracteal leaf and ear axis.There weren’t obviously regularity in transfer rate and contribution rate for seed.Phosphorus application with different depths significantly lower than traditionalphosphorus application in phosphorus physiological efficiency and phosphorus utilizationefficiency, but phosphorus harvest index and phosphorus fertilizer efficiency were higher.
     5. P mixed with N and K application could improve ability to accumulate matter ofspring maize, the grain yield of PNK, PN and PK treatments increased respectively by29.0%,18.0%and4.0%than single P fertilization, the max dry matter accumulation ratewere higher respectively by14.3%,19.0%and0.2%, accumulation of dry matter wererespectively higher by19.4%,13.3%and9.1%in mature stage. The dry matteraccumulation after silking and transfer amounts of leaf, stem and sheath, bracteal leaf andear axis were PNK>PN>PK>P>CK. The total transfer rate of leaf and stem and sheath ofPNK, PN and PK treatments were higher respectively by13.8%,7.6%and8.0%,compared to single P fertilization.
     6. The capacity of nutrient absorption and transfer capacity were increased under thecondition of P mixed with N and K application after silking. The phosphorus accumulationin plant was PNK>PN>PK>P>CK in different growth stage, The phosphorus accumulationof PNK, PN and PK treatments were higher by70.6%,43.3%and23.0%than single Pfertilization, respectively. P mixed with N and K application decreased total transfer rate of phosphorus of plant by2.0%~9.4%compared with control, and contribution rate oftransfer for seed were lower by1.8%~27.2%. Phosphorus harvest index of PNK, PN andPK treatments were higher by9.3%,6.8%and7.4%than single P fertilization,phosphorusphysiological efficiency and phosphorus utilization efficiency were lower. Phosphorusfertilizer absorption efficiency, utilization efficiency, partial factor productivity andphosphate agronomy utilization efficiency were PNK>PN>PK>P.
     7. The high capacity of phosphorus absorption kept in super high yield spring maize.Contents of P, absorption rate and absorption amount of super high yield spring maize weresignificantly higher, transfer rate of P and contribution rate of accumulate P to grain werelower, Phosphorus harvest index of super high yield spring maize were higher than highspring maize.
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