摘要
林下经济是在我国林业发展战略实现根本转变和集体林权制度改革取得重大进展的特定历史条件下出现的新生事物,发展林下经济,事关增加农民收入、加快林业结构调整、巩固集体林权制度改革和生态建设成果。福建省三明地区是福建省林业最发达的地区之一,也是我国集体林权制度改革开展试点最早、改革绩效最好的地区之一,林下经济活动的探索和尝试也比较活跃。在这样的背景下对福建省三明市发展林下经济展开研究,是一个具有重要现实意义的研究命题。本研究希望能够解决林下经济是什么、发展林下经济需要谁来参与、哪些因素影响了农民参与林下经济发展、选择什么样的战略发展林下经济等问题。
本研究主要采用定量与定性研究相结合,实证与规范研究相结合的研究方法做了以下工作：
(1)在前人研究的基础上,对林下经济的概念进行界定。
(2)定性和定量研究相结合,利用利益相关者分析方法,找出林下经济的利益相关者并进行分类,分析核心利益相关者的诉求,并进行博弈分析。
(3)在对福建三明实地调研的基础上,通过问卷调查获得第一手数据,对农民发展林下经济的行为和意愿的内部影响因素进行分析,还特别针对农民参与林下经济培训的意愿做了影响因素分析。
(4)实证与规范研究相结合,利用SWOT分析方法,分析了福建三明地区发展林下经济的优势、劣势、机遇和威胁,用层次分析法构建了福建省林下经济层次结构模型和判断矩阵,得出结论。最后,笔者讨论了福建省林下经济发展的战略选择。
(5)在以上工作的基础上,作者尝试着对福建省林下经济进行顶层设计并提出相应的对策建议。
本研究的主要结论如下：第一,笔者认为林下经济是以林地资源和森林生态环境为依托,在不减少单位林地生态效益的前提下增加该单位林地经济效益的林业生产经营活动的总和。第二,现阶段,我国发展林下经济的核心利益相关者是：政府、林业主管部门、企业和农户。只有当政府支持、林业主管部门积极引导、企业积极参与,农民能从参与林下经济发展中获得比单独发展或从事其他劳动更高收益时,才能形成共同发展林下经济的合力,产生最大效益,达到最理想的效果。第三,目前影响农户参与林下经济行为的主要因素有年龄、林地面积、非农收入占比和对林下经济的认知程度；影响农户参与林下经济意愿的主要因素有年龄、是否有企业参与、是否有林下经济培训、是否有林下经济农民专业合作社和是否有充裕的资金等；笔者发现林农有意愿发展林下经济却没有实际参与的一个重要原因是缺乏相关培训,而影响林农参与林下经济培训的主要因素是对林下经济的认知程度、培训地点的远近以及能否学到实用技术。第四,福建三明林下经济的优势弱于劣势,内生动力不足；而其发展的机遇远大于威胁,若能有效地利用外部机遇并将外部威胁程度影响降到最小,则林下经济发展空间大。其林下经济战略选择的顺序依次为WO战略,SO战略,WT战略和ST战略。第五,构建了林下经济顶层设计框架,包括技术与基础设施框架、业务框架、保障框架、机制框架以及绩效框架。提出福建三明林下经济发展的对策与政策建议。
Under-forest economy is a new thing in our country appearing in the specific historical condition of the fundamental change of forestry development strategy and the great process of the collective forest right system reform. Developing under-forest economy can help to increase farmers'income, accelerate the pace of the forestry structure regulation and consolidate achievement of collective forest right system reform and ecological construction. Sanming city is one of the cities that develop forestry very well in Fujian as well as the first pilot of the collective forest right system reform in our country with the best performance. It is also very active in putting up activities to develop under-forest industry. Under this background, the study on the under-forest economy development in Sanming City has great practical significance. The study wants to make out what the under-forest economy is, who will participate in it, what factors affect the its participation and what strategy to select.
The study combines the quantitive method with qualitative method, empirical method with normative method and does the following work:
(1) On the basis of the former studies, define the conception of the under-forest economy
(2) Use the stakeholder analysis method to find out the stakeholders of under-forest economy and classify them on the combination of qualitative and quantitive. Then the study analyzes the appeals of the key stakeholders using the game analysis method.
(3) Based on spot investigation, the study collects the first hand data through questionnaires and interviews. And then analyze the intlucing factors of the farmers' behavior and willingness to develop under-forest economy especially for the under-forest economy training part.
(4) Combine the empirical with normative. The study uses the SWOT analysis method to analyze the strength, weaknesses, opportunity and threats of the under-forest economy development while uses AHP to construct the hierarchical structure model and judgment matrix and then get the conclusion. Finally, the study analyzes the strategy selection for the under-forest economy development in Fujian.
(5) On the basis of the work above, the study tries to do the top level design and puts forward some suggestions.
The main conclusions are as followed:Firstly, under-forest economy is the sum of the forestry production and operation activities to enhance the economic benefits while don't decrease the ecological benefit of the certain woodlands relying on the woodland resource and forestry ecological environment. Secondly, presently, the key stakeholders of the under-forest economy is the government, the department in charge of forestry, companies and farmers. Only when the government supports it, the department in charge begins to guide actively and companies take active part in it can farmers get higher profits than developing alone or doing any other work. Consequently, farmers can join their hands to develop and get the maximum benefits in order to achieve the best effect. Thirdly, the main factors affecting the participation behavior of the under-forest economy are age, forestland area, the proportion of the non-farm income and cognition degree of under-forest economy; the main factors affecting the participation willingness of the under-forest economy are age, whether the companies participate in, whether the training is held, whether professional cooperation is constructed and whether there is enough money and so on; The study indicates that the important reason why farmers are willing to develop under-forest economy but actually don't participate in it is the lack of relevant training. As for the factors affecting the training participation are the cognitive degree of under-forest economy, the location of the training and whether can learn the practical technology.The strengths of under-forest economy in Fujian are greater in number than the weaknesses, and the development lacks endogenetic impetus; but its opportunities are far more than the threats, if we can make full use of the opportunities and make the affections of threats to the minimum, then there is great space for the development of under-forest economy. The strategy chosen order is as follows:WO>SO>WT>ST. Fifthly, the study constructs the framework of the top level design including infrastructure framework, business framework, security framework and performance framework. It then puts forward some suggestions for the development and policy.
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